Role of MyD88 and Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in the sensing of Parachlamydia acanthamoebae.

Parachlamydia acanthamoebae is a Chlamydia-related organism whose pathogenic role in pneumonia is supported by serological and molecular clinical studies and an experimental mouse model of lung infection. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a seminal role in sensing microbial products and initiating innate immune responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of MyD88, TLR2, and TLR4 in the interaction of Parachlamydia with macrophages. Here, we showed that Parachlamydia entered bone-marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) in a TLR-independent manner but did not multiply intracellularly. Interestingly, compared to live bacteria, heat-inactivated Parachlamydia induced the production of substantial amounts of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-12p40 by BMDMs and of TNF and IL-6 by peritoneal macrophages as well as RAW 264.7 and J774 macrophage cell lines. Cytokine production by BMDMs, which was partially inhibited upon trypsin treatment of Parachlamydia, was dependent on MyD88, TLR4, and, to a lesser extent, TLR2. Finally, MyD88(-/-), TLR4(-/-), and TLR2(-/-) mice were as resistant as wild-type mice to lung infection following the intratracheal instillation of Parachlamydia. Thus, in contrast to Chlamydia pneumoniae, Parachlamydia acanthamoebae weakly stimulates macrophages, potentially compensating for its low replication capacity in macrophages by escaping the innate immune surveillance.

Comparison between Radiographic (2-dimensional and 3-dimensional) and Histologic Findings of Periapical Lesions Treated with Apical Surgery.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the concordance of 2- and 3-dimensional radiography and histopathology in the diagnosis of periapical lesions. METHODS: Patients were consecutively enrolled in this study provided that preoperative periapical radiography (PR) and cone-beam computed tomographic imaging of the tooth to be treated with apical surgery were performed. The periapical lesional tissue was histologically analyzed by 2 blinded examiners. The final histologic diagnosis was compared with the radiographic assessments of 4 blinded observers. The initial study material included 62 teeth in the same number of patients. RESULTS: Four lesions had to be excluded during processing, resulting in a final number of 58 evaluated cases (31 women and 27 men, mean age = 55 years). The final histologic diagnosis of the periapical lesions included 55 granulomas (94.8%) and 3 cysts (5.2%). Histologic analysis of the tissue samples from the apical lesions exhibited an almost perfect agreement between the 2 experienced investigators with an overall agreement of 94.83% (kappa = 0.8011). Radiographic assessment overestimated cysts by 28.4% (cone-beam computed tomographic imaging) and 20.7% (periapical radiography), respectively. Comparing the correlation of the radiographic diagnosis of 4 observers with the final histologic diagnosis, 2-dimensional (kappa = 0.104) and 3-dimensional imaging (kappa = 0.111) provided only minimum agreement. CONCLUSIONS: To establish a final diagnosis of an apical radiolucency, the tissue specimen should be evaluated histologically and specified as a granuloma (with/without epithelium) or a cyst. Analysis of 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional radiographic images alike results only in a tentative diagnosis that should be confirmed with biopsy.

Improvement of allocentric spatial memory resolution in children from 2 to 4 years of age

Allocentric spatial memory, the memory for locations coded in relation to objects comprising our environment, is a fundamental component of episodic memory and is dependent on the integrity of the hippocampal formation in adulthood. Previous research from different laboratories reported that basic allocentric spatial memory abilities are reliably observed in children after 2 years of age. Based on work performed in monkeys and rats, we had proposed that the functional maturation of direct entorhinal cortex projections to the CA1 field of the hippocampus might underlie the emergence of basic allocentric spatial memory. We also proposed that the protracted development of the dentate gyrus and its projections to the CA3 field of the hippocampus might underlie the development of high-resolution allocentric spatial memory capacities, based on the essential contribution of these structures to the process known as pattern separation. Here, we present an experiment designed to assess the development of spatial pattern separation capacities and its impact on allocentric spatial memory performance in children from 18 to 48 months of age. We found that: (1) allocentric spatial memory performance improved with age, (2) as compared to younger children, a greater number of children older than 36 months advanced to the final stage requiring the highest degree of spatial resolution, and (3) children that failed at different stages exhibited difficulties in discriminating locations that required higher spatial resolution abilities. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that improvements in human spatial memory performance might be linked to improvements in pattern separation capacities.

Monoterpenos di-hidroxilados e hidróxi-nitrogenados 1,2 e 1,3 como ligantes quirais em reação de reformatsky assimétrica

This study describes the use of three (-)-alpha-pinene derivatives, one diol-1,2 [(-)-(1R, 2R, 3S, 5R)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptane-2,3-diol 4] and two piridine-hydroxy derivatives [(+)-(1R,2S,3R,5S)-2,6,6-trimethyl-3-(2-pyridinylmethyl)bicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-3-ol 7 and (-)-(1R,2S,3R,5S)-2,6,6-trimethyl-3-[2-(2-pyridinyl) ethyl]bicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-3-ol 8]; one diol-1,3 [(-)-(1S,2R,5S)-2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-5-methylcyclohexanol 5] derived from (+)-isopulegol 2 and one diol-1,3 [(+)-(1R,2R,5R)-2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-5-methylcyclohexanol 6] derived from (+)-neo-isopulegol 3, as ligands in the asymmetric Reformatsky reaction. The best enantiomeric excess of beta-hydroxy ester obtained in the Reformatsky asymmetric reaction was 18% using ligand 6, and the chemical yield of the reactions was 65% on average.

