Asociación entre caracteres biométricos y calidad fisiológica en semillas de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

La clasificación de las semillas de especies olerícolas se realiza principalmente por peso y tamaño, con criterios similares a los aplicados en cereales y leguminosas, en que se asocia positivamente estos atributos físicos con la calidad fisiológica. No obstante lo anterior, en diversas especies de hortalizas la información es escasa y contradictoria al respecto, lo que motiva la realización de la presente investigación. En semillas de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) se determinó el efecto del peso y tamaño sobre la calidad fisiológica expresada como germinación y vigor. Además, se correlacionaron los resultados de las pruebas de evaluación de calidad fisiológica y se describieron variables del crecimiento y desarrollo. Se utilizaron lotes de diferentes variedades de semillas híbridas de cuatro temporadas, producidas en un clima templado cálido con lluvias invernales y estación seca prolongada (32º 54’ y 34° 21´ latitud Sur). Se midió peso y tamaño de semillas, además en dos temporadas se evaluaron las características internas de área y peso de embrión y área de endospermo. Se determinó la calidad de las semillas con la prueba de germinación y según fuera el año de estudio se midió vigor con las pruebas de envejecimiento acelerado, de plantas útiles al trasplante y de plántulas emergidas. Con análisis de imágenes y rayos X se extrajeron datos del tamaño externo e interno de las semillas y plántulas. Los lotes se compararon mediante análisis de varianza y las medias con la prueba de Tukey, la asociación entre dos variables se determinó con correlaciones de Pearson, las variables de peso y tamaño de la semilla y su relación con las pruebas de calidad, se analizaron mediante regresiones múltiples. Se utilizó un nivel de significación de 0,05 de probabilidad. Los resultados indicaron que el tamaño y no el peso de las semillas de tomate, diferenciaron calidad entre lotes en las diversas variedades. La prueba de germinación tuvo una baja sensibilidad para discriminar lotes, además de una escasa correlación con las características físicas de las semillas, cuando hubo asociación, la relación fue débil y negativa. La prueba de vigor de envejecimiento acelerado diferenció lotes y presentó escasa asociación con las características físicas de las semillas. El número de semillas germinadas en la prueba de envejecimiento acelerado se explicó por el efecto del tamaño de las semillas, mientras que las fracciones de descarte se asociaron con el peso de las mismas. La prueba de vigor de plantas útiles al trasplante no discriminó entre lotes. Tuvo una asociación débil con el peso y tamaño de las semillas. El modelo asociado a esta relación explicó con un alto coeficiente de determinación que el peso de la semilla influyó sobre la emergencia temprana, mientras que la relación fue menor y negativa con plantas de mayor desarrollo. La prueba de vigor de plántulas emergidas discriminó lotes de semillas con plántulas de 3 a 5 días después de siembra. Hubo escasa y débil asociación entre esta prueba y las características de peso y tamaño las semillas. El modelo de predicción de plántulas emergidas fue particular en cada temporada, cuando hubo un coeficiente de determinación alto influyó negativamente el peso o tamaño de la semilla. Entre las pruebas de calidad fisiológica evaluadas en semillas de tomate hubo escasas correlaciones significativas. Entre germinación y vigor las correlaciones significativas fueron débiles y sólo se encontraron en algunas temporadas de evaluación. Entre las pruebas de vigor no hubo asociación. En las pruebas de vigor de plantas útiles al trasplante y de plántulas emergidas, los cotiledones alcanzaron el mayor porcentaje de materia seca y se correlacionaron fuertemente con la materia seca total. En la prueba de plántulas emergidas la materia seca de las radículas diferenció parcialmente lotes de semillas al igual que la longitud total y de las radículas. La longitud de la radícula se correlacionó fuertemente con la longitud total de plántulas. ABSTRACT Seed selection for olericultural species is mainly carried out considering weight and size with similar criteria to those applied in cereals and legumes where size and physiological quality are favorably associated. However, information about several species is limited and contradictory regarding the above, leading to the present research. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seeds, the effect of weight and size on the physiological quality expressed as germination and vigor was determined. In addition, results of quality evaluation tests were correlated and variables of growth and development were described. Batches of hybrid seeds from four seasons were used. These seeds were produced in a mild warm climate with winter rainfalls and long dry season (32º 54’ and 34° 21´South Latitude). Seed weight and size were determined, additionally internal characteristics such as embryo area and weight as well as endosperm area were evaluated in two seasons. The quality of seeds was established using the germination test and, depending on the year of the study, vigor was measured through accelerated aging tests for plants useful for transplanting and emerged seedlings. Using imaging analysis and X rays, data regarding external and internal size of seeds and seedlings were obtained. Batches were compared through ANOVA and means using Tukey’s test; the association between both variables was determined with Pearson correlations, whereas variables of seed weight and size and their relation to quality tests were analyzed through multiple regressions. A significance level of 0.05 probability was used. Results showed that the size (but not the weight) of tomatoes differentiates quality between batches from several seasons. The germination test was not sensitive enough to discriminate batches in addition to having a limited correlation with the characteristics of seeds, when they were associated, the relation was weak and unfavorable. Vigor test for accelerated aging made the difference between batches and presented low association with physical characteristics of the seeds. The number of germinated seeds in the accelerated aging test was explained by the effect of the seed size, whereas cull fractions were associated with their weight. The vigor test of plants useful for transplanting did not discriminate between batches. The association with seed weight and size was weak. The model associated to this relation explained, with a high coefficient determination, that the seed weight had influence on early emergence, whereas the relation was minor and unfavorable with more developed plants. Vigor test of emerged seedlings discriminated batches of seeds with seedlings of 3 to 5 days after sowing. There was a limited and weak association between this test and the characteristics of seed weight and size. The prediction model for seedlings emerged was particular in each season, when the determination coefficient was high, seed weight and size influenced negatively. Among the physiological quality tests evaluated in tomato seeds, significant correlations were negligible. Between germination and vigor, significant correlations were poor, being only found in some evaluation seasons. There was no association in the vigor tests. In vigor tests for plants useful for transplanting and emerged seedlings, cotyledons reached the highest percentage of dry matter and were strongly correlated with total dry matter. In the test of emerged seedlings, dry matter of radicles partially differentiated batches of seeds as well as total length and radicles. Radicle length was strongly correlated with total seedlings length.

