Perfil de aptidão cardiorrespiratória em corredores jovens pela cinética do VO2 em testes progressivos e retangulares

Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento Humano e Tecnologias - IBRC

Leveraging wireless devices for networked control systems in industrial applications

Networked control systems (NCSs) are distributed control system in which sensors, actuators and controllers are physically separated and connected through communication networks. NCS represent the evolution of networked control architectures providing greater modularity and control decentralization, ease maintenance and diagnosis and lower cost of implementation. A recent trend in this research topic is the development of NCS using wireless networks(WNCS)which enable interoperability between existing wiredand wireless systems. This paper presents the feasibility analysis of using serial to wireless converter as a wireless sensor link in NCS. In order to support this investigation, relevant performance metrics for wireless control applications such as jitter, time delay and messages lost are highlighted and calculated to evaluate the wireless converter capabilities. In addition the control performance of an implemented motor control system using the converter is analyzed. Experimental results led to the conclusion that serial ZigBee device isrecommended against the Bluetooth as it provided better metrics for control applications. However, bothdevices can be used to implement WNCS providing transmission rates and closed control loop times which are acceptable for NCS applications.Moreoverthe use of thewireless device delay in the PID controller discretization can improve the control performance of the system.

The influence of connectivity on the firing rate in a neuronal network with electrical and chemical synapses

We study the firing rate properties of a cellular automaton model for a neuronal network with chemical synapses. We propose a simple mechanism in which the nonlocal connections are included, through electrical and chemical synapses. In the latter case, we introduce a time delay which produces self-sustained activity. Nonlocal connections, or shortcuts, are randomly introduced according to a specified connection probability. There is a range of connection probabilities for which neuron firing occurs, as well as a critical probability for which the firing ceases in the absence of time delay. The critical probability for nonlocal shortcuts depends on the network size according to a power-law. We also compute the firing rate amplification factor by varying both the connection probability and the time delay for different network sizes. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Order-Disorder Transitions Govern Kinetic Cooperativity and Allostery of Monomeric Human Glucokinase

Glucokinase (GCK) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of glucose catabolism in the pancreas, where it functions as the body's principal glucose sensor. GCK dysfunction leads to several potentially fatal diseases including maturity-onset diabetes of the young type II (MODY-II) and persistent hypoglycemic hyperinsulinemia of infancy (PHHI). GCK maintains glucose homeostasis by displaying a sigmoidal kinetic response to increasing blood glucose levels. This positive cooperativity is unique because the enzyme functions exclusively as a monomer and possesses only a single glucose binding site. Despite nearly a half century of research, the mechanistic basis for GCK's homotropic allostery remains unresolved. Here we explain GCK cooperativity in terms of large-scale, glucose-mediated disorder-order transitions using 17 isotopically labeled isoleucine methyl groups and three tryptophan side chains as sensitive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probes. We find that the small domain of unliganded GCK is intrinsically disordered and samples a broad conformational ensemble. We also demonstrate that small-molecule diabetes therapeutic agents and hyperinsulinemia-associated GCK mutations share a strikingly similar activation mechanism, characterized by a population shift toward a more narrow, well-ordered ensemble resembling the glucose-bound conformation. Our results support a model in which GCK generates its cooperative kinetic response at low glucose concentrations by using a millisecond disorder-order cycle of the small domain as a "time-delay loop," which is bypassed at high glucose concentrations, providing a unique mechanism to allosterically regulate the activity of human GCK under physiological conditions.

3C 273 variability at 7 mm: evidence of shocks and precession in the jet

We report on four years of observations of 3C 273 at 7mm obtained with the Itapetinga radio telescope, in Brazil, between 2009 and 2013. We detected a flare in 2010 March, when the flux density increased by 50 per cent and reached 35 Jy. After the flare, the flux density started to decrease and reached values lower than 10 Jy. We suggest that the 7-mm flare is the radio counterpart of the γ -ray flare observed by the Fermi Large Area Telescope in 2009 September, in which the flux density at high energies reached a factor of 50 of its average value. A delay of 170 d between the radio and γ -ray flares was revealed using the discrete correlation function (DCF) that can be interpreted in the context of a shock model, in which each flare corresponds to the formation of a compact superluminal component that expands and becomes optically thin at radio frequencies at latter epochs. The differences in flare intensity between frequencies and at different times are explained as a consequence of an increase in the Doppler factor δ, as predicted by the 16-yr precession model proposed by Abraham & Romero. This increase has a large effect on boosting at high frequencies while it does not affect the observed optically thick radio emission too much. We discuss other observable effects of the variation in δ, such as the increase in the formation rate of superluminal components, the variations in the time delay between flares and the periodic behaviour of the radio light curve that we have found to be compatible with changes in the Doppler factor.

