Expressão gênica e protéica de receptores Toll-like em células do sangue periférico materno de gestações normais e complicadas por prematuridade

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Expressão gênica e protéica de receptores Toll-like em células do sangue periférico materno de gestações normais e complicadas por prematuridade

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effects of Continuous Erythropoietin Receptor Activator in Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury and Multi-Organ Dysfunction

Background: Despite advances in supportive care, sepsis-related mortality remains high, especially in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). Erythropoietin can protect organs against ischemia and sepsis. This effect has been linked to activation of intracellular survival pathways, although the mechanism remains unclear. Continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (CERA) is an erythropoietin with a unique pharmacologic profile and long half-life. We hypothesized that pretreatment with CERA would be renoprotective in the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis-induced AKI. Methods: Rats were randomized into three groups: control; CLP; and CLP+CERA (5 mu g/kg body weight, i.p. administered 24 h before CLP). At 24 hours after CLP, we measured creatinine clearance, biochemical variables, and hemodynamic parameters. In kidney tissue, we performed immunoblotting-to quantify expression of the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2), aquaporin 2 (AQP2), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), erythropoietin receptor (EpoR), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B)-and immunohistochemical staining for CD68 (macrophage infiltration). Plasma interleukin (IL)-2, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-10, interferon gamma, and tumor necrosis factor alpha were measured by multiplex detection. Results: Pretreatment with CERA preserved creatinine clearance and tubular function, as well as the expression of NKCC2 and AQP2. In addition, CERA maintained plasma lactate at normal levels, as well as preserving plasma levels of transaminases and lactate dehydrogenase. Renal expression of TLR4 and NF-kappa B was lower in CLP+CERA rats than in CLP rats (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively), as were CD68-positive cell counts (p<0.01), whereas renal EpoR expression was higher (p<0.05). Plasma levels of all measured cytokines were lower in CLP+CERA rats than in CLP rats. Conclusion: CERA protects against sepsis-induced AKI. This protective effect is, in part, attributable to suppression of the inflammatory response.

Toll-like receptors 2, 3 and 4 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression in fatal asthma

Background Airway inflammation in asthma involves innate immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) are thought to be involved in airway inflammation, but their expression in asthmatics both large and small airways has not been investigated. Objective To analyse the expression of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TSLP in large and small airways of asthmatics and compare their expression in smoking and non-smoking asthmatics; to investigate whether TLR expression is associated with eosinophilic or neutrophilic airway inflammation and with Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection. Methods Using immunohistochemistry and image analysis, we investigated TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TSLP expression in large and small airways of 24 victims of fatal asthma, FA, (13 non-smokers, 11 smokers) and nine deceased control subjects (DCtrl). TLRs were also measured in 18 mild asthmatics (MA) and 12 healthy controls (HCtrl). M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae in autopsy lung tissue were analysed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Airway eosinophils and neutrophils were measured in all subjects. Results Fatal asthma patients had higher TLR2 in the epithelial and outer layers of large and small airways compared with DCtrls. Smoking asthmatics had lower TLR2 levels in the inner and outer layers of the small airways than non-smoking asthmatics. TSLP was increased in the epithelial and outer layers of the large airways of FA. FA patients had greater TLR3 expression in the outer layer of large airways and greater TLR4 expression in the outer layer of small airways. Eosinophilic airway inflammation was associated with TLR expression in the epithelium of FA. No bacterial DNA was detected in FA or DCtrls. MA and HCtrls had only a small difference in TLR3 expression. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Increased expression of TLR 2, 3 and 4 and TSLP in fatal asthma may contribute to the acute inflammation surrounding asthma deaths.

Die Funktion der Rho GTPasen in den von Toll-Rezeptoren induzierten Signaltransduktionswegen

Die Funktion von Rho GTPasen in den von Toll-Rezeptoren induzierten Signaltransduktionswegen Der Toll-ähnliche Rezeptor 2 (hTLR2) ist wie der TNFa-Rezeptor und das bei Drosophila identifizierte Imd-Protein in der Lage, über einen bisher ungeklärten Mechanismus, sowohl die Aktivierung von NF-kB als auch Apoptose zu induzieren. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, daß die aktive Form der GTPase Rho in beiden Signaltransduktionswegen eine entscheidende Kontrollfunktion übernimmt. So führt die Stimulierung von TLR2 zu einer Aktivierung von RhoA in epithelialen und monozytischen Zellinien. Die aktivierte GTPase rekrutiert die Kinase PKCz und induziert so die IkB-unabhängige Aktivierung des p65/Rel-Transkriptionskomplexes. Aktives RhoA kontrolliert darüberhinaus einen weiteren Signaltransduktionsweg, der die TLR2-abhängigen, früh-apoptptischen Membranveränderungen unter der Beteiligung der Kinasen ROCK und MLCK herbeiführt. Die Rho-abhängige Regulation dieser gegensätzlichen Signalantworten wird durch die direkte Interaktion mit spezifischen Downstreamtargets, die jeweils nur Bestandteil eines Signalweges sind, ermöglicht. Die GTPase Rho stellt somit ein Schlüsselelement in der von TLR2 induzierten primären Immunantwort dar.

