Física y Química : bachillerato de ciencias primer curso.

En cubierta: Reforma de las enseñanzas medias 2õ ciclo y Materiales de uso interno

La enseñanza de las lenguas : lenguas extranjeras y lengua materna en enseñanza primaria y enseñanzas medias (obligatoria y postobligatoria).

Investigación original con el título: Lenguas extranjeras y lengua materna en Enseñanza Primaria y Enseñanzas Medias (Obligatoria y Postobligatoria)

La conversación en pequeños grupos en el aula.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Glossari de termes metodològics i de lingüística aplicada en el camp de l'ensenyament de les llengües estrangere. 'Glosario de términos metodológicos y de lingüística aplicada en el campo de la educación de las lenguas extranjeras'.

Recoge una serie de términos metodológicos y de lingüística aplicada ordenados alfabéticamente en catalán. Cada término muestra su traducción al inglés, francés y castellano, una breve definición así como una serie de referencias bibliográficas y otros términos con los que estaría relacionado. Al final ofrece otro glosario de términos en inglés ordenado también alfabéticamente donde simplemente se enumeran los términos y se puede ver su traducción al castellano, al catalán y al francés.

Lenguas extranjeras y lengua materna en Enseñanza Primaria y Enseñanzas Medias (Obligatoria y Postobligatoria).

Obtener un mejor conocimiento de los problemas de aprendizaje de las lenguas que pueda ayudar a realizar un trabajo interdisciplinar entre la enseñanza de las lenguas base y extranjeras. Verificar parámetros (lingüísticos, metalingüísticos y psicopedagógicos) para la elaboración de nuevos materiales didácticos contextualizados que son experimentados y evaluados. Buscar criterios objetivables para la coordinación y la evaluación de la enseñanza/aprendizaje de las lenguas extranjeras y de la lengua materna, en los distintos niveles educativos, para conseguir una mayor rentabilidad y eficacia. Profesores que imparten la enseñanza de las lenguas de 24 centros correspondientes a 5 comunidades autónomas. Se realiza una exploración horizontal, para encontrar puntos comunes entre las distintas enseñanzas de lenguas, y un estudio longitudinal, para intentar coordinar los distintos niveles educativos y con todo ello lograr un ahorro significativo de esfuerzo y de tiempo, que pueden revertir en alcanzar cotas más altas de rendimiento objetivable. Se define un protocolo de análisis de la labor docente a partir de una primera labor exploratoria y la consulta de expertos; se realizan experiencias de innovación educativa en la enseñanza precoz de las lenguas y se aplican tareas globalizadoras de proyectos, y se analiza la situación actual de la enseñanza de las lenguas en niveles no universitarios. En principio se consigue información sobre la realidad mediante cuestionarios, entrevistas, observaciones y análisis de materiales. Posteriormente, se realiza la contrastación de la realidad mediante la explotación estadística de los resultados, el análisis de contenido y la verificación de hipótesis. Porcentajes. Falta coordinación entre la enseñanza de las distintas lenguas y, asimismo, entre los distintos niveles educativos de una misma lengua. Hay divergencias entre lo que el profesor manifiesta que son objetivos importantes y lo que realmente hace en el aula, así como entre lo que es la labor didáctica cotidiana y la evaluación. Los enfoques didácticos, en especial referentes a los aspectos lingüísticos, difieren según la lengua enseñada y el nivel educativo. Los aspectos lingüísticos se valoran más en FP y en BUP que en EGB; el tratamiento de la oralidad y de la comunicación se correlaciona con los años de experiencia y el número de horas semanales de docencia, y tiene más peso en la enseñanza del inglés, seguido del francés; la ortografía se valora más en la enseñanza del catalán; en los centros públicos hay menos preocupación por los objetivos puramente lingüísticos y el contenido del programa, etc. Queda patente la necesidad de formación permanente del profesorado que le lleve a la investigación acción. El profesorado siente la necesidad de que se enseñen varias lenguas y está dispuesto a enseñarlas, decantándose por la combinación lengua extranjera + lengua materna.

