Nature of heterointerfaces in GaAs/InAs and InAs/GaAs axial nanowire heterostructures

The structural and compositional characteristics of heterointerfaces of Au-catalyzed GaAs/InAs and InAs/GaAs axial nanowire heterostructures were comprehensively investigated by transmission electron microscopy. It has been found that the GaAs/InAs interface is not sharp and contains an InGaAs transition segment, and in contrast, the InAs/GaAs interface is atomically sharp. This difference in the nature of heterointerfaces can be attributed to the difference in the affinity of the group III elements with the catalyst material. © 2008 American Institute of Physics.

Art, adolescence and Social Work: Anja, the invisible manager

This article has been written with the intention of being able to analyse the contributions of art —theatre, in this case— to the practice of social work. For this purpose, we have chosen to read the social reality in which we intervene through the lens of social constructionism. This helps us to rescue the social and subjective side of art, and, moreover, to recover the depathologization of the subject in professional intervention. Thus, using a practical case taken from work with adolescents in the German FSJ programme, hand-in-hand with a young girl called Anja we trace the developmental and sociological aspects of adolescence in order to later address certain common points of art and psychosocial work. Art will hence be redefined as a transitional object allowing questions to be addressed relating to (self-) perception, attachment, communication and changes in conduct as the ultimate goal of professional action. Lastly, we note the limitations and risks of art-based intervention, in order to conclude with a final synopsis.

Modeling of subsurface pulsed radar for nondestructive testing of structures

The use of pulsed radar for investigating the integrity of structural elements is gaining popularity and becoming firmly established as a nondestructive test method in civil engineering. Difficulties can often arise in the interpretation of results obtained, particularly where internal details are relatively complex. One approach that can be used to understand and evaluate radar results is through numerical modeling of signal propagation and reflection. By comparing the results of a numerical modeling with those from field measurements, engineers can gain valuable insight into the probable features embedded beneath the surface of a structural element. This paper discusses a series of numerical techniques for modeling subsurface radar and compares the precision of the results with those taken from real field data. It is found that more complex problems require more sophisticated analysis techniques to obtain realistic results, with a consequential increase in the computational resources to carry out the modeling.

Young people, crime and justice in Northern Ireland

Many children and young people in conflict with the law in Northern Ireland have experienced living in poverty, truancy or exclusion from school, limited educational attainment, neglect or abuse within their families, placement in alternative care, drug or alcohol misuse, physical and mental ill-health. However, their lives are also affected by the legacy and particular circumstances of a society in transition from conflict. In addition to historical under-investment in services for children and their families, this includes discriminatory policing alongside informal regulation by ‘paramilitaries’ or members of ‘the community’ and community-based restorative justice schemes as an alternative way of dealing with low-level crime and ‘anti-social’ behaviour.

Following a Criminal Justice Review, the 2002 Justice (Northern Ireland) Act affirmed that the principal aim of the youth justice system is to protect the public by preventing offending by children’. Youth justice initiatives therefore encompass a range of responses: early intervention to prevent offending and the application of civil Anti-Social Behaviour Orders, diversionary measures (including community-based restorative justice schemes), non-custodial disposals for those found guilty of offences, and custodial sentences. While ‘policy transfer’ prevailed during periods of ‘direct rule’ from Westminster, the punitive responses to ‘sub-criminal’ and ‘anti-social’ behaviour introduced by the 1998 Crime and Disorder Act in England and Wales were resisted or not implemented in the same way in Northern Ireland.

This Chapter will critically analyse the debates informing recent developments, noting key issues raised by the 2011 review of youth justice initiated as a priority following the devolution of justice and policing to the Northern Ireland Assembly. It will focus on promotion and protection of the rights of children and young people in conflict with the law.

