Molecular dynamics simulation of hydrogen enhancing dislocation emission

The interactive pair potential between Al and H is obtained based on the ab initio calculation and the Chen-Mobius 3D lattice inversion formula. By utilizing the pair potentials calculated, the effects of hydrogen on the dislocation emission from crack tip have been studied. The simulated result shows that hydrogen can reduce the cohesive strength for Al single crystal, and then the critical stress intensity factor for partial dislocation emission decreases from 0.11 MPa root m (C-H = 0) to 0.075 MPa root m (C-H=0.72%) and 0.06 MPa root m (C-H = 1.44%). This indicates thar hydrogen can enhance the dislocation emission. The simulation also shows that atoms of hydrogen can gather and turn into small bubbles, resulting in enhancement of the equilibrium vacancy concentration.

Numerical Analysis of LEC Growth of GaAs with an Axial Magnetic Field

A set of numerical analyses for momentum and heat transfer For a 3 in. (0.075 m) diameter Liquid Encapsulant Czochralski (LEC) growth of single-crystal GaAs with or without all axial magnetic field was carried Out using the finite-element method. The analyses assume a pseudosteady axisymmetric state with laminar floats. Convective and conductive heat transfers. radiative heat transfer between diffuse surfaces and the Navier-Stokes equations for both melt and encapsulant and electric current stream function equations Cor melt and crystal Lire considered together and solved simultaneously. The effect of the thickness of encapsulant. the imposed magnetic field strength as well as the rotation rate of crystal and crucible on the flow and heat transfer were investigated. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

Evaluación de inductores florales y dosis en el cultivo de la piña (Ananas comosus (L) Merr) en la zona Ticuantepe

La floración de la piña [Ananas comosus (L) Merr.] ocurre naturalmente influenciado por factores climáticos (fotoperíodo, temperatura, radiación solar, etc.) y artificialmente mediante el uso de sustancias químicas (reguladores de crecimiento de la planta o inductores de la floración). El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar dos inductores de floración: Carburo de Calcio (CaC2) y el Ácido 2-Cloroetilfosfónico (Ethephón), y una combinación de estos, de cada uno se compararon tres diferentes concentraciones. El experimento se realizó en noviembre del 2000, en la finca “El Piñal”, localizada en el municipio de Ticuantepe, departamento de Managua, sobre piña cv “cayena lisa’ de 10 meses de edad y en un promedio de 35-40 hojas. El diseño experimental utilizado en el estudio fue de parcela dividida, con tres repeticiones. Los tratamientos o parcelas principales fueron: Carburo de Calcio al 0.57%, 0.43% y 0.28%; Ethephón o ácido 2-cloroétil fosfórico al 0.075%, 0.050% y 0.025% y la combinación de Carburo de Calcio al 0.57% más Ethephón en tres concentraciones 0.025%, 0.020% y 0.015%. Las subparcelas fueron constituidas por cinco (5) intervalos de recuento de floración tomados como días después de la inducción (ddi), estos fueron: 40, 45, 50, 55 y 60 ddi. Se realizó la prueba de Duncan a 95% de confianza para las comparaciones de medias de los tratamientos y sus interacciones. Los tratamientos que presentaron los mejores resultados en cuanto a porcentaje de floración, fueron: los inductores de Carburo de Calcio al 0.57% y 0.43%, que completaron el 100% de plantas florecidas a 50 días después de la inducción y las combinaciones de Carburo de Calcio al 0.57% más Ethephón al 0.025% y al 0.020%. los cuales obtuvieron el 100% de plantas florecidas a los 55 días después de la inducción. Los tratamientos Ethephón al 0.075%, 0.025% y 0.050% con 71.67%, 81.67% y 93.33% respectivamente, presentaron los mas bajos porcentajes de floración a los 60 días después de la inducción. En relación a la rapidez de la aparición de la inflorescencia los mejores resultados se obtuvieron en los tratamientos Carburo de Calcio al 0.57% y al 0.43% que tan solo a 50 días después de la inducción completaron el 100% de plantas florecidas. En cuanto al análisis económico de los tratamientos en estudio, el de mejor rentabilidad resultó ser Carburo de Calcio al 0.28%, dado que es el de menor costo de aplicación, además en este tratamiento se obtuvo uno de los mayores resultados de porcentaje de floración y en menor tiempo.