Destabilizing Mutations Alter the Hydrogen Exchange Mechanism in Ribonuclease A

The effect of strongly destabilizing mutations, I106A and V108G of Ribonuclease A (RNase A), on its structure and stability has been determined by NMR. The solution structures of these variants are essentially equivalent to RNase A. The exchange rates of the most protected amide protons in RNase A (35ºC), the I106A variant (35ºC), and the V108G variant (10ºC) yield stability values of 9.9, 6.0, and 6.8 kcal/mol, respectively, when analyzed assuming an EX2 exchange mechanism. Thus, the destabilization induced by these mutations is propagated throughout the protein. Simulation of RNase A hydrogen exchange indicates that the most protected protons in RNase A and the V108G variant exchange via the EX2 regime, whereas those of I106A exchange through a mixed EX1 1 EX2 process. It is striking that a single point mutation can alter the overall exchange mechanism. Thus, destabilizing mutations joins high temperatures, high pH and the presence of denaturating agents as a factor that induces EX1 exchange in proteins. The calculations also indicate a shift from the EX2 to the EX1 mechanism for less protected groups within the same protein. This should be borne in mind when interpreting exchange data as a measure of local stability in less protected regions

Distinct Unfolding and Refolding Pathways of Ribonuclease A Revealed by Heating and Cooling Temperature Jumps

Heating and cooling temperature jumps (T-jumps) were performed using a newly developed technique to trigger unfolding and refolding of wild-type ribonuclease A and a tryptophan-containing variant (Y115W). From the linear Arrhenius plots of the microscopic folding and unfolding rate constants, activation enthalpy (ΔH#), and activation entropy (ΔS#) were determined to characterize the kinetic transition states (TS) for the unfolding and refolding reactions. The single TS of the wild-type protein was split into three for the Y115W variant. Two of these transition states, TS1 and TS2, characterize a slow kinetic phase, and one, TS3, a fast phase. Heating T-jumps induced protein unfolding via TS2 and TS3; cooling T-jumps induced refolding via TS1 and TS3. The observed speed of the fast phase increased at lower temperature, due to a strongly negative ΔH# of the folding-rate constant. The results are consistent with a path-dependent protein folding/unfolding mechanism. TS1 and TS2 are likely to reflect X-Pro114 isomerization in the folded and unfolded protein, respectively, and TS3 the local conformational change of the β-hairpin comprising Trp115. A very fast protein folding/unfolding phase appears to precede both processes. The path dependence of the observed kinetics is suggestive of a rugged energy protein folding funne

Pressure-jump-induced kinetics reveals a hydration dependent folding/unfolding mechanism of ribonuclease A

Pressure-jump (p-jump)-induced relaxation kinetics was used to explore the energy landscape of protein folding/unfolding of Y115W, a fluorescent variant of ribonuclease A. Pressure-jumps of 40MPa amplitude (5ms dead-time) were conducted both to higher (unfolding) and to lower (folding) pressure, in the range from 100 to 500MPa, between 30 and 50°C. Significant deviations from the expected symmetrical protein relaxation kinetics were observed. Whereas downward p-jumps resulted always in single exponential kinetics, the kinetics induced by upward p-jumps were biphasic in the low pressure range and monophasic at higher pressures. The relative amplitude of the slow phase decreased as a function of both pressure and temperature. At 50°C, only the fast phase remained. These results can be interpreted within the framework of a two-dimensional energy surface containing a pressure- and temperature-dependent barrier between two unfolded states differing in the isomeric state of the Asn-113–Pro-114 bond. Analysis of the activation volume of the fast kinetic phase revealed a temperature-dependent shift of the unfolding transition state to a larger volume. The observed compensation of this effect by glycerol offers an explanation for its protein stabilizing effect