Charakterisierung der Apolipoprotein J-Genregulation in Fibroblasten und glatten Gefäßmuskelzellen durch nekrotische Zellen und Toll-like Rezeptoren

Apolipoprotein J (ApoJ) ist ein sezerniertes heterodimeres 80kDa Glykoprotein mit zytoprotektiven und antiinflammatorischen Eigenschaften, das ein nahezu ubiquitäres Expressionsmuster aufweist. Eine stark erhöhte ApoJ-Expression ist mit neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen, Atherosklerose, myokardialem Infarkt sowie einer Vielzahl anderer pathophysiologischer Bedingungen assoziiert. Die potentielle Bedeutung von ApoJ umfasst eine Funktion als extrazelluläres Chaperon, Komplementinhibitor, NF-kB-Inhibitor sowie eine Beteiligung an der Endozytose von nekrotischen Zellfragmenten. Unter Bedingungen, die zu einer massiven Akkumulation von absterbenden Zellen führen, ist eine vermehrte Expression von ApoJ auf die überlebenden Nachbarzellen in den betroffenen Geweben beschränkt. Die molekularen Mechanismen, die dieser gesteigerten ApoJ-Genexpression zugrunde liegen, sind jedoch unbekannt. Untersuchungen unserer Arbeitsgruppe konnten zeigen, dass eine Inkubation mit nekrotischem Zellmaterial in vitro eine Akkumulation von ApoJ-mRNA in Fibroblasten der Zelllinie Rat1 induziert, was darauf hindeutet, dass unter pathophysiologischen Bedingungen von nekrotischen Zellen exponierte bzw. freigesetzte Faktoren zu einer gesteigerten ApoJ-Genexpression in umliegenden vitalen Zellen beitragen können. Die im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit durchgeführten Untersuchungen zeigen eine Korrelation zwischen der Expression von Toll-like Rezeptoren (TLRs) in Fibroblasten (Rat1), glatten Gefäßmuskelzellen (CRL2018) sowie embryonalen Dottersackzellen (10A) und einer durch nekrotische Zellen induzierten ApoJ-mRNA-Expression in diesen Zelllinien. Es wird angenommen, dass TLRs neben pathogenassoziierten Strukturen (PAMPs) auch durch körpereigene Agonisten wie Hitzeschockproteine und Nukleinsäuren aktiviert werden. In weiterführenden Experimenten stellte sich unter anderem heraus, dass neben nekrotischen Zellen auch der TLR3-spezifische Agonist Poly(I:C), eine synthetische doppelsträngige RNA, ausschließlich in den beiden TLR3-exprimierenden Zelllinien CRL2018 und Rat1, nicht jedoch in TLR3-defizienten 10A-Zellen, die ApoJ-mRNA-Expression induziert. Darüber hinaus führt auch die Inkubation mit eukaryotischer RNA (Gesamt-RNA, t-RNA) zu einer Akkumulation von ApoJ-mRNA in CRL2018-Zellen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen erstmals, dass die Expression von ApoJ-mRNA durch extrazelluläre Ribonukleinsäuren in TLR3-abhängiger Weise induziert wird, was darauf hindeutet, dass in verletzten Geweben aus post-apoptotischen oder nekrotischen Zellen freigesetzte Ribonukleinsäuren zu einer vermehrten ApoJ-Genexpression in vitalen Nachbarzellen beitragen.

Analyse der Beteiligung von Toll-like-Rezeptoren an der DC-Aktivierung nach Parvovirus-H-1-Infektion

