Intestinal intussusception and occlusion caused by small bowel polyps in the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Management by combined intraoperative enteroscopy and resection through minimal enterostomy: case report

The Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is a hereditary disease that requires frequent endoscopic and surgical intervention, leading to secondary complications such as short bowel syndrome. CASE REPORT: This paper reports on a 15-year-old male patient with a family history of the disease, who underwent surgery for treatment of an intestinal occlusion due to a small intestine intussusception. DISCUSSION: An intra-operative fiberscopic procedure was included for the detection and treatment of numerous polyps distributed along the small intestine. Enterotomy was performed to treat only the larger polyps, therefore limiting the intestinal resection to smaller segments. The postoperative follow-up was uneventful. CONCLUSION: We point out the importance of conservative treatment for patients with this syndrome, especially those who will undergo repeated surgical interventions because of clinical manifestation while they are still young.

Weight loss and morphometric study of intestinal mucosa in rats after massive intestinal resection: influence of a glutamine-enriched diet

Short-bowel syndrome is responsible for significant metabolic alterations that compromise nutritional status. Glutamine is considered an essential nutrient for enterocytes, so beneficial effects from supplementation of the diet with glutamine are hypothesized. PURPOSE: In this study, the effect of a diet enriched with glutamine was evaluated in rats undergoing extensive small bowel resection, with analysis of postoperative weight loss and intestinal morphometrics of villi height, crypt depth, and thickness of the duodenal and remnant jejunal mucosa. METHODS: Three groups of male Wistar rats were established receiving the following diets: with glutamine, without glutamine, and the standard diet of laboratory ration. All animals underwent an extensive small bowel resection, including the ileocecal valve, leaving a remnant jejunum of only 25 cm from the pylorus that was anastomosed lateral-laterally to the ascendant colon. The animals were weighed at the beginning and end of the experiment (20th postoperative day). Then they were killed and the remnant intestine was removed. Fragments of duodenal and jejunal mucosa were collected from the remnant intestine and submitted to histopathologic exam. The morphometric study of the intestinal mucosa was accomplished using a digital system (KS 300) connected to an optic microscope. Morphometrics included villi height, crypt depth, and the total thickness of intestinal mucosa. RESULTS: The weight loss comparison among the 3 groups showed no significant loss difference. The morphometric studies showed significantly taller duodenal villi in the glutamine group in comparison to the without glutamine group, but not different from the standard diet group. The measurements obtained comparing the 3 groups for villi height, crypt depth, and thickness of the remnant jejunum mucosa were greater in the glutamine-enriched diet group than for the without-glutamine diet group, though not significantly different from with standard-diet group. CONCLUSIONS: In rats with experimentally produced short-bowel syndrome, glutamine-enrichment of an isonitrogenous test diet was associated with an improved adaptation response by the intestinal mucosa but not reduced weight loss. However, the adaptation response in the group receiving the glutamine-enriched diet was not improved over that for the group fed regular chow.

Estudo da influência da flora intestinal do mosquito Anopheles sp. no estabelecimento da infecção por Plasmodium Berghei