Experiences of youth justice: Youth justice discourses and their multiple effects

Interventions within youth justice systems draw on a range of rationales and philosophies. Traditionally demarcated by a welfare/justice binary, the complex array of contemporary rationales meld different philosophies and practices, suggesting a mutability that gives this sphere a continued (re)productive and felt effect. While it may be increasingly difficult to ascertain which of these discourses is dominant in different jurisdictions in the UK, particular models of justice are perceived to be more prominent (Muncie, 2006). Traditionally it is assumed that Northern Ireland prioritises restoration, Wales prioritises rights, England priorities risk and Scotland welfare (McVie, 2011; Muncie, 2008, 2011). However, how these discourses are enacted in practice, how multiple and competing rationales circulate within them and most fundamentally how they are experienced by young people is less clear. This paper, based on research with young people who have experienced the full range of interventions in the youth justice system in Northern Ireland examines their narratives of ‘justice’. It considers how different discourses might influence the same intervention and how the deployment of multiple rationalities gives the experience of ‘justice’ its effect.

Transitional Justice: Origins, Boundaries and Methods in Transitional Justice

Scholars and practitioners working in ‘transitional justice’ are concerned with remedies of accountability and redress in the aftermath of conflict and state repression. Transitional justice, it is argued, provides recognition of the rights of victims, promotes civic trust, and strengthens the democratic rule of law. As serious scholarship flourishes around this critical concept as never before, this new collection from Routledge meets the need for an authoritative reference work to map a vibrant site of research and reflection. In four volumes, Transitional Justice brings together foundational and the best and most influential cutting-edge materials, including key works produced before the term ‘transitional justice’ gained wide currency but which anticipate approaches now included under that rubric.

The collection covers themes such as: truth and history; acknowledgement, reconciliation, and forgiveness; retribution, restorative justice and reparations; and democracy, state-building, identity, and civil society

Transitional Justice: Conceptualising 'Transition'

Scholars and practitioners working in ‘transitional justice’ are concerned with remedies of accountability and redress in the aftermath of conflict and state repression. Transitional justice, it is argued, provides recognition of the rights of victims, promotes civic trust, and strengthens the democratic rule of law. As serious scholarship flourishes around this critical concept as never before, this new collection from Routledge meets the need for an authoritative reference work to map a vibrant site of research and reflection. In four volumes, Transitional Justice brings together foundational and the best and most influential cutting-edge materials, including key works produced before the term ‘transitional justice’ gained wide currency but which anticipate approaches now included under that rubric.

The collection covers themes such as: truth and history; acknowledgement, reconciliation, and forgiveness; retribution, restorative justice and reparations; and democracy, state-building, identity, and civil society

Experiencing Youth Justice: Process, Meaning and Legitimacy

Reform of the youth justice system, including the wide incorporation of restorative justice approaches, was a central component of the Criminal Justice Review (2000). Following the devolution of policing and justice powers to the Assembly, the Youth Justice Review (2011) made a series of recommendations for further reforms. These included proposals for the introduction of a statutory time limit in youth cases to tackle avoidable delay. Strengthening legitimacy and advancing rights-based approaches are key themes underpinning the recommendations of Youth Justice Review (2011). Young people’s views of justice within the system are critical to our understanding of how such aims can be achieved. This presentation is based on findings from a longitudinal qualitative study exploring young people’s experiences of transitions into and from custody in the Juvenile Justice Centre. Using a life-history approach young people’s experiences of justice at various stages of the criminal justice process and in the wider context of their lives is explored. Key issues such as social contexts, legitimacy and perceptions of fairness are highlighted and the implications of this for system reform are critically examined.

Cyclic behaviour of RC elements with plain reinforcing bars

O comportamento cíclico das estruturas de betão armado é fortemente condicionado pelo mecanismo de aderência entre o betão e o aço. O escorregamento relativo entre os dois materiais, resultante da degradação progressiva da aderência em elementos solicitados por ações cíclicas, é uma causa frequente de danos graves e até do colapso de estruturas devido à ocorrência de sismos. Entre as estruturas existentes de betão armado que foram dimensionadas e construídas antes da entrada em vigor dos regulamentos sísmicos atuais, muitas foram construídas com armadura lisa, e portanto, possuem fracas propriedades de aderência. A informação disponível na literatura sobre o comportamento cíclico de elementos estruturais de betão armado com armadura lisa é reduzida e a influência das propriedades da aderência associadas a este tipo de armadura no comportamento cíclico das estruturas existentes não se encontra ainda devidamente estudada. O objectivo principal desta tese foi estudar a influência do escorregamento na resposta cíclica de elementos estruturais de betão armado com armadura lisa. Foram realizados ensaios cíclicos em elementos do tipo nó viga-pilar, construídos à escala real, representativos de ligações interiores em edifícios existentes sem pormenorização específica para resistir às ações sísmicas. Para comparação, foi realizado o ensaio de um nó construído com armadura nervurada. Foi ainda realizado o ensaio cíclico de uma viga de betão armado recolhida de uma estrutura antiga. Foram elaborados modelos numéricos não-lineares para simular a resposta dos elementos ensaiados, concentrando especial atenção no mecanismo do escorregamento. Os resultados obtidos no âmbito desta tese contribuem para o avanço do conhecimento sobre o comportamento cíclico de elementos estruturais de betão armado com armadura lisa. As análises numéricas realizadas comprovam a necessidade de incluir os efeitos do escorregamento na modelação numérica deste tipo de estruturas de forma a representar com rigor a sua resposta às ações cíclicas.