Influencia de diferentes densidades de siembra y métodos de control de malezas en piña (Ananas comusus L. Merr)

De agosto de 1988 hasta febrero de 1989 se llevo a cabo en el centro Experimental “Campos Azules “ un ensayo en el que se evaluaron dos densidades de siembre y seis métodos de control de malezas con el objetivo de determinar la influencia de diferentes densidades de siembra y métodos de control de malezas sobre el comportamiento de la cenosis. Crecimiento y desarrollo de la piña. Se observó que la mayor abundancia (Ind/M2) se presento en la distancia 1.20x0.40m encontrando que la mezcla Disoprop 1.2 Lt/ha + Fluazifop 0.1 lt/ha provocan fitotoxicidad en la piña. El Glyphosato en aplicaciones dirigidas a la calle, puede ser una buena alternativa por su amplio espectro de control de malezas en piña; Los r mejores resultados n control de malezas y favoreciendo el crecimiento y desarrollo de la piña lo presentaron las variantes limpias mecánicas mensualmente y la mezcla química Diuròn .075 lt/ha +- Atrazina 0.75lt/ha Las dos densidades de siembra no presentaron diferencias significativas en la mayoría de las variables de la piña (Altura de planta, numero de hojas, largo de frutos, diámetro de frutos y número de hijos /planta) favoreciendo generalmente a la distancia (0.90x0.40x0.30m).

Evaluación del rendimiento de sorgos híbridos comerciales para grano

La importancia que posee el presente trabajo, estriba en que suministra un valioso aporte al agriculturado nacional, como fuente de información acerca de los híbridos que más rinden y se adaptan mejor a nuestro clima. Las variedades comerciales objeto del estudio fueron 30, de las cuales 28 son híbridos, una es un sorgo mejorado y otra un sorgo criollo o testigo local. Estas variedades se sembraron de acuerdo al diseño experimental "Bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones", parcelas con tres surcos cada una, de cinco metros de largo por un metro de separación entre surco. La siembra se efectuó a chorrillo seguido. Los resultados de este ensayo se concretan a lo siguiente: Los rendimientos de las variedades mostraron diferencias altamente significativas comparadas a nivel de 5 por ciento. El mayor rendimiento de grano se obtuvo con el híbrido Dekald D-50-A con 5.075 kilogramos de grano por hectárea, en la prueba de Duncan resulta significativamente diferente a las demás. El siguiente rendimiento corresponde desde el híbrido Dekald D-D-50 con 4.521 kilogramos por hectárea, que no resulta significativo con los subsiguientes 13 híbridos hasta el Dekalb F-63 con 2.982 kilogramos por hectárea. Luego el Dekalb B-R-60 con 3.967 kilogramos por hectárea rendimiento que no resulta significativo con los 20 híbridos que le siguen hasta el Payneo que rindió 2.588 kilogramos por hectárea. El cuarto y último rendimiento es a partir del NK-300 cuyo rendimiento de 3.319 kilogramos de grano por hectárea no manifiesta diferencia significativa con ninguno de los siguientes rendimientos. (ver cuadro N° 3). En base a la prueba de rango múltiple de Duncan, resultan los cuatro rendimientos citados, de los cuales los tres primeros grupos abarcan un total de 22 variedades cuyos rendimientos se consideran buenos. Es importante hacer notar que los rendimientos descritos corresponden a una sola cosecha, no se verificó la segunda porque se manifestó una irregularidad en la cosecha ocasionada por la inundación y plaga de pájaros.