Sistemas de gestión de puentes : optimización de estrategias de mantenimiento : implementación en redes locales de carreteras

En la actualidad, y en consonancia con la tendencia de “sostenibilidad” extendida a todos los campos y parcelas de la ciencia, nos encontramos con un área de estudio basado en la problemática del inevitable deterioro de las estructuras existentes, y la gestión de las acciones a realizar para mantener las condiciones de servicio de los puentes y prolongar su vida útil. Tal y como se comienza a ver en las inversiones en los países avanzados, con una larga tradición en el desarrollo de sus infraestructuras, se muestra claramente el nuevo marco al que nos dirigimos. Las nuevas tendencias van encaminadas cada vez más a la conservación y mantenimiento, reduciéndose las partidas presupuestarias destinadas a nuevas actuaciones, debido a la completa vertebración territorial que se ha ido instaurando en estos países, entre los que España se encuentra. Este nutrido patrimonio de infraestructuras viarias, que cuentan a su vez con un importante número de estructuras, hacen necesarias las labores de gestión y mantenimiento de los puentes integrantes en las mismas. Bajo estas premisas, la tesis aborda el estado de desarrollo de la implementación de los sistemas de gestión de puentes, las tendencias actuales e identificación de campos por desarrollar, así como la aplicación específica a redes de carreteras de escasos recursos, más allá de la Red Estatal. Además de analizar las diversas metodologías de formación de inventarios, realización de inspecciones y evaluación del estado de puentes, se ha enfocado, como principal objetivo, el desarrollo de un sistema específico de predicción del deterioro y ayuda a la toma de decisiones. Este sistema, adicionalmente a la configuración tradicional de criterios de formación de bases de datos de estructuras e inspecciones, plantea, de forma justificada, la clasificación relativa al conjunto de la red gestionada, según su estado de condición. Eso permite, mediante técnicas de optimización, la correcta toma de decisiones a los técnicos encargados de la gestión de la red. Dentro de los diversos métodos de evaluación de la predicción de evolución del deterioro de cada puente, se plantea la utilización de un método bilineal simplificado envolvente del ajuste empírico realizado y de los modelos markovianos como la solución más efectiva para abordar el análisis de la predicción de la propagación del daño. Todo ello explotando la campaña experimenta realizada que, a partir de una serie de “fotografías técnicas” del estado de la red de puentes gestionados obtenidas mediante las inspecciones realizadas, es capaz de mejorar el proceso habitual de toma de decisiones. Toda la base teórica reflejada en el documento, se ve complementada mediante la implementación de un Sistema de Gestión de Puentes (SGP) específico, adaptado según las necesidades y limitaciones de la administración a la que se ha aplicado, en concreto, la Dirección General de Carreteras de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, para una muestra representativa del conjunto de puentes de la red de la provincia de Albacete, partiendo de una situación en la que no existe, actualmente, un sistema formal de gestión de puentes. Tras un meditado análisis del estado del arte dentro de los Capítulos 2 y 3, se plantea un modelo de predicción del deterioro dentro del Capítulo 4 “Modelo de Predicción del Deterioro”. De la misma manera, para la resolución del problema de optimización, se justifica la utilización de un novedoso sistema de optimización secuencial elegido dentro del Capítulo 5, los “Algoritmos Evolutivos”, en sus diferentes variantes, como la herramienta matemática más correcta para distribuir adecuadamente los recursos económicos dedicados a mantenimiento y conservación de los que esta administración pueda disponer en sus partidas de presupuesto a medio plazo. En el Capítulo 6, y en diversos Anexos al presente documento, se muestran los datos y resultados obtenidos de la aplicación específica desarrollada para la red local analizada, utilizando el modelo de deterioro y optimización secuencial, que garantiza la correcta asignación de los escasos recursos de los que disponen las redes autonómicas en España. Se plantea con especial interés la implantación de estos sistemas en la red secundaria española, debido a que reciben en los últimos tiempos una mayor responsabilidad de gestión, con recursos cada vez más limitados. Finalmente, en el Capítulo 7, se plantean una serie de conclusiones que nos hacen reflexionar de la necesidad de