A malária é uma doença infecciosa com um efeito devastador nas áreas afectadas. É provocada pelo protozoário Plasmodium e transmitida pelo insecto vector do género Anopheles. As fêmeas hematófagas ao alimentar-se de um hospedeiro infectado vão dar continuidade ao ciclo de vida do parasita e transmiti-lo a um novo hospedeiro na próxima refeição sanguínea. O intestino médio dos mosquitos é um órgão imunocompetente, onde a presença de microrganismos vai activar o sistema imunitário, determinando a sua capacidade vectorial. Novas abordagens de controlo biológico de doenças transmitidas por vectores parecem ganhar terreno. P. aeruginosa é uma bactéria Gram-negativa, potencialmente patogénica, em especial as estirpes produtoras de muco, sendo um microrganismo modelo em estudos de biofilmes. Estes são caracterizados por conferir tolerância a antibióticos e resistência ao sistema imune do hospedeiro. Com este trabalho pretendeu-se analisar o efeito da influência da flora bacteriana, nomeadamente isolados de Pseudomonas aeruginosa produtores de muco e não produtores, presentes no tracto digestivo de Anopheles sp. e a sua relação com a infecção por P. berghei. Com este estudo é possível afirmar a existência de uma proporcionalidade directa entre a taxa de infecção por P. berghei e a ausência da Microbiota. A presença de Pseudomonas produtoras de muco no intestino médio dos mosquitos demonstrou conferir algum grau de protecção no estabelecimento da infecção, bem como na intensidade da mesma. Contudo, mais estudos necessitam ser realizados e com um maior número de mosquitos, de forma a ultrapassar as limitações impostas pelo tratamento antibacteriano. Possivelmente, a sobreposição de respostas imunes anti-bacterianas e anti-Plasmodium, vão provocar um incremento no sistema imune e limitação das infecções por Plasmodium. Biofilmes bacterianos têm demonstrado a capacidade de aderir e inibir o crescimento de protozoários Uma melhor compreensão do papel da flora microbiana face ao sistema de defesa do hospedeiro poderá contribuir para o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias de controlo da transmissão da malária.

Development of nanohydrogels as a vehicle for the release of bioactive compounds in food matrices

PhD in Chemical and Biological Engineering

Mecanismos de diferenciación celular en una de las células eucariotas más primitivas, el protozoario intestinal Giardia lamblia

Giardia lamblia es un protozoario que habita en el intestino de seres humanos y otros vertebrados. La forma vegetativa del parásito carece de organelas típicas de células eucariotas tales como mitocondrias, peroxisomas y compartimentos relacionados en el tráfico intracelular y secreción de proteínas como el aparato de Golgi y gránulos de secreción. Dentro del intestino algunos trofozoítos se transforman en quistes, la forma infectiva, que se liberan con las heces, responsables de la transmisión de la enfermedad. El enquistamiento se manifiesta como un proceso de adaptación celular a la falta de colesterol que ocurre en la parte inferior del intestino, aunque no se conocen los mecanismos de transducción de señales que llevan a la expresión de genes específicos. Este proyecto está dirigido a conocer los aspectos del proceso de enquistamiento de Giardia, como son a) mecanismos de transducción de señales que se generan ante esta ausencia de colesterol y la regulación de la expresión de genes específicos, b) transporte intracelular de los componentes de la pared del quiste, en particular la biogénesis de las vesículas especificas de secreción y del aparato de Golgi, organelas presentes en trofozoítos en proceso de enquistamiento y c) el ensamblado de la pared extracelular.

Desarrollo de una vacuna contra el Protozoario intestinal Giardia Lamblia basado en la manipulación del mecanismo de variación antigénica

Una característica de los parásitos es su capacidad de adaptación. Uno de los mecanismos que utiliza Giardia es la variación de sus antígenos de superficie (VSP), pudiendo así evadir la respuesta inmune del huésped. Esto es posible debido a que cada trofozoíto expresa una sola VSP en su superficie pero frente a la respuesta del huésped produce el recambio de las VSPs, evadiendo el ataque inmunológico. Nuestro grupo de trabajo investigó el mecanismo involucrado en este proceso, demostrando que la regulación de la expresión de las VSP es mediado por un mecanismo de silenciamiento posttranscripcional. Caracterizamos las enzimas involucradas en el mismo y su localización. La dilucidación del mecanismo de variación antigénica en Giardia abre las fronteras hacia la manipulación del mismo para emplearlo en la generación de una vacuna contra este parásito intestinal. Si se lograra inhibir la acción de enzimas claves no habría silenciamiento génico y todos los genes que codifican VSP se traducirían en proteínas, expresándose todas en la superficie del parásito posibilitando al hospedador generar una respuesta inmune protectiva que contrarreste la infección. En el presente proyecto se completarán los estudios relacionados al silenciamiento génico y se explicará los antígenos utilizados en los esquemas de inmunización.

