F/OSS to promote vendor independence/avoid lock-in in the enterprise

This paper focuses on the use of FLOSS to promote vendor independence/avoid lock-in in the enterprise. It looks at how FLOSS projects follow open standards, how forking prevents lock-in if a project threatens to migrate to a closed-source strategy and how FLOSS lowers the barrier to entry for SMEs wishing to implement and support software. However it also looks at how the adoption of policies mandating open standards instead of FLOSS and how the success of cloud computing threatens to erode those benefits. It discusses ways in which cloud computing can be adopted in the enterprise without forfeiting those advantages and urge corporate and government policy makers to mandate FLOSS rather than be satisfied with open standards.

Identification of novel HIV restriction factors

To efficiently replicate within mammalian cells, viruses have to manoeuvre through complex host mechanisms, hijacking a network of host proteins to achieve successful propagation. To prevent this invasion, cells have evolved over time to efficiently block the incursing pathogen by direct or indirect targeting. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus of major global public health issue. In the last decade, extensive focus on innate immune proteins has been given, and particularly restriction factors, proteins inhibiting HIV replication by affecting various stages of the viral cycle. Because of the importance of developing new HIV therapies that are associated with reduced side effects and resistances, there is an urge to understand the antiviral response against HIV. Using common features of known restriction factors as a signature to identify new anti-HIV factors, candidates were identified. Particularly multiple members of the apolipoproteins L (APOL) family were found. Cotransfection experiments confirmed very potent inhibitory effects on HIV-1 expression. Further characterization of APOL6, the best candidate, was carried out. APOL6 was not able to inhibit HIV specifically but rather inhibited any gene-encoded DNA that was cotransfected and therefore APOL6 does not classify as a bona fide restriction factor. In addition, we were able to map the activity of APOL6 to the MAD domain and mainly to residue 174. We also found that other members of the family identified in the screen, APOL1 and 3, could have similar mechanism of action as APOL6. Finally, although the complete mechanism of action of APOL6 has yet to be elucidated, it might be blocked during transfections, potentially improving transfection of primary cells. -- Pour se répliquer efficacement dans les cellules de mammifères, les virus doivent manoeuvrer à travers des mécanismes cellulaires complexes et détourner un réseau de protéines de l'hôte. Pour empêcher cette invasion, les gènes de l'hôte ont évolué dans le temps pour cibler efficacement, directement ou indirectement, l'agent pathogène. Le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) est un rétrovirus de problème majeur de santé publique mondiale, mais le faible risque de transmission du virus pourrait être expliqué par la présence d'un système antiviral de l'hôte qui, en cas d'échec, conduit à une infection productive. Durant la dernière décennie, il y a eu un intérêt spécial porté sur les protéines immunitaires innées appelé facteurs de restriction présentant des effets inhibiteurs puissants sur la réplication du VIH en affectant différentes étapes du cycle viral. En raison de l'importance de la recherche de nouvelles thérapies anti-VIH associées à des effets secondaires et des résistances réduites comparé aux traitements actuels, il existe un besoin de comprendre la réponse antivirale innée contre le VIH. Basé sur des caractéristiques communes des facteurs de restriction connus, nous avons proposé d'identifier de nouveaux facteurs anti-VIH. Nous avons trouvé une famille de protéines, les apolipoprotéines L (APOL) montrant les effets inhibiteurs très puissants contre l'expression du VIH-1 dans des expériences de co-transfection. Nous avons décidé d'approfondir le rôle de ces protéines dans l'immunité innée et de se concentrer sur le meilleur candidat APOL6. Nous avons en outre établi qu'APOL6 n'a pas d'activité anti-virale spécifique et donc pas classé comme un facteur de bonne foi de restriction. Par ailleurs, APOL6 est capable d'inhiber fortement l'expression de tout Plasmide cotransfecté. En outre, nous avons été en mesure de cartographier l'activité d'APOL6 au domaine MAD et principalement au résidu 174. Nous avons également constaté que d'autres membres de la famille identifiés dans l'étude, APOL1 et 3, pourraient avoir le même mécanisme d'action qu'APOL6. Enfin, bien que le mécanisme d'action complet d'APOL6 reste à être élucidé, il pourrait être d'une importance biotechnologique car il pourrait potentiellement faciliter la transfection de cellules primaires après l'inhibition d'APOL6.