comenzar a pasar, en materia de gestión de infraestructuras, de los estudios teóricos y los congresos, hacia la aplicación y la práctica, con un planteamiento que nos debe llevar a cambios importantes en la forma de concebir la labor del ingeniero y las enseñanzas que se imparten en las escuelas. También se enumeran las aportaciones originales que plantea el documento frente al actual estado del arte. Se plantean, de la misma manera, las líneas de investigación en materia de Sistemas de Gestión de Puentes que pueden ayudar a refinar y mejorar los actuales sistemas utilizados. In line with the development of "sustainability" extended to all fields of science, we are faced with the inevitable and ongoing deterioration of existing structures, leading nowadays to the necessary management of maintaining the service conditions and life time extension of bridges. As per the increased amounts of money that can be observed being spent in the countries with an extensive and strong tradition in the development of their infrastructure, the trend can be clearly recognized. The new tendencies turn more and more towards conservation and maintenance, reducing programmed expenses for new construction activities, in line with the already wellestablished territorial structures, as is the case for Spain. This significant heritage of established road infrastructure, consequently containing a vast number of structures, imminently lead to necessary management and maintenance of the including bridges. Under these conditions, this thesis focusses on the status of the development of the management implementation for bridges, current trends, and identifying areas for further development. This also includes the specific application to road networks with limited resources, beyond the national highways. In addition to analyzing the various training methodologies, inventory inspections and condition assessments of bridges, the main objective has been the development of a specific methodology. This methodology, in addition to the traditional system of structure and inspection database training criteria, sustains the classification for the entire road network, according to their condition. This allows, through optimization techniques, for the correct decision making by the technical managers of the network. Among the various methods for assessing the evolution forecast of deterioration of each bridge, a simplified bilinear envelope adjustment made empirical method and Markov models as the most effective solution to address the analysis of predicting the spread of damage, arising from a "technical snapshot" obtained through inspections of the condition of the bridges included in the investigated network. All theoretical basis reflected in the document, is completed by implementing a specific Bridges Management System (BMS), adapted according to the needs and limitations of the authorities for which it has been applied, being in this case particularly the General Highways Directorate of the autonomous region of Castilla-La Mancha, for a representative sample of all bridges in the network in the province of Albacete, starting from a situation where there is currently no formal bridge management system. After an analysis of the state of the art in Chapters 2 and 3, a new deterioration prediction model is developed in Chapter 4, "Deterioration Prediction Model". In the same way, to solve the optimization problem is proposed the use of a singular system of sequential optimization elected under Chapter 5, the "Evolutionary Algorithms", the most suitable mathematical tool to adequately distribute the economic resources for maintenance and conservation for mid-term budget planning. In Chapter 6, and in the various appendices, data and results are presented of the developed application for the analyzed local network, from the optimization model, which guarantees the correct allocation of scarce resources at the disposal of authorities responsible for the regional networks in Spain. The implementation of these systems is witnessed with particular interest for the Spanish secondary network, because of the increasing management responsibility, with decreasing resources. Chapter 7 presents a series of conclusions that triggers to reconsider shifting from theoretical studies and conferences towards a practical implementation, considering how to properly conceive the engineering input and the related education. The original contributions of the document are also listed. In the same way, the research on the Bridges Management System can help evaluating and improving the used systematics.