Hints for a fast precessing relativistic radio jet in LS I + 61° 303

Here we discuss two consecutive MERLIN observations of the X-ray binary LS I +61° 303 . The first observation shows a double-sided jet extending up to about 200 AU on both sides of a central source. The jet shows a bent S-shaped structure similar to the one displayed by the well-known precessing jet of SS 433 . The precession suggested in the first MERLIN image becomes evident in the second one, showing a one-sided bent jet significantly rotated with respect to the jet of the day before. We conclude that the derived precession of the relativistic (beta=0.6) jet explains puzzling previous VLBI results. Moreover, the fact that the precession is fast could be the explanation of the never understood short term (days) variability of the associated gamma-ray source 2CG 135+01 / 3EG J0241+6103

A human ribonuclease induces apoptosis associated with p21WAF1/CIP1 induction and JNK inactivation

Ribonucleases are promising agents for use in anticancer therapy. Among the different ribonucleases described to be cytotoxic, a paradigmatic example is onconase which manifests cytotoxic and cytostatic effects, presents synergism with several kinds of anticancer drugs and is currently in phase II/III of its clinical trial as an anticancer drug against different types of cancer. The mechanism of cytotoxicity of PE5, a variant of human pancreatic ribonuclease carrying a nuclear localization signal, has been investigated and compared to that of onconase. Methods: Cytotoxicity was measured by the MTT method and by the tripan blue exclusion assay. Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry, caspase enzymatic detection and confocal microscopy. Cell cycle phase analysis was performed by flow cytometry. The expression of different proteins was analyzed by western blot.n Results: We show that the cytotoxicity of PE5 is produced through apoptosis, that it does not require the proapoptotic activity of p53 and is not prevented by the multiple drug resistance phenotype. We also show that PE5 and onconase induce cell death at the same extent although the latter is also able to arrest the cell growth. We have compared the cytotoxic effects of both ribonucleases in the NCI/ADR-RES cell line by measuring their effects on the cell cycle, on the activation of different caspases and on the expression of different apoptosis- and cell cycle-related proteins. PE5 increases the number of cells in S and G2/M cell cycle phases, which is accompanied by the increased expression of cyclin E and p21WAF1/CIP1 together with the underphosphorylation of p46 forms of JNK. Citotoxicity of onconase in this cell line does not alter the cell cycle phase distribution and it is accompanied by a decreased expression of XIAP. Conclusions: We conclude that PE5 kills the cells through apoptosis associated with the p21WAF1/CIP1 induction and the inactivation of JNK. This mechanism is significantly different from that found for onconase