Going beyond the identification of change facilitators to effectively implement a new model of services: lessons learned from a case example in paediatric rehabilitation

Purpose: To identify facilitators and barriers to service reorganization, how they evolved and interacted to influence change during the implementation of a new service delivery model of paediatric rehabilitation. Methods: Over 3 years, different stakeholders responded to SWOT questionnaires (n = 139) and participated in focus groups (n = 19) and telephone interviews (n = 13). A framework based on socio constructivist theories made sense of the data. Results: Facilitators related to the programme's structure (e.g. funding), the actors (e.g. willingness to test the new service model) and the change management process (e.g. participative approach). Some initial facilitators became barriers (e.g. leadership lacked at the end), while other barriers emerged (e.g. lack of tools). Understanding factor interactions requires examining the multiple actors’ intentions, actions and consequences and their relations with structural elements. Conclusions: Analysing facilitators and barriers helped better understand the change processes, but this must be followed by concrete actions to successfully implement new paediatric rehabilitation models.

Avaliação experimental do comportamento dinâmico de um edifício do século XIX: aplicação à calibração de modelos numéricos

Trabalho de Dissertação de natureza científica para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização em Estruturas

Critical Connections: Teachers Writing for Social Justice

This qualitative research study explores how teachers who write social justicefocused curriculum support resources conceptualize curriculum and social justice. Curriculum used in schools reflects underlying assumptions and choices about what knowledge is valuable. Class-based, cultural, racial, and religious stereotypes are reinforced in schooling contexts. Are the resources teachers create, select, and use to promote social justice reproducing and reinforcing forms of oppression? Why do teachers pursue social justice through curriculum writing? What are their hopes for this work? Exploring how Teachers' beliefs and values influence cy.rriculum writing engages the teachers writing and using curriculum support resources in critical reflective thought about their experiences and efforts to promote social justice. Individual and focus group interviews were conducted with four teacher-curriculum writers from Ontario schools. In theorizing my experiences as a teacher-curriculum writer, I reversed roles and participated in individual interviews. I employed a critical feminist lens to analyze the qualitati ve data. The participants' identities influenced how they understand social justice and write curriculum. Their understandings of injustices, either personal or gathered through students, family members, or oth.e. r teachers, influenced their curriculum writing . The teacher-curriculum writers in the study believed all teachers need critical understandings of curriculum and social justice. The participants made a case for representation from historically disadvantaged and underrepresented groups on curriculum writing teams. In an optimistic conclusion, the possibility of a considerate curriculum is proposed as a way to engage the public in working with teachers for social justice.

Justice réparatrice et théorie de la responsabilité : problématique de la réconciliation dans un contexte de transition : les cas du Chili, de l’Argentine et de l’Afrique du Sud