Epidemiología de parasitosis intestinal y micosis superficiales en una comunidad de Córdoba

Desde hace varios años, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) se ocupa de la lucha contra infecciones intestinales de diferente etiología, entre las que se incluye las producidas por parásitos. Generalmente la mayor incidencia, intensidad y prevalencia de las enteroparasitosis ocurre en los niños, posiblemente debido a la falta de resistencia natural o adquirida y a las diferencias de comportamiento y hábitos. Estos hábitos incluyen a la presencia de mascotas entre la población infantil, lo que hace probable el contagio de hongos causantes de micosis superficiales a pesar de que esos animales de acompañamiento pueden llegar a ser portadores sanos. En nuestro medio, existe poca información acerca de la infección intestinal en la población infantil y no existen datos sobre la caracterización del problema en ciudades medianas y pequeñas, en las que sus pobladores establecen una relación distinta con el medio urbano, a la establecida por los habitantes de los grandes conglomerados. El consenso general entre las autoridades sanitarias sostiene que las únicas medidas preventivas que se pueden adoptar son aquellas orientadas a interrumpir el ciclo epidemiológico de los parásitos y hongos. Como la mayoría de las especies parásitas intestinales utilizan la vía fecal como vehículo de dispersión por la naturaleza, su persistencia en la población humana demuestra una falla en la infraestructura sanitaria o en los hábitos de la población. El objetivo del presente proyecto de investigación es caracterizar las infecciones parasitarias intestinales y las micosis superficiales en niños de una comunidad con deficiencia de servicios básicos de salud y educación. Los resultados logrados permitirán obtener datos epidemiológicos que ayudarán al control de cuadros diarreicos, síndrome de mala absorción, anemia y bajo coeficiente intelectual. Además posibilitarán la promoción de la salud a través de un mejoramiento de hábitos individual y comunitario

APOPTOSIS PRODUCIDA POR SALES BILIARES EN EL EPITELIO INTESTINAL. IMPLICANCIAS EN LA ABSORCIÓN INTESTINAL DE CALCIO

En altas concentraciones, el deoxicolato de sodio (DXCS, sal biliar) produce daño hepático durante la colestasis y actúa como promotor de cáncer de colon en animales de experimentación. El estrés oxidativo que el DXCS desencadena produce alteraciones mitocondriales y del retículo endoplásmico, las cuales pueden llevar a la apoptosis. Las dietas occidentales, ricas en grasas y pobres en fibras, y el incremento de las expectativas de vida hacen que el DXCS circule mayor número de veces por el circuito enterohepático aumentando, en consecuencia, sus efectos citotóxicos. Dado que el intestino constituye la única puerta de entrada de calcio al organismo y que la absorción intestinal del catión es sensible al estrés oxidativo nos planteamos como HIPÓTESIS que el DXCS, en concentraciones fisiológicas altas, podría alterar la absorción intestinal de Ca2+, quizás por desencadenamiento de estrés oxidativo que estimularía los procesos apoptóticos de las células epiteliales, resultando en una disminución de la capacidad de transporte del catión. Para demostrar esta hipótesis, se plantearon los siguientes objetivos. OBJETIVO GENERAL: Conocer los mecanismos moleculares que pueden desencadenar altas concentraciones de DXCS en el duodeno y sus implicancias sobre la absorción intestinal de calcio. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS: 1) Analizar la histología del intestino en presencia y ausencia de altas concentraciones de DXCS.2) Determinar el efecto del DXCS sobre la absorción intestinal de calcio en función del tiempo de exposición y la dosis. 3) Evaluar el efecto del DXCS sobre la expresión de genes relacionados con la absorción intestinal de calcio. 4) Analizar la expresión de proteínas que participan en la absorción intestinal de calcio tales como Ca2+-ATPasa, intercambiador Na+/Ca2+ y CB28k. 5) Estudiar el efecto del DXCS sobre el sistema redox intestinal, a través de la cuantificación del contenido de glutatión y carbonilos, de la medición de radicales libres hidroxilo y de las actividades de las enzimas del sistema antioxidante.6) Determinar la localización subcelular y la expresión de moléculas proapoptóticas de la vía intrínseca (Bax, citocromo c) y la fragmentación del ADN como indicadores de apoptosis en enterocitos expuestos a altas concentraciones de DXCS. 7) Analizar la expresión de moléculas proapoptóticas de la vía extrínseca (Fas, FasL, etc) en enterocitos tratados con DXCS.8) Interpretar los posibles mecanismos moleculares desencadenados por el DXCS que podrían afectar el proceso global de la absorción intestinal de calcio. Metodología: Se utilizarán pollos Cobb, los cuales serán alimentados con una dieta comercial. Al cabo de cuatro semanas de edad, se dividirán en dos grupos: a) controles y b) tratados con DXCS en el lumen intestinal a diferentes tiempos y concentraciones (1-100 mM). En ellos se medirá la absorción intestinal de calcio mediante la técnica del asa intestinal ligada in situ utilizando 45Ca2+ como trazador .Se medirá la expresión de genes y proteínas que participan en la vía transcelular de calcio por RT-PCR y Western blot, respectivamente. Se estudiarán variables asociadas al estres oxidativo tales como grupos carbonilos, radicales libres hidroxilos, niveles de glutatión y se medirá la actividad de enzimas del sistema antioxidante. Se evaluarán moléculas de las vías apoptóticas extrínseca e intrínseca. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizará ANOVA seguido del test de Bonferroni en la mayoría de los estudios. El estudio de la absorción intestinal de calcio bajo la influencia del DXCS, sal biliar no conjugada que está en gran proporción en el líquido fecal, arrojará información no sólo sobre los factores moleculares que influyen sobre la absorción intestinal del Ca2+ sino también puede brindar elementos que orienten hacia el conocimiento de la etiopatogenia de enfermedades que transcurren con alteraciones en la absorción del catión como es el caso de la osteoporosis o de otras patologías óseas.