Muscular and pulmonary O2 uptake kinetics during moderate- and high-intensity sub-maximal knee-extensor exercise in humans

[EN] The purpose of this investigation was to determine the contribution of muscle O(2) consumption (mVO2) to pulmonary O(2) uptake (pVO2) during both low-intensity (LI) and high-intensity (HI) knee-extension exercise, and during subsequent recovery, in humans. Seven healthy male subjects (age 20-25 years) completed a series of LI and HI square-wave exercise tests in which mVO2 (direct Fick technique) and pVO2 (indirect calorimetry) were measured simultaneously. The mean blood transit time from the muscle capillaries to the lung (MTTc-l) was also estimated (based on measured blood transit times from femoral artery to vein and vein to artery). The kinetics of mVO2 and pVO2 were modelled using non-linear regression. The time constant (tau) describing the phase II pVO2 kinetics following the onset of exercise was not significantly different from the mean response time (initial time delay + tau) for mVO2 kinetics for LI (30 +/- 3 vs 30 +/- 3 s) but was slightly higher (P < 0.05) for HI (32 +/- 3 vs 29 +/- 4 s); the responses were closely correlated (r = 0.95 and r = 0.95; P < 0.01) for both intensities. In recovery, agreement between the responses was more limited both for LI (36 +/- 4 vs 18 +/- 4 s, P < 0.05; r = -0.01) and HI (33 +/- 3 vs 27 +/- 3 s, P > 0.05; r = -0.40). MTTc-l was approximately 17 s just before exercise and decreased to 12 and 10 s after 5 s of exercise for LI and HI, respectively. These data indicate that the phase II pVO2 kinetics reflect mVO2 kinetics during exercise but not during recovery where caution in data interpretation is advised. Increased mVO2 probably makes a small contribution to during the first 15-20 s of exercise.

Synchronization and Detection Techniques for Navigation and Communication Systems

Synchronization is a key issue in any communication system, but it becomes fundamental in the navigation systems, which are entirely based on the estimation of the time delay of the signals coming from the satellites. Thus, even if synchronization has been a well known topic for many years, the introduction of new modulations and new physical layer techniques in the modern standards makes the traditional synchronization strategies completely ineffective. For this reason, the design of advanced and innovative techniques for synchronization in modern communication systems, like DVB-SH, DVB-T2, DVB-RCS, WiMAX, LTE, and in the modern navigation system, like Galileo, has been the topic of the activity. Recent years have seen the consolidation of two different trends: the introduction of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) in the communication systems, and of the Binary Offset Carrier (BOC) modulation in the modern Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). Thus, a particular attention has been given to the investigation of the synchronization algorithms in these areas.