Aurora Bertrana : Bringing "otherness" home

“Decidida a viure al preu que sigui” underscores contemporary writer Maria-Antònia Oliver in her prologue to Aurora Bertrana’s fourth book, El Marroc sensual i fanàtic (1936). The urge to travel, to explore the world and to slake her thirst for new experiences shaped much of the personality and the work of this Girona-born writer. Taking her own travels as a starting point, Bertrana distinguished herself in the genre of travel writing on exotic countries, which at that time underwent a significant revival in Catalonia. Bertrana’s originality lies partly in the image of the woman traveller that she consciously cultivated for herself, and partly in the way she narrates her travels. This article seeks to recover this author and make visible her singular way of presenting otherness.

Lietteenkäsittelyn toimintaan vaikuttavien muutosten hallinta

Object of the Master’s thesis was to obtain clarification to problems related to sludge treatment at the waste water treatment plant at Stora Enso Varkaus Mill. From time to time these problems have caused emissions to exceed given limits. Case was studied by examining existing data, fiber length fractions and experimental methods. Changes at the Mill have reduced total solids emissions. At the same time the requirement for tertiary treatment has grown. Treatment of tertiary sludge is hard. In the future emission limits shall tighten and the urge for tertiary treatment will grow. The significance of thesis’s results may have a great impact to Stora Enso Varkaus Mill in the future. The results give valuable information to follow-up research and guidelines to sludge treatment. The results encourage observing researched matters at longer period of time. Future recommendations emphasize the meaning of maintenance and systematic, appropriate experiments.

A saúde coletiva na formação dos discentes do curso de medicina da Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Brasil

A saúde coletiva tenciona romper com o paradigma tradicional da medicina, centrado no modelo biologicista da saúde-doença. Este estudo visou: avaliar as disciplinas da saúde coletiva oferecidas na graduação dos alunos do curso de Medicina da Universidade Estadual do Ceará (Uece); caracterizar a percepção deles acerca da contribuição dessas disciplinas na relação com o paciente; descrever o conhecimento discente sobre aspectos relacionados à ementa de cada disciplina, como possíveis mudanças na disposição delas; e analisar o conceito de saúde coletiva do ponto de vista dos alunos. Estudo descritivo com abordagem quantitativa, desenvolvido na Uece e nos serviços de saúde conveniados ao curso de Medicina. De uma população de 240 alunos matriculados no curso de Medicina da Uece, retirou-se uma amostra por conveniência de 129 acadêmicos. Os dados foram obtidos mediante questionário semiestruturado. A análise foi realizada com o programa estatístico PASW, versão 17.0. Dos participantes, 112 (86,8%) enfatizaram o efeito positivo das disciplinas na relação com os pacientes. Noventa e um (70,5%) ressaltaram a grande carga horária das disciplinas e 91 (70,5%) desconhecem a ementa. Muitos, 52 (47,7%), sugeriram redução do número de disciplinas e créditos, e 36 (26%) não souberam conceituar saúde coletiva. Conclui-se que esta é essencial na formação dos futuros médicos, mas urge repensar a reformulação curricular e mudanças de atitudes dos docentes desse curso.