Ziel dieser Dissertation war es die funktionelle Rolle der Toll-like Rezeptoren (TLRs) und ihrer Signalwege bei der Aktivierung von dendritischen Zellen (DC) durch Parvovirus H-1- rn(H-1PV) induzierte Tumorzelllysate (TCL) zu untersuchen. rnDas angeborene Immunsystem bekämpft die Bildung und das Wachstum von Tumoren, insbesondere durch Interaktion von Effektor-Immunzellen mit Tumorzellen. Die Aktivierung dieser Immunreaktionen in der Antitumortherapie ist wünschenswert, aber in vielen Situationen nicht zufriedenstellend, da sie durch klassische systemische Therapie allein nicht immer erreicht werden kann. Die therapeutische Anwendung von onkolytischen Viren bei Patienten mit malignen Erkrankungen (Virotherapie) ist ein vielversprechendes Gebiet der Forschung. Die onkosuppressive und immunstimulierende Wirkung von H-1PV auf humane Tumor- und Immunzellen spricht für eine Verwendung in der Krebstherapie. Ein Aktivierung des Immunsystems durch H-1PV konnte bereits in unserer Arbeitsgruppe gezeigt werden.rnIn dieser Arbeit wurden wichtige Aspekte bezüglich der Aktivierung von Toll-like Rezeptoren bei einer H-1PV Infektion untersucht. Zunächst wurde die Rolle von TLRs nach der H-1PV Infektion untersucht. Humane embryonale Nierenzellen (HEK293) wurden stabil mit humanen TLRs transfiziert, um die Rolle spezifischer TLRs während der Aktivierung des Immunsystems zu untersuchen. TLR3 und TLR9 wurden durch eine H-1PV Infektion, die mit der NFκB-Translokation in den Zellkern korreliert, aktiviert. Mit Hilfe eines Reporterplasmides (pNiFty-Luc), wurde durch erhöhte Expression eines NFκB-induzierbaren Reportergens die NFκB-Aktivität im Anschluss an eine H-1PV Infektion nachgewiesen. Zudem wurde die immunologische Wirkung von H-1PV-induzierten Tumorzelllysaten (TCL) auf die humane antitumor-gerichtete Immunantworten analysiert. Ein humanes ex vivo-Modell, bestehend aus einer HLA-A2-positiven humanen Melanom-Zelllinie (SK29Mel) wurde verwendet, um Immunreaktionen mit entsprechenden HLA-restringierten humanen DCs zu untersuchen. DCs die mit H-1PV-infizierten SK29Mel Zellen koinkubiert wurden, zeigten eine erhöhte TLR3- und TLR9-Expression. Diese Daten deuten darauf hin, dass H-1PV-induzierte TCLs humane DCs stimulieren und dies zumindest teilweise durch TLR-abhängige Signalwege geschieht. Demnach wird eine DC-Reifung durch Kokultur mit H-1PV-induzierten TCLs über den TLR-Signalweg erreicht und führte u.a. zu einer NFκB-abhängigen Aktivierung des adaptiven Immunsystems. Die onkolytischen Virotherapie mit H-1PV erhöht so durch unterschiedliche Auswirkungen auf DCs die Immunreaktion und verstärkt die Anti-Tumor-Immunität. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen einen neuen potenziellen Ansatz für den Einsatz onkolytischer Viren für TLR-zielgerichtete Therapieoptionen und stellen eine ideale Möglichkeit zur Erweiterung der Krebsbehandlung dar.rn

Cellular actors, Toll-like receptors, and local cytokine profile in acute coronary syndromes

Inflammation plays a key role in acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Toll-like receptors (TLR) on leucocytes mediate inflammation and immune responses. We characterized leucocytes and TLR expression within coronary thrombi and compared cytokine levels from the site of coronary occlusion with aortic blood (AB) in ACS patients.

Protein level expression of Toll-like receptors 2, 4 and 9 in renal disease

Toll-like receptors (TLR) recognize a variety of ligands, including pathogen-associated molecular patterns and link innate and adaptive immunity. Individual receptors can be up-regulated during infection and inflammation. We examined the expression of selected TLRs at the protein level in various types of renal disease.

Toll-like receptors in domestic animals

Toll-like receptors are pattern recognition receptors with which hosts recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP). This recognition process is translated rapidly into a meaningful defense reaction. This form of innate host defense is preserved in the animal kingdom: invertebrates heavily depend on it; higher vertebrates also have an adaptive immune system. Both adaptive and innate immune systems are intertwined in that the former also depends on an intact innate recognition and response system. Members of the TLR system cover recognition of parasitic, bacterial or viral germs. Due to the constraints imposed by the necessity to recognize PAMP and to interact with downstream signaling molecules, the TLR system is relatively conserved in evolution. Nevertheless, subtle species differences have been reported for several mammalian TLR members. Examples of this will be given. In all mammalian species investigated, part of the coding sequence is available for the most important TLR members, thus allowing study of expression of these TLR members in various tissues by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction in its classical (RT-PCR) and quantitative real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) form. In some species, the whole coding sequences of the most important or even all TLR members are known. This allows construction of cDNA and transfection of common host cells, thus permitting functional studies. Extensive investigations were devoted to the study of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms. In a few cases, expression of a given amino acid in the extracellular (ligand-binding) portion of TLR members could be associated with infectious diseases. This will be discussed below.