Estimación del consumo de potencia en un terminal portátil multimedia basada en la PMU del procesador

Este proyecto se incluye en una línea de trabajo que tiene como objetivo final la optimización de la energía consumida por un dispositivo portátil multimedia mediante la aplicación de técnicas de control realimentado, a partir de una modificación dinámica de la frecuencia de trabajo del procesador y de su tensión de alimentación. La modificación de frecuencia y tensión se realiza a partir de la información de realimentación acerca de la potencia consumida por el dispositivo, lo que supone un problema ya que no suele ser posible la monitorización del consumo de potencia en dispositivos de estas características. Este es el motivo por el que se recurre a la estimación del consumo de potencia, utilizando para ello un modelo de predicción. A partir del número de veces que se producen ciertos eventos en el procesador del dispositivo, el modelo de predicción es capaz de obtener una estimación de la potencia consumida por dicho dispositivo. El trabajo llevado a cabo en este proyecto se centra en la implementación de un modelo de estimación de potencia en el kernel de Linux. La razón por la que la estimación se implementa en el sistema operativo es, en primer lugar para lograr un acceso directo a los contadores del procesador. En segundo lugar, para facilitar la modificación de frecuencia y tensión, una vez obtenida la estimación de potencia, ya que esta también se realiza desde el sistema operativo. Otro motivo para implementar la estimación en el sistema operativo, es que la estimación debe ser independiente de las aplicaciones de usuario. Además, el proceso de estimación se realiza de forma periódica, lo que sería difícil de lograr si no se trabajase desde el sistema operativo. Es imprescindible que la estimación se haga de forma periódica ya que al ser dinámica la modificación de frecuencia y tensión que se pretende implementar, se necesita conocer el consumo de potencia del dispositivo en todo momento. Cabe destacar también, que los algoritmos de control se tienen que diseñar sobre un patrón periódico de actuación. El modelo de estimación de potencia funciona de manera específica para el perfil de consumo generado por una única aplicación determinada, que en este caso es un decodificador de vídeo. Sin embargo, es necesario que funcione de la forma más precisa posible para cada una de las frecuencias de trabajo del procesador, y para el mayor número posible de secuencias de vídeo. Esto es debido a que las sucesivas estimaciones de potencia se pretenden utilizar para llevar a cabo la modificación dinámica de frecuencia, por lo que el modelo debe ser capaz de continuar realizando las estimaciones independientemente de la frecuencia con la que esté trabajando el dispositivo. Para valorar la precisión del modelo de estimación se toman medidas de la potencia consumida por el dispositivo a las distintas frecuencias de trabajo durante la ejecución del decodificador de vídeo. Estas medidas se comparan con las estimaciones de potencia obtenidas durante esas mismas ejecuciones, obteniendo de esta forma el error de predicción cometido por el modelo y realizando las modificaciones y ajustes oportunos en el mismo. ABSTRACT. This project is included in a work line which tries to optimize consumption of handheld multimedia devices by the application of feedback control techniques, from a dynamic modification of the processor work frequency and its voltage. The frequency and voltage modification is performed depending on the feedback information about the device power consumption. This is a problem because normally it is not possible to monitor the power consumption on this kind of devices. This is the reason why a power consumption estimation is used instead, which is obtained from a prediction model. Using the number of times some events occur on the device processor, the prediction model is able to obtain a power consumption estimation of this device. The work done in this project focuses on the implementation of a power estimation model in the Linux kernel. The main reason to implement the estimation in the operating system is to achieve a direct access to the processor counters. The second reason is to facilitate the frequency and voltage modification, because this modification is also done from the operating system. Another reason to implement the estimation in the operating system is because the estimation must be done apart of the user applications. Moreover, the estimation process is done periodically, what is difficult to obtain outside the operating system. It is necessary to make the estimation in a periodic way because the frequency and voltage modification is going to be dynamic, so it needs to know the device power consumption at every time. Also, it is important to say that the control algorithms have to be designed over a periodic pattern of action. The power estimation model works specifically for the consumption profile generated by a single application, which in this case is a video decoder. Nevertheless, it is necessary that the model works as accurate as possible for each frequency available on the processor, and for the greatest number of video sequences. This is because the power estimations are going to be used to modify dynamically the frequency, so the model must be able to work independently of the device frequency. To value the estimation model precision, some measurements of the device power consumption are taken at different frequencies during the video decoder execution. These measurements are compared with the power estimations obtained during that execution, getting the prediction error committed by the model, and if it is necessary, making modifications and settings on this model.