A comparison of animal abundance and distribution in similar habitats in Rookery Bay, Marco Island and Fakahatchee on the southwest coast of Florida, 1971 - 1972

The three areas in Rookery Bay, near Marco Island and Fakahatchee Bay were sampled from July 1971 through July 1972, and 1,006,640 individual animals were collected, of which the majority (55%) came from the Marco area. The large disparity between the catches at Marco and the remaining study areas was due mainly to the appearance of high numbers of species of polychaetes and echinoderms that were of very minor importance or absent from the catches in Rookery Bay and Fakahatchee Bay. When only the major classes of animals in the catch are considered (i.e., crustaceans, fish and mollusks) the total counts for Fakahatchee (298,830) and Marco (275,075) are quite comparable but both exceed Rookery Bay (119,388) by a considerable margin. The effects of the red tide outbreak in the summer of 1971 were apparently restricted to the Rookery Bay Sanctuary and may account for some of the observed differences. For the purposes of making controlled comparisons between the study areas, three common habitats were selected in each area so that a mud bottom habitat, a sand-shell bottom habitat and a vegetated bottom habitat were located in each of the study areas. Total catches by habitat types for crustaceans, fish and mollusks and certain of the more abundant species show clearly the overwhelming importance of the vegetated bottom as a habitat for animals. By habitat the vegetated areas had the most "indicator species" with five, the mud habitat was next with three and the sand-shell habitat third with two. Thus the vegetated habitat would be the best choice if a single habitat were to be used to detect environmental changes between study areas. (PDF contains 137 pages)

Cooperative artificial propagation programs for salmon and steelhead, 1995-1996

Fifteen cooperative fish rearing and planting programs for salmon and steelhead were active from July 1, 1995 through June 30, 1996. For all programs, 134,213 steelhead trout,(Oncorhynchus mykiss), 7,742,577 chinook salmon,(~ tshawytscha),and 25,075 coho salmon(~ kisutch) were planted. (PDF contains 26 pages.)

Compensating restrictive fisheries management measures: distribution of improved cocks to Kainji Lake communities 1997-2001

The Nigeria-German Kainji Lake Fisheries Promotion Project (KLFPP) promoted the distribution of genetically improved cocks to the Kainji Lake (Nigeria) fishing communities aiming to compensate for possible short-term income losses due to the implementation of fisheries management measures restricting the use of the Lake's resources and to provide alternative sources for income generation, especially for the women. Out of 5,075 cocks produced, 4,171 cocks were distributed at subsidized prices mainly to women in 116 fishing villages of Kainji Lake. During an impact survey carried out in 12 villages, 6-24 months after distribution, only 25% of the cocks distributed were seen. However, potential income for each beneficiary from the hybrid offspring was estimated at minimum 1,000 Naira per year

Wassertiefenabhängige Auftriebsschwerpunktregelung für seitlich versetzt geschleppte Schwingerträger

The noise emission of the vessel, especially in shallow waters, causes a fright reaction of the fishes near the vessel. To reduce the uncertainty of hydroacoustic measurements connected with that fact, a side shifted towed body is used for the hydroacoustic stock estimation in the Baltic sea. If the towed body was running close to the surface it was quite sensitive to waves. To make the running properties of the side shifted towed body more robust a control of the center of buoyancy depending on the diving depth was introduced. The goal was set to control the towed body without additional energy supply. First results are shown.

Temperature dependence of thermal properties of Ag8In14Sb55Te23 phase-change memory materials