Toll-like receptors in ischaemia and its potential role in the pathophysiology of muscle damage in critical limb ischaemia

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key receptors of the innate immune system which are expressed on immune and nonimmune cells. They are activated by both pathogen-associated molecular patterns and endogenous ligands. Activation of TLRs culminates in the release of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and apoptosis. Ischaemia and ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury are associated with significant inflammation and tissue damage. There is emerging evidence to suggest that TLRs are involved in mediating ischaemia-induced damage in several organs. Critical limb ischaemia (CLI) is the most severe form of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and is associated with skeletal muscle damage and tissue loss; however its pathophysiology is poorly understood. This paper will underline the evidence implicating TLRs in the pathophysiology of cerebral, renal, hepatic, myocardial, and skeletal muscle ischaemia and I/R injury and discuss preliminary data that alludes to the potential role of TLRs in the pathophysiology of skeletal muscle damage in CLI.

Constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation of the inhibitory paired Ig-like receptor PIR-B

PIR-A and PIR-B are activating and inhibitory Ig-like receptors on murine B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and myeloid-lineage cells. The inhibitory function of PIR-B is mediated via its cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs, whereas PIR-A pairs with the Fc receptor common γ chain to form an activating receptor complex. In these studies, we observed constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation of PIR-B molecules on macrophages and B lymphocytes, irrespective of the cell activation status. Splenocyte PIR-B molecules were constitutively associated with the SHP-1 protein tyrosine phosphatase and Lyn protein tyrosine kinase. In Lyn-deficient mice, PIR-B tyrosine phosphorylation was greatly reduced. Unexpectedly, tyrosine phosphorylation of PIR-B was not observed in most myeloid and B cell lines but could be induced by ligation of the PIR molecules. Finally, the phosphorylation status of PIR-B was significantly reduced in MHC class I-deficient mice, although not in mice deficient in TAP1 or MHC class II expression. These findings suggest a physiological inhibitory role for PIR-B that is regulated by endogenous MHC class I-like ligands.

Toll-related receptors and the control of antimicrobial peptide expression in Drosophila

Insects defend themselves against infectious microorganisms by synthesizing potent antimicrobial peptides. Drosophila has appeared in recent years as a favorable model to study this innate host defense. A genetic analysis of the regulation of the antifungal peptide drosomycin has demonstrated a key role for the transmembrane receptor Toll, which prompted the search for mammalian homologs. Two of these, Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4, recently were shown to play a critical role in innate immunity against bacteria. Here we describe six additional Toll-related genes (Toll-3 to Toll-8) in Drosophila in addition to 18-wheeler. Two of these genes, Toll-3 and Toll-4, are expressed at a low level. Toll-6, -7, and -8, on the other hand, are expressed at high levels during embryogenesis and molting, suggesting that, like Toll and 18w, they perform developmental functions. Finally, Toll-5 is expressed only in larvae and adults. By using chimeric constructs, we have tested the capacity of the signaling Toll/IL-1R homology domains of these receptors to activate antimicrobial peptide promoters and found that only Toll and Toll-5 can activate the drosomycin promoter in transfected cells, thus demonstrating specificity at the level of the Toll/IL-1R homology domain. In contrast, none of these constructs activated antibacterial peptide promoters, suggesting that Toll-related receptors are not involved in the regulation of antibacterial peptide expression. This result was independently confirmed by the demonstration that a dominant-negative version of the kinase Pelle can block induction of drosomycin by the cytokine Spaetzle, but does not affect induction of the antibacterial peptide attacin by lipopolysaccharide.

Paired Ig-like receptor homologs in birds and mammals share a common ancestor with mammalian Fc receptors

Paired Ig-like receptors (PIR) that can reciprocally modulate cellular activation have been described in mammals. In the present study, we searched expressed sequence tag databases for PIR relatives to identify chicken expressed sequence tags predictive of ≈25% amino acid identity to mouse PIR. Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-PCR extension of expressed sequence-tag sequences using chicken splenic cDNA as a template yielded two distinct cDNAs, the sequence analysis of which predicted protein products with related extracellular Ig-like domains. Chicken Ig-like receptor (CHIR)-A was characterized by its transmembrane segment with a positively charged histidine residue and short cytoplasmic tail, thereby identifying CHIR-A as a candidate-activating receptor. Conversely, CHIR-B was characterized by its nonpolar transmembrane segment and cytoplasmic tail with two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs, indicating that it may serve as an inhibitory receptor. The use of CHIR amino acid sequences in a search for other PIR relatives led to the recognition of mammalian Fc receptors as distantly related genes. Comparative analyses based on amino acid sequences and three-dimensional protein structures provided molecular evidence for common ancestry of the PIR and Fc receptor gene families.