Les gouvernants d'État qui émergent de conflits politiques - guerre civile, dictature - sont confrontés à des demandes que inconciliables que les auteurs estiment pourtant indispensables. Ils font face à l'exigence de justice pénale formulées par les victimes et la revendication d'impunité émanant des auteurs de crimes, très souvent, constitués par les anciens responsables de l'État. Le châtiment, en effet, ne permet ni la pacification ni la démocratisation.Il devient, dès lors, explicite que la sortie de crise peut prendre des voies autres que celle de la sanction pénale. La justice réparatrice apparaît ainsi comme un type de justice susceptible de faire droit aux demandes des offenseurs et des offensés en favorisant la paix et la démocratisation. On lui adresse pourtant des critiques ayant trait à la déresponsabilisation des individus ou à l'incrimination de tout le monde dans l'exécution des crimes perpétrés. L'objectif ultime est de favoriser la délibération, entre les offenseurs et les offensés, sur les crimes. Il faut cependant prémunir un tel dialogue contre les risques d'instrumentalisation. Dans les Commissions Vérité le discours tourne autour essentiellement des thématiques des droits de l'homme, des excuses, du pardon et de l'amnistie. Toutefois, l'usage de ces notions ne fait pas disparaître comme enchantement la haine de certaines victimes.

Le point de vue des intervenants travaillant avec les jeunes contrevenants sur le recours à la médiation dans les cas de crimes graves

Tant dans la littérature criminologique que dans la pratique, il semble y avoir un intérêt grandissant pour les pratiques de justice réparatrice, dont la médiation, comme mesures de rechange à la justice traditionnelle pour faire face à la criminalité, notamment dans les cas de crimes graves. À ce jour, au Québec et au Canada, il n’y a pas de programmes de justice réparatrice offerts aux jeunes contrevenants ayant commis un délit grave, où le jeune pourrait entreprendre un processus de médiation avec la victime. La présente étude porte donc sur les jeunes contrevenants ayant commis un crime grave et sur l’intérêt d’entreprendre une démarche de médiation dans ces cas. Plus précisément, les objectifs de notre étude étaient de déterminer s’il y avait des conditions ou des contre-indications à la médiation dans les cas de crimes graves commis par des jeunes contrevenants. Nous avions aussi comme objectif d’identifier les bienfaits et les limites de la médiation dans les cas de crimes graves tels que perçus par les interviewés rencontrés. Enfin, puisque des médiateurs et des délégués à la jeunesse ont été rencontrés pour l’étude, nous cherchions à déterminer si des différences pouvaient être observées entre ces deux groupes. Nous avons rencontré huit médiateurs et quatre délégués à la jeunesse dans le but de connaître leur point de vue sur le recours à la médiation dans les cas de crimes graves, principalement pour une clientèle de jeunes contrevenants. L’analyse de ces entrevues nous a permis de relever certaines conditions et contre-indications liées à la médiation dans ces cas. Or, malgré la présence de contre-indications, une préparation accrue des victimes et des jeunes contrevenants permettrait tout de même le recours à la médiation dans presque toutes les situations. Dans l’application de la médiation, il s’avère toutefois important d’adapter la démarche aux besoins des parties.

Place et rôle de l’émotion en justice réparatrice : étude du cheminement émotionnel d’ex-contrevenants engagés dans un processus réparateur

La présente recherche décrit et examine le cheminement émotionnel d’ex-contrevenants engagés dans un processus de justice réparatrice. Le cheminement émotionnel est appréhendé sous l’angle de l’analyse des « trajectoires de vie ». Nous avons rencontré quatre anciens contrevenants condamnés à une peine d’incarcération, et vivant dans la communauté au moment de nos entretiens. Afin d’établir leur trajectoire de vie émotionnelle, les entretiens ont été menés en profondeur et selon une approche non-directive. Les participants ont réalisé soit une expérience de Rencontre-Détenus-Victimes (RDV), soit une expérience de face-à-face avec une victime, ou une réparation directe avec leur victime. L’analyse de nos données empiriques met en évidence deux périodes émotionnelles distinctes chez les ex-contrevenants. Leur cheminement est d’abord caractérisé par un état de fermeture puis d’ouverture émotionnelle. Pour chaque état émotionnel, nous présentons les différentes composantes émotionnelles qui les constituent ainsi que les changements émotionnels qui en résultent. La transition entre le passage d’un état de fermeture à un état d’ouverture émotionnelle, ainsi que l’expérience de justice réparatrice, ont été minutieusement étudiées. De ces analyses a émergé le concept de « point tournant émotionnel », apparaissant comme la clé de voûte du cheminement réparateur des anciens contrevenants. Il ressort en effet qu’un point tournant émotionnel est considéré comme un préalable nécessaire à la participation à un programme réparateur, mais aussi comme le baromètre de l’effet réparateur des expériences.