High velocity jet noise source location and reduction.

"February 22, 1977."

Explaining landholders' decisions about riparian zone management: The role of behavioural, normative, and control beliefs

Water quality is a key concern in the current global environment, with the need to promote practices that help to protect water quality, such as riparian zone management, being paramount. The present study used the theory of planned behaviour as a framework for understanding how beliefs influence decisions about riparian zone management. Respondents completed a survey that assessed their behavioural, normative, and control beliefs in relation to intentions to manage riparian zones on their property. The results of the study showed that, overall, landholders with strong intentions to manage their riparian zones differed significantly in terms of their beliefs compared to landholders who had weak intentions to manage their riparian zones. Strong intentions to manage riparian zones were associated with a favourable cost-benefit analysis, greater perceptions of normative support for the practice and lower perceptions of the extent to which barriers would impede management of riparian zones. It was also evident that willingness to comply with the recommendations of salient referents, beliefs about the benefits of riparian zone management and perceptions of the extent to which barriers would impede riparian zone management were most important for determining intentions to manage riparian zones. Implications for policy and extension practice are discussed. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Minimising cold damage during reproductive development among temperate rice genotypes. I. Avoiding low temperature with the use of appropriate sowing time and photoperiod-sensitive varieties

Multiple-sown field trials in 4 consecutive years in the Riverina region of south-eastern Australia provided 24 different combinations of temperature and day length, which enabled the development of crop phenology models. A crop model was developed for 7 cultivars from diverse origins to identify if photoperiod sensitivity is involved in determining phenological development, and if that is advantageous in avoiding low-temperature damage. Cultivars that were mildly photoperiod-sensitive were identified from sowing to flowering and from panicle initiation to flowering. The crop models were run for 47 years of temperature data to quantify the risk of encountering low temperature during the critical young microspore stage for 5 different sowing dates. Cultivars that were mildly photoperiod-sensitive, such as Amaroo, had a reduced likelihood of encountering low temperature for a wider range of sowing dates compared with photoperiod-insensitive cultivars. The benefits of increased photoperiod sensitivity include greater sowing flexibility and reduced water use as growth duration is shortened when sowing is delayed. Determining the optimal sowing date also requires other considerations, e. g. the risk of cold damage at other sensitive stages such as flowering and the response of yield to a delay in flowering under non-limiting conditions. It was concluded that appropriate sowing time and the use of photoperiod-sensitive cultivars can be advantageous in the Riverina region in avoiding low temperature damage during reproductive development.

Scramjet lift, thrust and pitching-moment characteristics measured in a shock tunnel

Lift, pitching moment, and thrust/drag on a supersonic combustion ramjet were measured in the T4 free-piston shock tunnel using a three-component stress-wave force balance. The scramjet model was 0.567 m long and weighed approximately 6 kg. Combustion occurred at a nozzle-supply enthalpy of 3.3 MJ/kg and nozzle-supply pressure of 32 MPa at Mach 6.6 for equivalence ratios up to 1.4. The force coefficients varied approximately linearly with equivalence ratio. The location of the center of pressure changed by 10% of the chord of the model over the range of equivalence ratios tested. Lift and pitching-moment coefficients remained constant when the nozzle-supply enthalpy was increased to 4.9 MJ/kg at an equivalence ratio of 0.8, but the thrust coefficient decreased rapidly. When the nozzle-supply pressure was reduced at a nozzle-supply enthalpy of 3.3 MJ/kg and an equivalence ratio of 0.8, the combustion-generated increment of lift and thrust was maintained at 26 MPa, but disappeared at 16 MPa. Measured lift and thrust forces agreed well with calculations made using a simplified force prediction model, but the measured pitching moment substantially exceeded predictions. Choking occurred at nozzle-supply enthalpies of less than 3.0 MJ/kg with an equivalence ratio of 0.8. The tests failed to yield a positive thrust because of the skin-friction drag that accounted for up to 50% of the fuel-off drag.