Valor da Queixa Clínica e Exame Físico no Diagnóstico da Incontinência Urinária

Objetivo: analisar a prevalência das queixas clínicas uroginecológicas correlacionando-as com o diagnóstico definitivo após o exame urodinâmico e comparar o sinal clínico de perda urinária com o estudo urodinâmico. Métodos: foram analisadas, retrospectivamente, 114 pacientes atendidas no período de junho de 2000 a janeiro de 2001. Todas as pacientes foram avaliadas por meio de anamnese padronizada, exame físico e estudo urodinâmico, sendo classificadas de acordo com o queixa clínica, presença do sinal de perda urinária durante o exame ginecológico e diagnóstico urodinâmico. Utilizou-se a análise estatística dos dados amostrais, por meio da determinação interna de um teste diagnóstico, para calcular a sensibilidade, especificidade e os valores preditivos positivo e negativo do sinal clínico. Resultados: a média de idade foi de 51 anos (19-80), sendo que 61 encontravam-se no menacme (53,5%) e 53 (46,5%) na pós-menopausa. Destas, 10 (18,8%) faziam uso da terapia de reposição hormonal. Do total de pacientes, 25 (21,9%) haviam se submetido a cirurgias prévias para incontinência. A queixa de perda urinária isolada foi referida por 41 pacientes (36,0%), a urgência/urge-incontinência isolada por 13 (11,4%) e os sintomas mistos por 60 (52,6%). Das pacientes com perda isolada, observou-se, à avaliação urodinâmica, que 34 (83%) tinham incontinência urinária de esforço (IUE), nenhuma paciente apresentava instabilidade do detrusor (ID), 2 (4,9%) incontinência urinária mista (IUM) e em 5 (12,1%) o estudo foi normal. Daquelas com queixa de urgência/urge-incontinência isolada, observamos na avaliação urodinâmica que nenhuma tinha IUE, 5 (38,5%) ID, 1 (7,7%) IUM e em 7 (53,8%) o estudo foi normal. Daquelas com sintomas mistos, identificamos na avaliação urodinâmica 25 com IUE (41,6%), 10 com ID (16,7%), 10 IUM (16,7%) e em 15 o estudo foi normal (25,0%). O sinal clínico de perda ao exame físico foi identificado em 50 (43,9%) pacientes. Destas, 35 (70%) tinham diagnóstico urodinâmico de IUE, 6 (12%) IUE e outro diagnóstico e 9 (18%) não tinham IUE. O sinal clínico estava ausente em 64 (56,1%) mulheres. Destas, 23 (35,9%) tinham diagnóstico urodinâmico de IUE, 7 (11%) IUE e outro diagnóstico e 34 (53,1%) não tinham IUE. Conclusões: a história clínica associada ao exame físico têm importância no manejo da incontinência urinária; porém, não devem ser utilizados como único critério para o diagnóstico. Os testes objetivos estão disponíveis e devem ser utilizados em conjunto com os dados clínicos.

Hiperatividade do detrusor: comparação entre oxibutinina, eletroestimulação funcional do assoalho pélvico e exercícios perineais. Estudo randomizado

OBJETIVO: avaliar e comparar os efeitos da oxibutinina, da eletroestimulação e dos exercícios perineais no tratamento da hiperatividade do detrusor. MÉTODOS: foram randomizadas mulheres com idade variando de 35 a 80 anos, predominantemente brancas. As pacientes foram randomizadas nos grupos: Oxibutinina (n=22), Eletroestimulação (n=21) e Exercícios Perineais (n=21). Os grupos eram semelhantes quanto à raça (p=0,948), idade (p=0,747), estado hormonal (p=0,813), tempo de sintomatologia (p=0,789), cirurgias prévias para correção de incontinência urinária (p=0,993) e índice de massa corpórea (p=0,897). Avaliaram-se antes e depois do tratamento o estudo urodinâmico, o diário miccional, a presença de urgência e a satisfação. A duração do tratamento foi de 12 semanas consecutivas. Para análise estatística, utilizaram-se os testes do chi2 de Pearson, análise de variância (ANOVA) e o t-pareado. RESULTADOS: na avaliação do diário miccional, houve diminuição da urge-incontinência e dos absorventes utilizados nos três grupos (p<0,05) e diminuição da freqüência miccional no Grupo Oxibutinina (p=0,014). Observou-se redução dos episódios de noctúria nos Grupos Oxibutinina (p=0,003) e Eletroestimulação (p=0,036). Na comparação entre as três técnicas, a análise desses dados foi semelhante (p>0,05). A urgência desapareceu em 63,6% das pacientes do Grupo Oxibutinina, em 52,4% das do Grupo Eletroestimulação e em 57,1% das pacientes do Grupo Exercícios Perineais, resultado semelhante entre os grupos (p=0,754). A avaliação subjetiva mostrou que 77,3, 52,4 e 76,2% estavam satisfeitas nos Grupos Oxibutinina, Eletroestimulação e Exercícios Perineais, respectivamente, após o tratamento, sem diferença entre os grupos (p=0,142). A cura urodinâmica foi observada em oito (36,4%) das pacientes do Grupo Oxibutinina, 12 (57,1%) do Grupo Eletroestimulação e em 11 (52,4%) das mulheres tratadas com exercícios perineais, o que foi semelhante quando se compararam os grupos entre si (p=0,358). A diminuição da perda urinária correlacionou-se com a satisfação das pacientes (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: os tratamentos foram igualmente eficazes; a diminuição da perda urinária influenciou a satisfação das pacientes.