Mecanismos epigenéticos involucrados en regulación génica específica durante los procesos de diferenciación del protozoario intestinal giardia lamblia.

Se define como epigenética al área de la genética que estudia todos aquellos cambios heredables que no se encuentran determinados en la secuencia primaria del ADN (Albert y col., 2002). Los cambios epigenéticos son variados; los más conocidos son la metilación de bases nitrogenadas (que no existe en Giardia; Prucca y col., 2008), las modificaciones post-traduccionales de histonas y los Complejos de Remodelación de Cromatina. En los últimos años se ha avanzado en el estudio de la regulación de la expresión de genes mediante estos procesos. El mecanismo de ARNi está íntimamente relacionado con la modificaciones post-traduccionales de histonas; regulando la estructura de cromatina y permitiendo que los complejos primarios de transcripción de genes puedan o no expresar la información. Nuestra hipótesis de trabajo se basa en que cambios epigenéticos están involucrados en la regulación génica específica durante los procesos de adaptación y diferenciación de Giardia. Para responder la misma se plantean los siguientes objetivos específicos: 1. Identificar modificaciones de histonas y su relación con los procesos de diferenciación celular en Giardia. 2. Caracterizar enzimas involucradas en las modificaciones post-traduccionales de histonas. 3. Determinar qué tipo de modificaciones participan en la activación o silenciamiento de la expresión de genes específicos. 4. Manipular al parásito para aumentar o disminuir las modificaciones epigenéticas que pueden estar involucradas en los procesos de diferenciación a quiste o en la variación antigénica para una mayor comprensión de los mecanismos moleculares involucrados. 5. Determinar el estado redox de Giardia durante el enquistamiento y la variación antigénica. 6. Participación de ARN-helicasas en los Complejos Remodeladores de Cromatina.