Impacto do contexto de trabalho e da resiliência sobre o bem-estar no trabalho de profissionais dos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial

Este estudo teve como intuito investigar o impacto do contexto de trabalho e da resiliência sobre o bem-estar no trabalho em profissionais dos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS). Os CAPS são serviços públicos substitutivos ao modelo asilar para tratamento de pessoas em sofrimento psíquico, preconizado e fundamentado na Política Nacional de Saúde Mental (PNSM). Para medir o contexto de trabalho utilizou-se a Escala de Avaliação do Contexto de Trabalho (EACT) que investiga as condições de trabalho, a organização do trabalho e as relações sócio profissionais. Já o instrumento utilizado para medir a capacidade dos trabalhadores em manter o nível de desempenho no trabalho mesmo em situações complexas e desgastantes foi a Escala de Avaliação de Resiliência no Trabalho (EART). Por último, investigou-se o nível de bem-estar do público pesquisado através do Inventário de Bem- Estar no Trabalho (IBET-13). O bem-estar no trabalho tem sido considerado como um construto psicológico resultado de vínculos positivos com o trabalho e com a organização. Participaram 81 profissionais dos CAPS das cidades de Petrolina PE e São Bernardo do Campo SP, com idade média de 37 anos (DP= 10,45), em sua maioria do sexo feminino (65,4%), com níveis de escolaridade acima do ensino superior e pós-graduação completa (ambos com 29%), que se declararam casados ou em união estável (39%). Neste estudo, considerou-se bem-estar no trabalho como variável critério e resiliência no trabalho e contexto de trabalho como preditores. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas exploratórias e descritivas, análises de regressão e análises de variância (ANOVA) para descrever participantes, variáveis e testar o modelo. Os resultados apoiaram parcialmente o modelo de predição, pois apenas o fator relações sócio profissionais se confirmou como preditor significativo de Bem-estar no Trabalho, e não houve predição significativa com as demais variáveis (Condições de Trabalho, Organização do Trabalho e Resiliência no Trabalho). Estes dados podem revelar que boas relações sócio profissionais tendem a aumentar o nível de satisfação e comprometimento organizacional afetivo com a instituição, bem como o aumento do nível de envolvimento desses profissionais com seu trabalho.

Using secondary knowledge to support decision tree classification of retrospective clinical data

Retrospective clinical data presents many challenges for data mining and machine learning. The transcription of patient records from paper charts and subsequent manipulation of data often results in high volumes of noise as well as a loss of other important information. In addition, such datasets often fail to represent expert medical knowledge and reasoning in any explicit manner. In this research we describe applying data mining methods to retrospective clinical data to build a prediction model for asthma exacerbation severity for pediatric patients in the emergency department. Difficulties in building such a model forced us to investigate alternative strategies for analyzing and processing retrospective data. This paper describes this process together with an approach to mining retrospective clinical data by incorporating formalized external expert knowledge (secondary knowledge sources) into the classification task. This knowledge is used to partition the data into a number of coherent sets, where each set is explicitly described in terms of the secondary knowledge source. Instances from each set are then classified in a manner appropriate for the characteristics of the particular set. We present our methodology and outline a set of experiential results that demonstrate some advantages and some limitations of our approach. © 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

The Application of Geographic Information Systems to climate change & land evaluation : a study of the effects of climate change upon crop productivity in a sub-tropical environment