Sintomas do trato urinário inferior três anos após o parto: estudo prospectivo

OBJETIVO: avaliar a freqüência de sintomas do trato urinário inferior (STUI) três anos após o parto em mulheres previamente entrevistadas no terceiro trimestre da gestação e comparar o impacto da gestação e do parto no desencadeamento dos STUI. Analisar o desconforto social e higiênico associado às queixas miccionais. MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo analítico. Em 2003, 340 gestantes foram selecionadas em um ambulatório de atendimento Pré-natal e responderam ao questionário pré-testado, com perguntas sobre STUI e dados obstétricos.Em 2006, três anos após o parto foi possível contatar por telefone 120 mulheres das 340 entrevistadas no primeiro estudo. As mesmas responderam ao segundo questionário, com perguntas sobre dados obstétricos, STUI e seu impacto social. Os STUI foram divididos em incontinência urinária de esforço (IUE) e sintomas urinários irritativos (SUI). Para análise foram utilizados os testes de McNemar e qui-quadrado (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: a ocorrência da IUE e de noctúria na gestação foi entre 57,5 e 80%; e o surgimento destes sintomas após o parto foi entre 13,7 e 16,7%, respectivamente. A urge-incontinência foi significativamente mais freqüente após o parto (30,5%) do que na gestação (20,8%). Apenas 35,6% das mulheres com SUI sentiam desconforto social, elevando-se este índice para 91,4% nas mulheres com SUI associado à IUE. CONCLUSÃO: a gestação, mais do que o parto, foi associada ao desencadeamento da IUE e de noctúria, enquanto o desencadeamento da urge-incontinência foi significativamente maior após o parto. A maioria das mulheres referiu que a presença da IUE causa problemas sociais.

Influência do índice de massa corporal na incontinência urinária feminina

OBJETIVOS: avaliar e comparar os efeitos do índice de massa corporal (IMC) sobre severidade da incontinência urinária (IU) feminina por meio do questionário de qualidade de vida King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ), variáveis do estudo urodinâmico e dados da anamnese. MÉTODOS: estudo clínico transversal. Foram selecionados 65 pacientes com incontinência urinária de esforço (IUE) que foram divididas em três grupos: Grupo I (IMC entre 18 e 25 kg/m²); Grupo II (IMC entre 25 e 30 kg/m²) e Grupo III (IMC>30 kg/m²). Os domínios do KHQ foram comparados entre esses grupos. Além disso, alguns dados da anamnese e do estudo urodinâmico (presença de noctúria, enurese, urgência e urge-incontinência) foram também relacionados ao IMC calculando-se o OR (Odds Ratio). O IMC, na presença e na ausência de contrações não inibidas do detrusor, bem como no VLPP (valsalva leak point pressure) <60 ou >60 cmH2O foi avaliado. Por fim, foram realizados testes de correlação do IMC com os nove domínios do KHQ a fim de se evidenciar alguma associação. RESULTADOS: o KHQ foi incapaz de registrar, em qualquer um de seus domínios, deterioração da qualidade de vida das mulheres com IU na medida em que ocorreu elevação do IMC. Encontramos OR para a presença de enurese em relação ao IMC de 1,003 [IC: 0,897-1,121], valor p=0,962. Para a noctúria, o OR foi de 1,049 (IC: 0,933-1,18), valor p=0,425. O valor de OR=0,975 (IC: 0,826-1,151), valor p=0,762 foi encontrado para a urgência. No que se refere à urge-incontinência, encontrou-se OR=0,978 (IC: 0,85-1,126), valor p=0,76. Estudou-se o IMC nos grupos com e sem contrações não-inibidas do músculo detrusor e foram encontradas, respectivamente, medianas de 26,4±4,8 e 28,3±5,7 kg/m² (p=0,6). De forma semelhante, as medianas do IMC nos grupos com VLPP<60 e>60 cmH2O foram, respectivamente, de 29,6±4,1 e 27,7±5,7 kg/m² (p=0,2). Finalmente, não tivemos êxito em demonstrar associação do IMC com qualquer um dos nove domínios do KHQ por meio da correlação de Spearman. CONCLUSÃO: não houve associação dos escores do KHQ com o IMC. Também não houve correlação entre os parâmetros clínicos da anamnese e do estudo urodinâmico com o IMC.