Expressao genica associada ao estresse oxidativo no coracao de camundongo apos isquemia intestinal

FUNDAMENTO: O fenômeno da isquemia e reperfusão intestinal é um evento frequente na clínica e está associado a repercussões deletérias em órgãos a distância, em especial ao coração. OBJETIVO: Investigar a expressão gênica do estresse oxidativo e defesa antioxidante no coração de camundongos isogênicos, submetidos a isquemia e reperfusão intestinal (IR). MÉTODOS: Doze camundongos (C57BL/6) foram distribuídos em dois grupos: Grupo IR (GIR) com 60 min de oclusão da artéria mesentérica superior, seguidos de 60 min de reperfusão. Grupo Controle (GC) submetidos a anestesia e a laparotomia sem o procedimento de IR observados por 120 min. As amostras de intestino e coração foram processadas pelo método (RT-qPCR / Reverse transcriptase - quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction) para determinar a expressão gênica de 84 genes relacionados ao estresse oxidativo ("t" de Student, p < 0,05). RESULTADOS: Observou-se no tecido intestinal (GIR) uma expressão significantemente aumentada em 65 (74,71%) genes em relação ao tecido normal (GC), e 37 (44,04%) genes estiveram hiperexpressos (maior que três vezes o limiar permitido pelo algoritmo). No tocante aos efeitos da I/R intestinal a distância no tecido cardíaco verificou-se a expressão significantemente aumentada de 28 genes (33,33%), mas somente oito genes (9,52%) se hiperexpressaram três vezes acima do limiar. Quatro (7,14%) desses oito genes se expressaram simultaneamente nos tecidos intestinal e cardíaco. No GIR notaram-se cardiomiócitos com núcleos de menor tamanho, picnóticos, ricos em heterocromatina e raros nucléolos, indicando sofrimento cardíaco. CONCLUSÃO: A I/R intestinal promoveu a hiperexpressão estatisticamente significante de oito genes associados ao estresse oxidativo a distância no tecido miocárdico.

Nota preliminar sôbre a absorção e a translocação do radiozinco no cafeeiro [Coffea arabica] cultivado em solução nutritiva

Two water-culture experiments were carried out to study the absorption and the translocation of radiozinc in young coffee plants as influenced by two factors, namely, concentration of heavy metals (iron, manganese, copper and molybdenum) and method of application. Inert zinc was furnished at a uniform rate of 0.05 p.p.m.; the levels of iron supply were 0, 1.0 and 10 p.p.m.; manganese was supplied in three doses 0, 0.5, and 5 p.p.m.; copper - 0, 0.02, and 0.2 p.p.m.; molybdenum - 0, 0.01 and 0.1 p.p.m. When applied to the nutrient solution the activity of the radiozinc was 0.15 microcuries per plant. In the study of the leaf absorption, the radiozinc was supplied at the level of 0.10 microcuries per plant; in this case the material was brushed either on the lower or in the upper surface or both of two pairs of mature leaves. In both experiments the absorption period was 8 weeks. The following conclusions can be drawn: 1. Among the heavy metals herein investigated the iron concentration did not affecc the uptake of the radiozinc; by raising the level of Mn, Cu and Mo ten times, the absorption dropped to 50 per cent and even more whe compared with the control plant; however, when these micronutrients were omitted from the nutrient solution an increase in the uptake of zinc was registered only in the minus - Cu treatment. The effects of high leveds of Mn, Cu and Mo probably indicate an interionic competition for a same site on a common binding substance in the cell surface. 2. The absorption of the radiozinc directly applied to the leaf surface reached levels as high as 8 times that registered when the root uptake took place. Among the three methods of application which have been tried, brushing the lower surface of the leaves proved to be the most effective; this result is easily understood since the stomatal openings of the coffee leaves are preferentially located in the lower surface. In this treatment, about 40 per cent of the activity was absorbed and around 12 per cent were translocated either to the old or to the newer organs. 3. Data herein presented suggest that leaf sprays should be preferred - rather than soil applications - to control zinc deficiency in coffee plants when growing in field conditions.