This research investigates the contribution that Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can make to the land suitability process used to determine the effects of a climate change scenario. The research is intended to redress the severe under representation of Developing countries within the literature examining the impacts of climatic change upon crop productivity. The methodology adopts some of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates for regional climate variations, based upon General Circulation Model predictions (GCMs) and applies them to a baseline climate for Bangladesh. Utilising the United Nations Food & Agricultural Organisation's Agro-ecological Zones land suitability methodology and crop yield model, the effects of the scenario upon agricultural productivity on 14 crops are determined. A Geographic Information System (IDRISI) is adopted in order to facilitate the methodology, in conjunction with a specially designed spreadsheet, used to determine the yield and suitability rating for each crop. A simple optimisation routine using the GIS is incorporated to provide an indication of the 'maximum theoretical' yield available to the country, should the most calorifically significant crops be cultivated on each land unit both before and after the climate change scenario. This routine will provide an estimate of the theoretical population supporting capacity of the country, both now and in the future, to assist with planning strategies and research. The research evaluates the utility of this alternative GIS based methodology for the land evaluation process and determines the relative changes in crop yields that may result from changes in temperature, photosynthesis and flooding hazard frequency. In summary, the combination of a GIS and a spreadsheet was successful, the yield prediction model indicates that the application of the climate change scenario will have a deleterious effect upon the yields of the study crops. Any yield reductions will have severe implications for agricultural practices. The optimisation routine suggests that the 'theoretical maximum' population supporting capacity is well in excess of current and future population figures. If this agricultural potential could be realised however, it may provide some amelioration from the effects of climate change.

Analysis of Hue Spectra During Storage of Pepper (Capsicum annuum)

Color information is widely used in non-destructive quality assessment of perishable horticultural produces. The presented work investigated color changes of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) samples received from retail system. The effect of storage temperature (10±2°C and 24±4°C) on surface color and firmness was analyzed. Hue spectra was calculated using sum of saturations. A ColorLite sph850 (400-700nm) spectrophotometer was used as reference instrument. Dynamic firmness was measured on three locations of the surface: tip cap, middle and shoulder. Significant effects of storage conditions and surface location on both color and firmness were observed. Hue spectra responded sensitively to color development of pepper. Prediction model (PLS) was used to estimate dynamic firmess based on hue spectra. Accuracy was very different depending on the location. Firmness of the tip cap was predicted with the highest accuracy (RMSEP=0.0335). On the other hand, middle region cannot be used for such purpose. Due to the simplicity and rapid processing, analysis of hue spectra is a promising tool for evaluation of color in postharvest and food industry.

Durability assessment of polymer trileaflet heart valves

The durability of a polymer trileaflet valve is dependent on leaflet stress concentrations, so valve designs that reduce stress can, hypothetically, increase durability. Design aspects that are believed to contribute to reduced leaflet stress include stent flexibility, parabolic coaptation curvature, and leaflet anisotropy. With this in mind, the purpose of this investigation was to elucidate what specific combinations of these parameters promote optimal acute and long-term valve function. A combination of four stent designs, seven leaflet reinforcement materials, and three coaptation geometries were evaluated through a combination of experimentation and modeling. Static tensile and Poisson’s ratio tests and dynamic tensile fatigue testing were used to evaluate the individual leaflet components; and hydrodynamic testing and accelerated valve fatigue was used to assess complete valve prototypes. The two most successful designs included a 0.40 mm thick knit-reinforced valve with a fatigue life of 10.35 years, and a 0.20 mm thick knit-reinforced valve with a 28.9 mmHg decrease in pressure drop over the former. A finite element model was incorporated to verify the impact of the above-mentioned parameters on leaflet stress concentrations. Leaflet anisotropy had a large impact on stress concentrations, and matching the circumferential modulus to that of the natural valve showed the greatest benefit. Varying the radial modulus had minimal impact. Varying coaptation geometry had no impact, but stent flexibility did have a marked effect on the stress at the top of the commissure, where a completely rigid stent resulted in a higher peak stress than a flexible stent (E = 385 MPa). In conclusion, stent flexibility and leaflet anisotropy do effect stress concentrations in the SIBS trileaflet valve, but coaptation geometry does not. Regions of high stress concentrations were linked to failure locations in vitro, so a fatigue prediction model was developed from the S/N curves generated during dynamic tensile testing of the 0.20 mm knit-reinforced leaflets. Failure was predicted at approximately 400 million cycles (10 years) at the top of the commissure. In vitro fatigue of this valve showed failure initiation after approximately 167 million cycles (4.18 years), but it was related to a design defect that is subsequently being changed.