Obesidade adolescente, composição corporal e aptidão física

RESUMO: A principal razão que me levou a escolher este estágio e esta intervenção, foi o facto de gostar muito de trabalhar com jovens. Esse gosto, aliado à paixão que tenho pelo exercício e saúde, trouxe-me para um projecto que visa alterar e promover estilos de vida saudáveis em jovens obesos com idades entre os 12 e os 16 anos de idade. O estágio teve a duração de 10 meses, de Outubro de 2010 a Julho de 2011. Começamos com a definição dos protocolos a implementar e das tarefas a realizar. A primeira dessas tarefas, centrava-se no recrutamento da amostra que pretendíamos para desenvolver o estudo. Paralelamente ao projecto TOP, colaborámos também nas consultas de obesidade pediátrica no Hospital de Santa Maria, o que nos permitiu recrutar jovens que iam às consultas e incluí-los no projecto TOP. Após termos efectuado o recrutamento, começámos com as aulas práticas e teóricas. Essas aulas ocorriam na Universidade Lusófona, todos os sábados, das 10 às 12 horas. Eram sempre da nossa responsabilidade as aulas práticas, e as teóricas quando se falava de exercício. Nas aulas práticas realizavam-se circuitos, jogos tradicionais, jogos colectivos, e jogos que promovessem a competição saudável e a inter-ajuda, visto que ali todos os participantes tinham um objectivo comum. Durante o ano foram realizadas duas colónias de férias, onde organizámos outro tipo de actividades, nomeadamente mini-golf e caminhadas na zona do Jamor. Tanto as colónias de férias, como as avaliações eram da nossa inteira responsabilidade, desde a preparação, à execução e realização das mesmas. De referir que, tendo em conta os resutados obtidos, os participantes que melhoraram na sua capacidade cardiovascular apresentaram igualmente melhoras ao nível da composição corporal, nomeadamente com a diminuição do perímetro da anca e do perímetro acima das cristas ilíacas. Importa ainda referir que ocorreram melhorias significativas (p <0,05) ao nível da composição corporal, no que se refere ao perímetro da meia distância entre a grelha costal e as cristas ilíacas, no teste da flexibilidade dos membros inferiores e na força média. Os objectivos do estágio centravam-se em adquirir competências no que diz respeito a conhecer as características da população alvo tanto das consultas como do programa TOP, saber aplicar as recomendações internacionais de actividade física para adolescentes obesos, ser capaz de adaptar a prescrição de exercício às diferentes necessidades dos adolescentes, planear e colocar em prática os planos de aula da componente física do TOP, conduzir de forma autónoma uma consulta de avaliação e aconselhamento físico, interagir em contexto clínico com especialidades de outras áreas de intervenção, planear e implementar a calendarização das sessões teórico-práticas do Projecto TOP, saber colaborar com uma equipa multidisciplinar num ambiente clínico e colaborar na intervenção e elaboração de um projecto científico. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que uma replicação futura deste projecto, tendo em conta sempre limitações que possam ocorrer, por exemplo, ao nível dos protocolos e testes, pode melhorar a qualidade de vida do adolescente, com vista a um futuro adulto mais saudável.ABSTRACT: The main reason that made me decide on this internship is the fact that I enjoy working with young people. This, combined with the passion I have for exercising and health, led me to a project aiming at changing lifestyles by promoting a healthy lifestyle among obese young people aged between 12 and 16 years old. The internship lasted for 10 months, from October 2010 to July 2011. We started with the definition of protocols to implement and carry out the POT project (Pediatric Obesity Treatment). The first task focused on the recruitment of the sample we needed to conduct the study for this project. Along with the POT project, we‟ve also collaborated in clinical pediatric obesity surgery in Santa Maria Hospital, which allowed us to recruit young people who came to surgery and include them in the sample. After having carried out the recruitment, we started with the practical and theoretical lessons. These lessons took place at the Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias (ULHT) every month on Saturdays from 10 to 12. It was always our responsibility to prepare and present both the physical lessons and the theoretical ones concerning advice on everyday exercising. During practical lessons, circuits, traditional games and team games were held in order to promote a healthy competition and mutual help, since all the participants had a common goal. During the year there were two holiday camps, where we did many more activities, including mini-golf and walking in the area of Jamor. In those camps, all activities and evaluation sessions were our responsibility. By analysing the results we came to the conclusion that the participants who improved their cardiovascular capacity also improved their body composition, particularly with the reduction of the hip circumference and the circumference above the iliac crests. It should also be noted that significant improvements (p <0.05) in terms of body composition occurred namely concerning the circumference of the half distance between the rib cage and the iliac crests, the test of lower limbs flexibility and average strength. The objectives of the internship were to develop the ability to understand the characteristics of the adolescents in the POT project, know how to apply international recommendations for physical activity for obese adolescents, being able to individualize the exercise prescription for the different needs of adolescents, plan and implement physical and theorical lessons, conduct an independent surgery with a physical evaluation and counseling, interact in the context of other clinical speciality areas, plan and implement the scheduling of theoretical-practical sessions, learn how to collaborate with a multidisciplinary team in a clinical setting, intervene and collaborate in the development of a scientific project. The results show that a future replication of this project, always taking into account constraints that may occur, for example, the ones concerning the protocols, the testing, can improve the quality of life of adolescents aiming to a healthier adult life.