Estudos sôbre a alimentação mineral do cafeeiro. II: absorção do superfosfato radioativo pelo cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L., var. Bourbon Amarelo) em condições de campo

In order to find out the best way to supply phosphorus to coffee plants when growing in "terra roxa misturada", a red soil with a high fixing capacity, tagged superphosphate was applied by the following procedures: (1) topdressed in a circular strip around the trees; (2) placed in the bottom of a circular furrow 15 cm deep; (3) placed in a semicircular furrow also 15 cm deep; (4) sprayed directly to the leaves. In each case 150 gms. of ordinary superphosphate tagged with H3 P32 O4 to give 5 X 10(9) c.p.m. were given to the two and half year old coffee plants. It was found that for the several treatments of the total phosphorus in the leaves the following values, on a per cent basis, came from the applied superphosphates: (1) topdressed 10.2 per cent, (2) circular furrow 2.4 per cent, (3) semicircular furrow 1.7 per cent, (4) sprayed 38.0 per cent; one can see, then, that methods (2) and (3) commonly used by the coffee planters are a very inefficient way to supply phosphorus in this type of soil. The remarkable foliar absorption was checked twice: a water culture experiment was carried out, the radiophosphorus being supplied by brushing it in the upper and lower surfaces of a given leaf; radioactivity was detected all over the plant as a result both of absorption and translocation; on the other hand, leaves collected from the sprayed trees were radioautographed; the radioautographs showed the pattern of distribution of the P32 which indicates true absorption rather than a surface contamination. In another locality, an experiment was caried out with 8 year old plants growing in "arenito de Bauru" which is a sandy soil with much less phosphorus fixing capacity. In this experiment the aim was to compare absorption of tagged superphosphate by trees growin under mulch against plants not receiving this treatment, The uptake of phosphorus was the same for both sets of plants. In both field experiments soil samples down to 15 cm in the profile were collected and its 0.2NHC1 soluble phosphorus was counted; rather significant values were observed mainly in the upper 5 cm layers.

A absorção de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxôfre e silício pela cana de açúcar, Co 419, e o seu crescimento em função da idade

This paper describes the data obtained for the growth of sugar cane, Variety Co 419, and the amount and rate of absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and silicon, according to the age of the plant, in the soil and climate conditions of the state of S. Paulo, Brazil. An experiment was installed in the Estação Experimental de Cana de Açúcar "Dr. José Vizioli", at Piracicaba, state of S. Paulo, Brazil, and the soil "tèrra-roxa misturada" presented the following composition: Sand (more than 0,2 mm)........................................................................ 8.40 % Fine sand (from 0,2 to less than 0,02 mm)................................................. 24.90 % Silt (from 0,02 to less than 0,002 mm)...................................................... 16.40 % Clay (form 0,002 mm and less)................................................................ 50.20 % pH 10 g of soil and 25 ml of distilled water)..................................................... 5.20 %C (g of carbon per 100 g of soil)................................................................. 1.00 %N (g of nitrogen per 100 g of soil)............................................................... 0.15 P0(4)-³ (me. per 100 g of soil, soluble in 0,05 normal H2SO4) ............................... 