The dependence of thermal properties of Ag8In14Sb55Te23 phase-change memory materials in crystalline and amorphous states on temperature was measured and analyzed. The results show that in the crystalline state, the thermal properties monotonically decrease with the temperature and present obvious crystalline semiconductor characteristics. The heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, and thermal conductivity decrease from 0.35 J/g K, 1.85 mm(2)/s, and 4.0 W/m K at 300 K to 0.025 J/g K, 1.475 mm(2)/s, and 0.25 W/m K at 600 K, respectively. In the amorphous state, while the dependence of thermal properties on temperature does not present significant changes, the materials retain the glass-like thermal characteristics. Within the temperature range from 320 K to 440 K, the heat capacity fluctuates between 0.27 J/g K and 0.075 J/g K, the thermal diffusivity basically maintains at 0.525 mm(2)/s, and the thermal conductivity decreases from 1.02 W/m K at 320 K to 0.2 W/m K at 440 K. Whether in the crystalline or amorphous state, Ag8In14Sb55Te23 are more thermally active than Ge2Sb2Te5, that is, the Ag8In14Sb55Te23 composites bear stronger thermal conduction and diffusion than the Ge2Sb2Te5 phase-change memory materials.

Effect of La3+ on microwave dielectric properties of (Pb0.45Ca0.55) (Fe0.5Nb0.5)O-3 ceramics

In this work, microwave dielectric properties of A-site substitution by La3+ in (Pb0.45Ca0.55) (Fe0.5Nb0.5) 03 system were investigated. Microwave dielectric properties of A-site charge unbalance substitution of [(Pb0.45Ca0.55)(1-x) La-x] (Fe0.5Nb0.5)O-3(+) (P45CLFN) were improved because the solid solution of small amount of surplus La3+ with (Pb, Ca)(2+) could eliminate oxygen vacancies, and the formation of secondary phase (pyrochlore) was also caused by surplus La3+. The decreasing of dielectric constant with the increase of La3+ content is due to the formation of pyrochlore. The grain size is changed slightly and Q(f) values (7000 similar to 7300 GHz) are almost unchanged at x = 0.02 similar to 0.10, but the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (TCF) are increased and changed from negative to positive. TCF is zero at x 0.075 with Q(f) = 7267 GHz and K = 89. TCF of all specimens are within +/- 5 x 10(-6)degrees C-1.

掺Yb^3＋氧化镧钇透明激光陶瓷的光谱特性

采用传统陶瓷烧结工艺,在无压还原气氛下低温制备出透明性良好的掺Yb^3＋氧化镧钇透明激光陶瓷,测试了其在室温下的吸收光谱、发射光谱和荧光寿命.结果表明,掺Yb^3＋氧化镧钇透明激光陶瓷的吸收系数随着Yb^3＋掺杂浓度的增加而增大,最强吸收峰974 nm处的吸收截面为0.90～1.12×10^-20 cm^2;主发射峰1 032 nm和1 075 nm处的发射截面分别为1.05×10^-20 cm^2和0.87×10^-20 cm^2; Yb^3＋掺杂浓度为5at.%时荧光寿命为1.38 ms,并随Yb^3

Development and growth of hatchery-reared larval Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus)

Although the Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) is a prime candidate for aquaculture, the problematic production of juveniles remains a major impediment to commercial culture of this species. In order to improve the understanding of larval development and to refine hatchery production techniques, this study was conducted to characterize development and growth of Florida pompano from hatching through metamorphosis by using digital photography and image analysis. Newly hatched larvae were transparent and had a large, elongate yolk sac and single oil globule. The lower and upper jaws as well as the digestive tract were not fully developed at hatching. Rotifers were observed in the stomach of larvae at three days after hatching (DAH), and Artemia spp. were observed in the stomach of larvae at 14 DAH. Growth rates calculated from total length measurements were 0.22 ±0.04, 0.23 ±0.12, and 0.35 ±0.09 mm/d for each of the larval rearing trials. The mouth gape of larvae was 0.266 ±0.075 mm at first feeding and increased with a growth rate of 0.13 ± 0.04 mm/d. Predicted values for optimal prey sizes ranged from 80 to 130 μm at 3 DAH, 160 to 267 μm at 5 DAH, and 454 to 757 μm at 10 DAH. Based on the findings of this study, a refined feeding regime was developed to provide stage- and size-specific guidelines for feeding Florida pompano larvae reared under hatchery con

Curved crystal surfaces: fabrication, characterization and growth of cobalt nanostructures

117 p.