Síntese de 2-iodobenzamidas e 3-(iodoacetamido)benzamidas ligadas à D-galactose e suas reações de carbociclização radicalar mediadas por hidreto de tri-n-butilestanho

Starting from methyl 6-O-allyl-4-azido-2,3-di-O-benzyl-4-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside, four new derivatives containing 2-iodobenzamido and 3-(iodoacetamido)benzamido groups were synthesized. These four compounds were submitted to tri-n-butyltin hydride mediated radical cyclization reactions, resulting in two macrolactams from 11- and 15-endo aryl radical cyclization. The corresponding four hydrogenolysis products were also obtained. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by ¹H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, DEPT, COSY, HMQC and HMBC experiments.

Epistemologia feminista: profunditzant sobre el coneixement situat (part 2 de 4)

Ponent: Maria Puig de la Bellacasa / Presenta: Víctor Jorquera

Recerca feminista en geografía: mètodes i pràctiques per a la visibilització de la diferència (part 2 de 4)

Ponent: Anna Ortiz / Presenta: Bárbara Biglia

Electronic structure and properties of the group 4, 5 and 6 highest chlorides including elements 104, 105, and 106

Results of the Dirac-Slater discrete variational calculations for the group 4, 5, and 6 highest chlorides including elements 104, 105, and 106 have shown that the groups are not identical with respect to trends in the electronic structure and bonding. The charge density distribution data show that notwithstanding the basic increase in covalency within the groups this increase diminishes in going from group 4 to group 6. As a result, E106Cl_6 will be less stable toward thermal decomposition than WCl_6, which is confirmed by an estimated low E106-Cl bond energy. \delta H_form equal to -90.3 ± 6 kcal/rnol is obtained for E106Cl_6 in the gas phase, which is indicative of a very low stability of this compound. The stability of the maximum oxidation state is shown to decrease in the direction E104(+4) > E105(+5) > E106(+6).

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de las dificultades lectoras (en niñas de 4., 5. y 6. de EGB).

Realizar una investigación aplicada en unos centros escolares, con el fin de aportarles unas orientaciones pedagógicas en la función lectora. Detectar problemas lectores en niñas de 4., 5. y 6. de EGB y ofrecer una orientación para resolverlos. Centro A (colegio nacional de Barcelona): 88 alumnas de cuarto de EGB, 84 alumnas de quinto de EGB, 90 alumnas de sexto de EGB. Centro B (colegio privado de Palma de Mallorca): 35 alumnas de cuarto de EGB, 45 alumnas de quinto de EGB, 50 alumnas de sexto de EGB. Propone una base teórica sobre el tema de la lectura. Plantea las siguientes hipótesis: 1. Medios de que se sirve un departamento de orientación para detectar dificultades lectoras. 2. ¿Es suficiente con que el orientador dé al profesor un diagnóstico de las dificultades lectoras?, ¿es necesario que el diagnóstico vaya acompañado de tratamiento?. Aplica las distintas pruebas y elabora un diagnóstico general. Realiza diagnósticos analíticos para las niñas con dificultades. Aplica al centro B actividades correctivas y tratamiento de la lectura. Hace un estudio comparativo de los dos centros. Verifica las hipótesis. Sociogramas. Prueba de WISC. Prueba de F. Huerta. Prueba de Vistorino Arroyo del Castillo. Índices estadísticos. Investigación aplicada. Comparación de medias. Existe en cada curso un elevado pocentaje de niñas con dificultades lectoras. Comparando los centros A y B, después del tratamiento, se observa un avance en vocabulario y lectura oral a favor del centro A. Es necesaria la creación o adaptación de tests de lectura debido a la escasez existente. Se detecta la importancia de ejercicios de vocabulario en colegios situados en zonas bilingües.

CEG 2-4 (test de estructuras gramaticales de 2 a 4 años) : estudio piloto.

Resumen en inglés

Using the environment : Key Stage 2, Primary 4-7.

Proporciona una amplia gama de actividades para alumnos de primaria como parte del currículo de ciencias. Algunas actividades pueden realizarse en el aula, mientras que otras pueden realizarse en un entorno más amplio, como el trabajo de campo al aire libre, de manera que los alumnos puedan hacer sus observaciones y familiarizarse con las plantas, las semillas, su crecimiento y sus adaptaciones al medio ambiente, de acuerdo con el ciclo de vida de las plantas y sus interacciones con los organismos vivos, incluidos los microorganismos. pero se centrarán más sobre los animales y su cuidado. Las plantas se utilizarán como una fácil fuente de gran diversidad y adaptación. Incluye ideas para la estructuración de las investigaciones y la introducción de los niños pequeños en los equipos y métodos científicos alentándolos a hacer sus propias hipótesis e investigar el mundo que les rodea. Cada tema incluye una descripción de la actividad y la información para los profesores. En algunas actividades, hay hojas de trabajo para los alumnos y para ayudar a construir conocimientos particulares. Para el desarrollo de habilidades de lectura y aritmética elemental. También hay enlaces multidisciplinares. Para niños entre cuatroy siete años.