Untersuchungen zur Visuomotorik des Menschen

Motorische Bewegungen werden über die visuelle Rückmeldung auf ihre Genauigkeit kontrolliert und ggf. korrigiert. Über einen technischen Eingriff, wie beispielsweise einer Prismenbrille, kann man eine Differenz zwischen optisch wahrgenommener und haptisch erlebter Umwelt erzeugen, um die Fähigkeiten des visuomotorischen Systems zu testen. In dieser Arbeit wurde eine computergestützte Methode entwickelt, eine solche visuomotorische Differenz zu simulieren. Die Versuchspersonen führen eine ballistische Bewegung mit Arm und Hand aus in der Absicht, ein vorgegebenes Ziel zu treffen. Die Trefferpunkte werden durch einen Computer mit Hilfe eines Digitalisierungstablettes aufgenommen. Die visuelle Umwelt, welche den Versuchspersonen präsentiert wird, ist auf einem Monitor dargestellt. Das Monitorabbild – ein Kreuz auf weißem Hintergrund – betrachten die Testpersonen über einen Spiegel. Dieser ist in einem entsprechenden Winkel zwischen Monitor und Digitalisierungstablett angebracht, so dass das Zielbild auf dem Digitalisierungstablett projiziert wird. Die Testpersonen nehmen das Zielkreuz auf dem Digitalisierungstablett liegend wahr. Führt die Versuchsperson eine Zielbewegung aus, können die aufgenommenen Koordinaten als Punkte auf dem Monitor dargestellt werden und die Testperson erhält über diese Punktanzeige ein visuelles Feedback ihrer Bewegung. Der Arbeitsbereich des Digitalisierungstabletts kann über den Computer eingerichtet und so motorische Verschiebungen simuliert werden. Die verschiedenartigen Möglichkeiten dieses Aufbaus wurden zum Teil in Vorversuchen getestet um Fragestellungen, Methodik und technische Einrichtungen aufeinander abzustimmen. Den Hauptversuchen galt besonderes Interesse an der zeitlichen Verzögerung des visuellen Feedbacks sowie dem intermanuellen Transfer. Hierbei ergaben sich folgende Ergebnisse: ● Die Versuchspersonen adaptieren an eine räumlich verschobene Umwelt. Der Adaptationsverlauf lässt sich mit einer Exponentialfunktion mathematisch berechnen und darstellen. ● Dieser Verlauf ist unabhängig von der Art des visuellen Feedbacks. Die Beobachtung der Handbewegung während der Adaptation zeigt die gleiche Zielabfolge wie eine einfache Punktprojektion, die den Trefferort der Bewegung darstellt. ● Der exponentielle Verlauf der Adaptationsbewegung ist unabhängig von den getesteten zeitlichen Verzögerungen des visuellen Feedbacks. ● Die Ergebnisse des Folgeeffektes zeigen, dass bei zunehmender zeitlicher Verzögerung des visuellen Feedbacks während der Adaptationsphase, die Größe des Folgeeffektwertes geringer wird, d.h. die anhaltende Anpassungsleistung an eine visuomotorische Differenz sinkt. ● Die Folgeeffekte weisen individuelle Eigenheiten auf. Die Testpersonen adaptieren verschieden stark an eine simulierte Verschiebung. Ein Vergleich mit den visuomotorischen Herausforderungen im Vorleben der Versuchspersonen ließ vermuten, dass das visuomotorische System des Menschen trainierbar ist und sich - je nach Trainingszustand – unterschiedlich an wahrgenommene Differenzen anpasst. ● Der intermanuelle Transfer konnte unter verschiedenen Bedingungen nachgewiesen werden. ● Ein deutlich stärkerer Folgeeffekt kann beobachtet werden, wenn die wahrgenommene visuomotorische Differenz zwischen Ziel und Trefferpunkt in eine Gehirnhälfte projiziert wird und der Folgeeffekt mit der Hand erfolgt, welche von dieser Hirnhemisphäre gesteuert wird. Der intermanuelle Transfer wird demnach begünstigt, wenn die visuelle Projektion der Fehlerbeobachtung in die Gehirnhälfte erfolgt, die während der Adaptationsphase motorisch passiv ist.

Cooperative teleoperation systems

This thesis deals with the studies on the Cooperative Teleoperation Systems. The literature on cooperative teleoperation did not take into account control architectures composed of pairs of wave-based bilateral teleoperators operating in a shared environment. In this work The author two cooperative control schemes based on wave variables by considering two pairs of single-master/single-slave devices collaborating to carry out operations in a shared remote environment are proposed. Such architectures have been validated both with simulations and experimental tests. Ch. 2 introduces a description of the two control architectures proposed and presents some simulation results where the cooperative teleoperation systems evolve in free space and in contact with a stiff wall. In the Ch. 3 some experimental results which confirm the positive results of the control schemes are illustred. Such results have been achieved by using a prototype custom built at Laboratory of Automaiton and Robotics of University of Bologna, which is also illustrated in this chapter. In Ch. 4 the problem of defining proper tools and procedures for an analysis, and possibly a comparison, of the performances of cooperative teleoperation systems is addressed. In particular, a novel generalization of criteria adopted for classical (i.e. one master-one slave) teleoperators is presented and illustrated on the basis of the force-position and the position-position cooperative control schemes proposed in Ch. 2, both from a transparency and stability point of view, and by assuming a null time delay in the communication channel.