0.06 K+ (exchangeable, me. per 100 g of soil)....... 0.18 Ca+² (exchangeable, me. per 100 g of soil)...... 2.00 Mg+² (exchangeable, me. per 100 g of soil)...... 0.66 The monthly rainfall and mean temperature from January 1956 to August 1957 are presented in Table 1, in Portuguese. The experiment consisted of 3 replications of the treatments: without fertilizer and with fertilizer (40 Kg of N, from ammonium sulfate; 100 Kg of P(2)0(5) from superphosphate and 40 Kg K2 O, from potassium chloride). Four complete stools (stalks and leaves) were harvested from each treatment, and the plants separated in stalks and leaves, weighed, dried and analysed every month from 6 up to 15 months of age. The data obtained for fresh and dry matter production are presented in table 2, and in figure land 2, in Portuguese. The curves for fresh and dry matter production showed that fertilized and no fertilized sugar cane with 6 months of age presents only 5% of its total weight at 15 months of age. The most intense period of growth in this experiment is located, between 8 and 12 months of age, that is between December 1956 and April 1957. The dry matter production of sugar cane with 8 and 12 months of age was, respectively, 12,5% and 87,5% of the total weight at 15 months of age. The growth of sugar cane in relation to its age follows a sigmoid curve, according to the figures 1, 2 and 3. The increase of dry matter production promoted by using fertilizer was 62,5% when sugar cane was 15 months of age. The concentration of the elements (tables 4 and 5 in Portuguese) present a general trend of decreasing as the cane grows older. In the stalks this is true for all elements studied in this experiment. But in the leaves, somme elements, like sulfur and silicon, appears to increase with the increasing of age. Others, like calcium and magnesium do not show large variations, and finally a third group, formed by nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium seems to decrease at the beginning and later presents a light increasing. The concentration of the elements was higher in the leaves than in the stalks from 6 up to 15 months of age. There were some exceptions. Potassium, magnesium and sulfur were higher in the stalks than in the leaves from 6 up to 8 or 9 months of age. After 9 months, the leaves presented more potassium, magnesium and sulfur than the stalks. The percentage of nitrogen in the leaves was lower in the plants that received fertilizer than in the plants without fertilizer with 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 13 months of age. This can be explained by "dilution effect". The uptake of elements by 4 stools (stalks and leaves) of sugar cane according to the plant age is showed in table 6, in Portuguese. The absorption of all studied elements, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur and silicon, was higher in plants that received fertilizer. The trend of uptake of nitrogen and potassium is similar to the trend of production of dry matter, that is, the maximum absorption of those two nutrients occurs between 9 and 13 months of age. Finaly, the maxima amounts of elements absorbed by 4 stools (stalks and leaves) of sugar cane plants that received fertilizer are condensed in the following table: Element Maximum absorption in grams Age of the plants in months Nitrogen (N) 81.0 14 Phosphorus (P) 6.8 15 Potassium (K) 81.5 15 Calcium (Ca) 19.2 15 Magnesium (Mg) 13.9 13 Sulfur (S) 9.3 15 Silicon (Si) 61.8 15 It is very interesting to note the low absorption of phosphorus even with 100 kg of P2O5 per hectare, aplied as superphosphate. The uptake of phosphorus was lower than calcium, magnesium and sulfur. Also, it is noteworthy the large amount of silicon absorbed by sugar cane.