Life and death in a civitas capital: metabolic disease and trauma in the children from late Roman Dorchester, Dorset

The impact that “Romanization” and the development of urban centers had on the health of the Romano-British population is little understood. A re-examination of the skeletal remains of 364 nonadults from the civitas capital at Roman Dorchester (Durnovaria) in Dorset was carried out to measure the health of the children living in this small urban area. The cemetery population was divided into two groups; the first buried their dead organized within an east–west alignment with possible Christian-style graves, and the second with more varied “pagan” graves, aligned north–south. A higher prevalence of malnutrition and trauma was evident in the children from Dorchester than in any other published Romano-British group, with levels similar to those seen in postmedieval industrial communities. Cribra orbitalia was present in 38.5% of the children, with rickets and/or scurvy at 11.2%. Twelve children displayed fractures of the ribs, with 50% of cases associated with rickets and/or scurvy, suggesting that rib fractures should be considered during the diagnosis of these conditions. The high prevalence of anemia, rickets, and scurvy in the Poundbury children, and especially the infants, indicates that this community may have adopted child-rearing practices that involved fasting the newborn, a poor quality weaning diet, and swaddling, leading to general malnutrition and inadequate exposure to sunlight. The Pagan group showed no evidence of scurvy or rib fractures, indicating difference in religious and child-rearing practices but that both burial groups were equally susceptible to rickets and anemia suggests a shared poor standard of living in this urban environment.

The nutritive value of forage sorghum genotypes developed for the dry tropical highlands of Kenya as feed source for ruminants

in vitro studies were conducted on five sorghum genotypes developed for the dry tropical highland climate of Kenya and which can be fed to ruminants fresh or as silage. The five sorghum genotypes consisted of two normal white mid-rib (WMR) genotypes, coded E1291 and E65181, and three brown-midrib (BMR) genotypes, coded Lan-5, Lan-6 and Lan-12. Whole mature plants (herbage plus grain) and silage made from E 1291 were used in the study. An in vitro manual gas production technique was used to compare the nutritive characteristics of these genotypes for ruminants. These sorghums differed significantly in true organic matter degraded (OMDeg), which ranged from 520 to 678 g/kg after 24 h incubation and 706 to 805 g/kg after 72 h incubation. All the BMR sorghums had a higher degradability than the WMR genotype, E6518, and the silage, with Lan-5 having the highest degradability. Methane produced per g OMDeg ranged from 40.6 to 46.4 mL/g after 24 h incubation and from 53.1 to 62.6 mL/g after 72 h incubation. It was similar for all genotypes after 24 h incubation but Lan-12 had the highest methane production after 72 h incubation. After 24 h and 72 h incubation all the genotypes produced a similar total amount of gas per OMDeg (293 to 309 and 357 to 385 mL/g, respectively) with similar total short chain fatty acid concentrations in the liquid digesta (7.8 to 10.4 and 9.5 to 10.3 mmol, respectively) and acetate to propionate ratios of 2.16 to 2.49 and 2.35 to 2.87, respectively. The sorghums showed great potential as ruminant feed sources in the region.

The survival, growth and carcase characteristics of crossbred beef cattle in Tanzania

Sires of seven Bos taurus beef breeds were mated with Bos indicus Boran cows at two sites, one near sea level and the other at about 1000 m altitude, and over three years. Purebred Boran calves provided controls for comparisons between sire breeds for growth to 4 years of age, mortality and carcase characteristics in a range environment where all the animals were kept under a similar management regime. Numerous sire breed x site, sire breed x year of birth and site x year of birth interactions were established. Mortality was high, but there was no significant sire breed effect, although purebred Borans had a higher survival than crossbred calves. There was no significant difference between genotypes in birth weight. Generally, Bos taurus cross steers achieved greater live weight gains and heavier carcase weights at 4 years of age than did purebred Borans. Limousin-cross steers had significantly (p<0.05) less fat in the tenth rib sample joint than any of the other genotypes. A productivity index that combined calf survival and carcase weight indicated that the Chianina crosses were more productive than any other genotype at either site. Purebred Borans were more productive than all the Bos taurus crossbreds with the exception of the Chianina crosses at site 1, but were only superior to the Limousin crosses at site 2, which was at the higher altitude. When lean meat yield was introduced into the productivity index, the Boran purebreds were the least productive at site 2.