Context-aware wireless networks

This thesis investigates context-aware wireless networks, capable to adapt their behavior to the context and the application, thanks to the ability of combining communication, sensing and localization. Problems of signals demodulation, parameters estimation and localization are addressed exploiting analytical methods, simulations and experimentation, for the derivation of the fundamental limits, the performance characterization of the proposed schemes and the experimental validation. Ultrawide-bandwidth (UWB) signals are in certain cases considered and non-coherent receivers, allowing the exploitation of the multipath channel diversity without adopting complex architectures, investigated. Closed-form expressions for the achievable bit error probability of novel proposed architectures are derived. The problem of time delay estimation (TDE), enabling network localization thanks to ranging measurement, is addressed from a theoretical point of view. New fundamental bounds on TDE are derived in the case the received signal is partially known or unknown at receiver side, as often occurs due to propagation or due to the adoption of low-complexity estimators. Practical estimators, such as energy-based estimators, are revised and their performance compared with the new bounds. The localization issue is addressed with experimentation for the characterization of cooperative networks. Practical algorithms able to improve the accuracy in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) channel conditions are evaluated on measured data. With the purpose of enhancing the localization coverage in NLOS conditions, non-regenerative relaying techniques for localization are introduced and ad hoc position estimators are devised. An example of context-aware network is given with the study of the UWB-RFID system for detecting and locating semi-passive tags. In particular a deep investigation involving low-complexity receivers capable to deal with problems of multi-tag interference, synchronization mismatches and clock drift is presented. Finally, theoretical bounds on the localization accuracy of this and others passive localization networks (e.g., radar) are derived, also accounting for different configurations such as in monostatic and multistatic networks.

A new double laser pulse pumping scheme for transient collisionally excited plasma soft X-ray lasers

Within this thesis a new double laser pulse pumping scheme for plasma-based, transient collisionally excited soft x-ray lasers (SXRL) was developed, characterized and utilized for applications. SXRL operations from ~50 up to ~200 electron volt were demonstrated applying this concept. As a central technical tool, a special Mach-Zehnder interferometer in the chirped pulse amplification (CPA) laser front-end was developed for the generation of fully controllable double-pulses to optimally pump SXRLs.rnThis Mach-Zehnder device is fully controllable and enables the creation of two CPA pulses of different pulse duration and variable energy balance with an adjustable time delay. Besides the SXRL pumping, the double-pulse configuration was applied to determine the B-integral in the CPA laser system by amplifying short pulse replica in the system, followed by an analysis in the time domain. The measurement of B-integral values in the 0.1 to 1.5 radian range, only limited by the reachable laser parameters, proved to be a promising tool to characterize nonlinear effects in the CPA laser systems.rnContributing to the issue of SXRL pumping, the double-pulse was configured to optimally produce the gain medium of the SXRL amplification. The focusing geometry of the two collinear pulses under the same grazing incidence angle on the target, significantly improved the generation of the active plasma medium. On one hand the effect was induced by the intrinsically guaranteed exact overlap of the two pulses on the target, and on the other hand by the grazing incidence pre-pulse plasma generation, which allows for a SXRL operation at higher electron densities, enabling higher gain in longer wavelength SXRLs and higher efficiency at shorter wavelength SXRLs. The observation of gain enhancement was confirmed by plasma hydrodynamic simulations.rnThe first introduction of double short-pulse single-beam grazing incidence pumping for SXRL pumping below 20 nanometer at the laser facility PHELIX in Darmstadt (Germany), resulted in a reliable operation of a nickel-like palladium SXRL at 14.7 nanometer with a pump energy threshold strongly reduced to less than 500 millijoule. With the adaptation of the concept, namely double-pulse single-beam grazing incidence pumping (DGRIP) and the transfer of this technology to the laser facility LASERIX in Palaiseau (France), improved efficiency and stability of table-top high-repetition soft x-ray lasers in the wavelength region below 20 nanometer was demonstrated. With a total pump laser energy below 1 joule the target, 2 mircojoule of nickel-like molybdenum soft x-ray laser emission at 18.9 nanometer was obtained at 10 hertz repetition rate, proving the attractiveness for high average power operation. An easy and rapid alignment procedure fulfilled the requirements for a sophisticated installation, and the highly stable output satisfied the need for a reliable strong SXRL source. The qualities of the DGRIP scheme were confirmed in an irradiation operation on user samples with over 50.000 shots corresponding to a deposited energy of ~ 50 millijoule.rnThe generation of double-pulses with high energies up to ~120 joule enabled the transfer to shorter wavelength SXRL operation at the laser facility PHELIX. The application of DGRIP proved to be a simple and efficient method for the generation of soft x-ray lasers below 10 nanometer. Nickel-like samarium soft x-ray lasing at 7.3 nanometer was achieved at a low total pump energy threshold of 36 joule, which confirmed the suitability of the applied pumping scheme. A reliable and stable SXRL operation was demonstrated, due to the single-beam pumping geometry despite the large optical apertures. The soft x-ray lasing of nickel-like samarium was an important milestone for the feasibility of applying the pumping scheme also for higher pumping pulse energies, which are necessary to obtain soft x-ray laser wavelengths in the water window. The reduction of the total pump energy below 40 joule for 7.3 nanometer short wavelength lasing now fulfilled the requirement for the installation at the high-repetition rate operation laser facility LASERIX.rn