Estudos sôbre alimentação mineral do cafeeiro: VIII. Estudo da absorção e da translocação do radiozinco no cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L.)

WATER-CULTURE EXPERIMENTS. Two water-culture experiments were carried out to study the absorption and the translocation of radiozinc in young coffee plants as influenced by two factors, namely, concentration of heavy metals (iron, man ganese, copper and molybdenum) and method of application. Inert zinc was supplied at an uniform rate of 0. 05 p. p. m.; the levels of iron supply were 0, 1.0, and 10.0 p. p.m.; manganese was supplied in three doses 0, 0.5, and 5.0 p. p.m.; copper- 0, 0. 02, and 0. 2 p. p. m.; molybdenum- 0, 0. 01, and 0. 1 p. p. m. When applied to the nutrient solution the activity os the radiozinc (as zinc chloride) was 0. 15 microcuries per plant. In the study of the leaf absorption, Zn65 was supplied at the level of 0. 10 microcuries per plant; in this case the radioative material was brushed either on the lower or on the upper surface or both two pairs of mature leaves. The absorption period was 8 weeks. The radioactivity assay showed the following results: 1 - Among the heavy metals herein investigated the iron concentration did not affect the uptake of the radiozinc; by raising the level of Mn, Cu and Mo ten times, the absorption dropped to 50 per cent and even more when compared with the control plants; when, however, these micronutrients were omitted from the nutrient solution, an increase in the uptake of zinc was registered in the minus Cu treatment only. The effects of high levels of Mn, Cu and Mo probably indicate an interionic competition for a same site on a common binding substance in the cell surface. 2 - The absorption of the radiozinc directly applied to the leaf surface reached levels as high as 8 times that registered when the root uptake took place. Among the three methods of application which have been tried, brushing the lower surface of the leaves proved to be the most effective; this result is easily understood since the stomatal openings of the coffee leaves an preferentially located in the lower surface - in this treatment, about 40 per cent of the activity was absorved and around 12 per cent were translocated either to the old or to the newer organs. Chemical analyses for heavy metals, were carried out only in the plants received Zn65Cl2 in the nutrient solution; the results were as follows; 1 - Control plants had, per 1,000 gm, of dry weight the following amounts in mg.: Zn- 48 in the roots and 29 in the tops; Fe- 165 in the roots and 9 in the tops; Mn- 58 in the roots and 15 in the tops, Cu- 15 in the roots and 1. 2 in the tops; Mo- 2. 8 in the roots and 0. 45 in the tops. 2 - The effect of different levels of micronutrients in the composition of the plants can be summarized as follows: Fe and Zn- when omitted from the nutrient solution, the iron and zinc contents in the roots decreased, no variation being noted in the tops; the higher dosis caused an accumulation in the roots but no apparent effect in the tops; Mn- by omitting this micronutrient a decrease in its content in the roots was noted, where as the concentration in the tops was the same; Mo- no variation in roots and tops contents when molybdenum was omitted; higher dosis of manganese and molybdenum increased the amounts formed both in the roots and in the tops. 3 - The influence of the different concentrations of micronutrients heavy metals on the zinc content of the coffee plants can be described by saying that: Fe and Mo- no marked variation; Mn- no effect when omitted, reduced amount when the high dosis was supplied; Mn- when the plants did not receive manganese the zinc content in roots and tops was the same as in the control plants; a decrease in the zinc content of the total plant occurred when the high dosis was employed; Cu -the situation is similar to that described for manganese. Hence, results showed by the chemical analyses roughly correspond to those of the radioactivity assay; the use of the tracer technique, however, gave best informations along this line. SOIL-POTS EXPERIMENTS. The two types of soils which when selected support the most extensive coffee plantations in the State of São Paulo, Brazil: "arenito de Bauru", a light sandy soil and "terra roxa legitima", a red soil derived from basalt. Besides NPK containing salts, the coffee plants were given two doses of inert zinc (65 and 130 mg ZnCl2 per pot) and radiozinc at a total activity of 10(6) counts/minute. The results of the countings can be summarized as follows: 1 - When plants were grown in "arenito de Bauru" the activity absorbed as per cent of the total activity supplied was not affected by the dosis of inert zinc. The highest value found was around 0. 1 per cent. 2 - For the "terra roxa" plants, the situation is almost the same; there was, however, a slight increase in the absorption of the radiozinc when 130 mgm of ZnClg2 was given: a little above 0. 2 per cent of the activity supplied was absorbed. The results clearly show that the young coffee plants practically did not absorb none of the zinc supplied; two reasons at least could be pointed out to explain such a fact: 1 - Zinc fixation by an exchange with magnesium or by filling holes in the octahedral layer of aluminosilicates, probably kaolinite; 2 - No need for fertilizer zinc in the particular stage of life cycle under which the experiment was set up. The data from chemical analysis are roughly parallel to the above mentioned. When one attempts to compare - by taking data herein reported zinc uptake from nutrient solution, leaf brushing or from fertilizers in the soil, a practical conclusion can be drawn: the control of zinc deficiency in coffee plants should not be done by adding the zinc salts to the soil; in other words: the soil applications used so extensively in other countries seem not to be suitable for our conditions; hence zinc sprays should be used wherever necessary.

A absorção do manganês pela cana de açúcar, Co 419, em função da idade

In this paper the authors have studied the manganese absorption by the sugar cane plant, variety Co 419, in samples cut monthly, from the 6th to 15th month of life in the climate prevailing at Piracicaba, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. From October to February (6 th to 10 th month of the plant life), which coincided with the rainy season, the manganese content was higher in the stalk than in the leaves, for both treatments, fertilized and unfertilized. There was a sharp decrease in manganese content in the stalks, after February, in both reatments. In the leaves there was little variation in manganese content throughout the plant tissue. The stalks from the unfertilized plots had a larger variation in manganese content, specially from the 6 th to the 10 th month. In the leaves of the sugar cane from the unfertilized plots, the manganese content varied from 116 to 220 ppm, whereas in the fertilized treatments thire was a variation from 150 to 220 ppm. From these results, althoug not being a foliar analyses, and considering the easy availability of manganese in acid soils, there must be enough of it, if we consider 40 ppm (EVANS, 1955) as a minimum for healthy plants.