The assignment of ν2 and ν4 of SO3

Three experiments have been performed to resolve an uncertainty in the assignment of ν2 and ν4 for SO3: (i) the gas phase Raman spectrum has been measured; (ii) the infrared active combination band ν3 + ν4 has been measured; (iii) a band contour calculation has been performed taking account of the ℓ-type resonance in ν4 and a strong Coriolis resonance between ν2 and ν4. These experiments establish beyond any doubt that ν2 lies at about 497.5 cm−1 and ν4 lies at about 530.2 cm−1. The contour calculation also shows that the Coriolis resonance gives rise to a positive intensity perturbation.

The threading of [(CuCN)(2)(mu-4,4 '-bpy)] sheets by CuCN chains

Yellow (CuCN)(2)[(CuCN)(2)(mu-4,4'-bpy)], formed in the hydrothermal reaction of CuCN with 4,4'-bipyridine at 453 K, contains two types of infinite CuCN chains. One set of CuCN chains is linked by 4,4'-bpy ligands to form almost flat sheets of composition [(CuCN)(2)(mu-4,4'-bpy)]. Holes in these sheets are aligned to allow pairs of approximately linear, infinite -(CuCN)- chains to thread through them. The closest interatomic approach between copper atoms in the threading chains and host sheets (similar to2.74 Angstrom) does not appear to represent a significant covalent bond as it leads to only a small distortion of the -(CuCN)- chains from linearity The relationship of this material to the previously determined structures of the host [(CuCN)(2)(mu-4,4'-bpy)] sheets and (CuCN)(3)[(CuCN)(2)(mu-4,4'-bPY)](2), in which these sheets are threaded by single -(CuCN)- chains, is discussed.

Synthesis, X-ray crystal structure and reactivity of the polymeric copper(II) dicarboxylic acid complex {Cu2(η1η1μ2-oda)2(py)4(H2O)2}n(odaH2 = octanedioic acid, PY = pyridine)

An aqueous solution of the α-ω-dicarboxylic acid octanedioic acid (odaH2) reacts with [Cu2(μ-O2CCH3)4(H2O)2] in the presence of an excess of pyridine (py) to give the crystalline copper(II) complex {Cu2(η1η1μ2-oda)2(py)4(H2O)2}n (1). structure of 1, as determined by X-ray crystallography, consists of polymeric chains in which bridging oda2− anions link two crystallographically identical copper atoms. The copper atoms are also ligated by two transoidal pyridine nitrogens and an oxygen atom from an apical water molecule, giving the metals an overall N2O3 square-pyramidal geometry. If the blue solid 1 is gently heated, or if it is left to stand in its mother liquor for prolonged periods, it loses one molecule of pyridine and half a molecule of water and the green complex {Cu (oda)(py)(H2O)0.5}n (2) is formed. Spectroscopic and magnetic data for both complexes are given, together with the electrochemical and thermogravimetric measurements for 1.

Trypsin IV, a novel agonist of protease-activated receptors 2 and 4

Certain serine proteases signal to cells by cleaving protease-activated receptors (PARs) and thereby regulate hemostasis, inflammation, pain and healing. However, in many tissues the proteases that activate PARs are unknown. Although pancreatic trypsin may be a physiological agonist of PAR(2) and PAR(4) in the small intestine and pancreas, these receptors are expressed by cells not normally exposed pancreatic trypsin. We investigated whether extrapancreatic forms of trypsin are PAR agonists. Epithelial cells lines from prostate, colon, and airway and human colonic mucosa expressed mRNA encoding PAR(2), trypsinogen IV, and enteropeptidase, which activates the zymogen. Immunoreactive trypsinogen IV was detected in vesicles in these cells. Trypsinogen IV was cloned from PC-3 cells and expressed in CHO cells, where it was also localized to cytoplasmic vesicles. We expressed trypsinogen IV with an N-terminal Igkappa signal peptide to direct constitutive secretion and allow enzymatic characterization. Treatment of conditioned medium with enteropeptidase reduced the apparent molecular mass of trypsinogen IV from 36 to 30 kDa and generated enzymatic activity, consistent with formation of trypsin IV. In contrast to pancreatic trypsin, trypsin IV was completely resistant to inhibition by polypeptide inhibitors. Exposure of cell lines expressing PAR(2) and PAR(4) to trypsin IV increased [Ca(2+)](i) and strongly desensitized cells to PAR agonists, whereas there were no responses in cells lacking these receptors. Thus, trypsin IV is a potential agonist of PAR(2) and PAR(4) in epithelial tissues where its resistance to endogenous trypsin inhibitors may permit prolonged signaling.