Einzelmolekülspektroskopische und quantenchemische Untersuchungen zum elektronischen Energietransfer

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Untersuchungen zum Mechanismus, der Dynamik und der Kontrolle des elektronischen Energietransfers in multichromophoren Modellsystemen durchgeführt. Als Untersuchungsmethoden wurden hauptsächlich die konfokale Einzelmolekülspektroskopie und die Quantenchemie eingesetzt. Der Aufbau des Einzelmolekülmikroskops wurde bezüglich der Anregungs- und Detektionskomponenten variiert, um die unterschiedlichen Experimente durchzuführen. Die quantenchemischen Rechnungen wurden auf Dichtefunktional- und Coupled-Cluster-Niveau durchgeführt. Die aus den Rechnungen erhaltenen zusätzlichen Informationen über experimentell zum Teil schwer zugängliche Eigenschaften der Farbstoffe unterstützten die Interpretation der experimentellen Befunde. rnIn früheren Untersuchungen der AG Basché wurden die Energietransfer-Raten von Donor-Akzeptor-Systemen gemessen, die erhebliche Abweichungen von nach der Förster-Theorie berechneten Raten zeigten. Daher war ein Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit, diese Abweichungen zu erklären. Zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geometrie der Diaden experimentell untersucht, sowie die elektronische Kopplung zwischen den Chromophoren quantenchemisch berechnet. Die relative Orientierung der Chromophore in den Diaden wurde in einem Einzelmolekül-Experiment mit rotierender Anregungspolarisation abgefragt. Die erhaltenen Winkelverteilungen konnten schließlich eindeutig auf die Flexibilität der die Chromophore verbrückenden Oligophenyl-Einheiten zurückgeführt werden. Die Unterschiede der gemessenen Energietransfer-Raten zu den nach der Förster-Theorie ermittelten Werten konnten jedoch nicht über die molekulare Flexibilität der Systeme erklärt werden. Aufklärung über die Diskrepanzen zur Förster-Theorie ergaben die quantenchemischen Rechnungen. In Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde zum ersten Mal die Coupled-Cluster-Theorie zur Berechnung der elektronischen Kopplung eingesetzt. Die Betrachtung der isolierten Chromophore reichte aber nicht aus, um die gemessenen Abweichungen von der Förster-Theorie zu erklären. Erst über die Berücksichtigung der molekularen Brücke konnten die gefunden Abweichungen erklärt werden. Die deutliche Verstärkung der elektronischen Kopplung ist auf die Polarisierbarkeit der Brücke zurückzuführen.rnNach diesen Betrachtungen stand die Kontrolle des Energietransfers im Fokus der weiteren Untersuchungen. In den durchgeführten Einzelmolekülexperimenten wurden die Chromophore der Donor-Akzeptor-Systeme selektiv mit zwei Laserpulsen unterschiedlicher Wellenlänge angeregt. Beim gleichzeitigen Anregen beider Chromophore wurde Singulett-Singulett-Annihilation (SSA) induziert, ein Energietransferprozess, bei dem die Anregungsenergie vom vorigen Akzeptor zum vorigen Donor übertragen wird. Da über SSA Fluoreszenzphotonen gelöscht wurden, konnte über den Abstand der Laserpulse die Fluoreszenzintensität des einzelnen Moleküls moduliert werden. Konzeptionell verwandte Einzelmolekülexperimente wurden an einem weiteren molekularen System durchgeführt, das aus einem Kern und einer Peripherie bestand. Fluoreszenzauszeiten des Gesamtsystems bei selektiver Anregung des Kerns wurden auf die Population eines Triplett-Zustandes zurückgeführt, der die Fluoreszenz der Peripherie löschte. rnAbschließend wurde der SSA-Prozess zwischen zwei gleichartigen Chromophoren untersucht. Es wurde eine Methode entwickelt, die es zum ersten Mal erlaubte, die SSA-Zeitkonstante individueller Moleküle zu bestimmen. Hierfür wurden die Daten der gemessenen Photonen-Koinzidenzhistogramme mittels eines im Rahmen dieser Arbeit hergeleiteten analytischen Zusammenhangs ausgewertet, der über Monte-Carlo-Simulationen bestätigt wurde.