Development and validation of an instrument to predict online student success using faculty perceptions

Distance learning is growing and transforming educational institutions. The increasing use of distance learning by higher education institutions and particularly community colleges coupled with the higher level of student attrition in online courses than in traditional classrooms suggests that increased attention should be paid to factors that affect online student course completion. The purpose of the study was to develop and validate an instrument to predict community college online student course completion based on faculty perceptions, yielding a prediction model of online course completion rates. Social Presence and Media Richness theories were used to develop a theoretically-driven measure of online course completion. This research study involved surveying 311 community college faculty who taught at least one online course in the past 2 years. Email addresses of participating faculty were provided by two south Florida community colleges. Each participant was contacted through email, and a link to an Internet survey was given. The survey response rate was 63% (192 out of 303 available questionnaires). Data were analyzed through factor analysis, alpha reliability, and multiple regression. The exploratory factor analysis using principal component analysis with varimax rotation yielded a four-factor solution that accounted for 48.8% of the variance. Consistent with Social Presence theory, the factors with their percent of variance in parentheses were: immediacy (21.2%), technological immediacy (11.0%), online communication and interactivity (10.3%), and intimacy (6.3%). Internal consistency of the four factors was calculated using Cronbach's alpha (1951) with reliability coefficients ranging between .680 and .828. Multiple regression analysis yielded a model that significantly predicted 11% of the variance of the dependent variable, the percentage of student who completed the online course. As indicated in the literature (Johnson & Keil, 2002; Newberry, 2002), Media Richness theory appears to be closely related to Social Presence theory. However, elements from this theory did not emerge in the factor analysis.

Cognitive and noncognitive variables that predict Florida community college radiography program graduates' success on the Registry

This study examined the predictive merits of selected cognitive and noncognitive variables on the national Registry exam pass rate using 2008 graduates (n = 175) from community college radiography programs in Florida. The independent variables included two GPAs, final grades in five radiography courses, self-efficacy, and social support. The dependent variable was the first-attempt results on the national Registry exam. The design was a retrospective predictive study that relied on academic data collected from participants using the self-report method and on perceptions of students' success on the national Registry exam collected through a questionnaire developed and piloted in the study. All independent variables except self-efficacy and social support correlated with success on the national Registry exam ( p < .01) using the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation analysis. The strongest predictor of the national Registry exam success was the end-of-program GPA, r = .550, p < .001. The GPAs and scores for self-efficacy and social support were entered into a logistic regression analysis to produce a prediction model. The end-of-program GPA (p = .015) emerged as a significant variable. This model predicted 44% of the students who failed the national Registry exam and 97.3% of those who passed, explaining 45.8% of the variance. A second model included the final grades for the radiography courses, self efficacy, and social support. Three courses significantly predicted national Registry exam success; Radiographic Exposures, p < .001; Radiologic Physics, p = .014; and Radiation Safety & Protection, p = .044, explaining 56.8% of the variance. This model predicted 64% of the students who failed the national Registry exam and 96% of those who passed. The findings support the use of in-program data as accurate predictors of success on the national Registry exam.

Mitigating congestion by integrating time forecasting and realtime information aggregation in cellular networks

An iterative travel time forecasting scheme, named the Advanced Multilane Prediction based Real-time Fastest Path (AMPRFP) algorithm, is presented in this dissertation. This scheme is derived from the conventional kernel estimator based prediction model by the association of real-time nonlinear impacts that caused by neighboring arcs’ traffic patterns with the historical traffic behaviors. The AMPRFP algorithm is evaluated by prediction of the travel time of congested arcs in the urban area of Jacksonville City. Experiment results illustrate that the proposed scheme is able to significantly reduce both the relative mean error (RME) and the root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of the predicted travel time. To obtain high quality real-time traffic information, which is essential to the performance of the AMPRFP algorithm, a data clean scheme enhanced empirical learning (DCSEEL) algorithm is also introduced. This novel method investigates the correlation between distance and direction in the geometrical map, which is not considered in existing fingerprint localization methods. Specifically, empirical learning methods are applied to minimize the error that exists in the estimated distance. A direction filter is developed to clean joints that have negative influence to the localization accuracy. Synthetic experiments in urban, suburban and rural environments are designed to evaluate the performance of DCSEEL algorithm in determining the cellular probe’s position. The results show that the cellular probe’s localization accuracy can be notably improved by the DCSEEL algorithm. Additionally, a new fast correlation technique for overcoming the time efficiency problem of the existing correlation algorithm based floating car data (FCD) technique is developed. The matching process is transformed into a 1-dimensional (1-D) curve matching problem and the Fast Normalized Cross-Correlation (FNCC) algorithm is introduced to supersede the Pearson product Moment Correlation Co-efficient (PMCC) algorithm in order to achieve the real-time requirement of the FCD method. The fast correlation technique shows a significant improvement in reducing the computational cost without affecting the accuracy of the matching process.