In need of psychiatric help--leave a message after the beep

Every day, a substantial proportion of the general population experiences the distressing and frightening signs of an upcoming psychiatric illness. The consequences can be enormous because severe psychiatric disorders typically cause the loss of the ability to work and often mean a long-term burden for both the patients and their families. Even though most developed countries have an exceptionally high density of general practitioners and psychiatrists in private practice, getting a mental health appointment and seeing a doctor is often very difficult for patients with acute psychiatric symptoms. This study aimed at quantifying the time delay involved in seeking medical attendance when psychiatric disorders begin to develop.

Slow fertilization of stickleback eggs: the result of sexual conflict?

BACKGROUND: The fertilization success in sperm competition in externally fertilizing fish depends on number and quality of sperm. The time delay between sequential ejaculations may further influence the outcome of sperm competition. Such a time interval can load the raffle over fertilization if fertilization takes place very fast. Short fertilization times are generally assumed for externally fertilizing fish such as the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). In this pair-spawning fish, territorial males often try to steal fertilizations in nests of neighbouring males. This sneaking behaviour causes sperm competition. Sneakers will only get a share of paternity when eggs are not fertilized immediately after sperm release. Contrary to males, females may be interested in multiple paternity of their clutch of eggs. There thus may be a sexual conflict over the speed of fertilization. RESULTS: In this study we used two different in vitro fertilization experiments to assess how fast eggs are fertilized in sticklebacks. We show that complete fertilization takes more than 5 min which is atypically long for externally fertilizing fishes. CONCLUSION: This result suggests that the time difference does not imply high costs to the second stickleback male to ejaculate. Slow fertilization (and concomitant prolonged longevity of sperm) may be the result of sexual conflict in which females aimed at complete fertilization and/or multiple paternity.

Cortical and subcortical correlates of electroencephalographic alpha rhythm modulation

Neural correlates of electroencephalographic (EEG) alpha rhythm are poorly understood. Here, we related EEG alpha rhythm in awake humans to blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal change determined by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Topographical EEG was recorded simultaneously with fMRI during an open versus closed eyes and an auditory stimulation versus silence condition. EEG was separated into spatial components of maximal temporal independence using independent component analysis. Alpha component amplitudes and stimulus conditions served as general linear model regressors of the fMRI signal time course. In both paradigms, EEG alpha component amplitudes were associated with BOLD signal decreases in occipital areas, but not in thalamus, when a standard BOLD response curve (maximum effect at approximately 6 s) was assumed. The part of the alpha regressor independent of the protocol condition, however, revealed significant positive thalamic and mesencephalic correlations with a mean time delay of approximately 2.5 s between EEG and BOLD signals. The inverse relationship between EEG alpha amplitude and BOLD signals in primary and secondary visual areas suggests that widespread thalamocortical synchronization is associated with decreased brain metabolism. While the temporal relationship of this association is consistent with metabolic changes occurring simultaneously with changes in the alpha rhythm, sites in the medial thalamus and in the anterior midbrain were found to correlate with short time lag. Assuming a canonical hemodynamic response function, this finding is indicative of activity preceding the actual EEG change by some seconds.