Chemical derivatization of galactoglucomannan for functional materials

In the framework of the biorefinery concept researchers aspire to optimize the utilization of plant materials, such as agricultural wastes and wood. For most of the known processes, the first steps in the valorisation of biomass are the extraction and purification of the individual components. The obtained raw products by means of a controlled separation can consecutively be modified to result in biofuels or biogas for energy production, but also in value-added products such as additives and important building blocks for the chemical and material industries. Considerable efforts are undertaken in order to substitute the use of oil-based starting materials or at least minimize their processing for the production of everyday goods. Wood is one of the raw materials, which have gained large attention in the last decades and its composition has been studied in detail. Nowadays, the extraction of water-soluble hemicelluloses from wood is well known and so for example xylan can be obtained from hardwoods and O-acetyl galactoglucomannans (GGMs) from softwoods. The aim of this work was to develop water-soluble amphiphilic materials of GGM and to assess their potential use as additives. Furthermore, GGM was also applied as a crosslinker in the synthesis of functional hydrogels for the removal of toxic metals and metalloid ions from aqueous solutions. The distinguished products were obtained by several chemical approaches and analysed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope SEM, among others. Bio-based surfactants were produced by applying GGM and different fatty acids as starting materials. On one hand, GGM-grafted-fatty acids were prepared by esterification and on the other hand, well-defined GGM-block-fatty acid derivatives were obtained by linking amino-functional fatty acids to the reducing end of GGM. The reaction conditions for the syntheses were optimized and the resultant amphiphilic GGM derivatives were evaluated concerning their ability to reduce the surface tension of water as surfactants. Furthermore, the block-structured derivatives were tested in respect to their applicability as additives for the surface modification of cellulosic materials. Besides the GGM surfactants with a bio-based hydrophilic and a bio-based hydrophobic part, also GGM block-structured derivatives with a synthetic hydrophobic tail, consisting of a polydimethylsiloxane chain, were prepared and assessed for the hydrophobization of surface of nanofibrillated cellulose films. In order to generate GGM block-structured derivatives containing a synthetic tail with distinguished physical and chemical properties, as well as a tailored chain length, a controlled polymerization method was used. Therefore, firstly an initiator group was introduced at the reducing end of the GGM and consecutively single electron transfer-living radical polymerization (SET-LRP) was performed by applying three different monomers in individual reactions. For the accomplishment of the synthesis and the analysis of the products, challenges related to the solubility of the reactants had to be overcome. Overall, a synthesis route for the production of GGM block-copolymers bearing different synthetic polymer chains was developed and several derivatives were obtained. Moreover, GGM with different molar masses were, after modification, used as a crosslinker in the synthesis of functional hydrogels. Hereby, a cationic monomer was used during the free radical polymerization and the resultant hydrogels were successfully tested for the removal of chromium and arsenic ions from aqueous solutions. The hydrogel synthesis was tailored and materials with distinguished physical properties, such as the swelling rate, were obtained after purification. The results generated in this work underline the potential of bio-based products and the urge to continue carrying out research in order to be able to use more green chemicals for the manufacturing of biorenewable and biodegradable daily products.

A hipotética linguagem ideal de Platão

Para que um discurso sobre o espetáculo do mundo transcendente seja acolhido como totalidade inteligível e coerente, urge desvencilhar-se da arbitrariedade do domínio de trêmulos contornos do sensível, esfera de opiniões apenas. É o que propõe Platão, na esteira das reflexões dos primeiros pensadores: para suprir deficiências que causam a elisão da realidade e transformar a linguagem num veículo de intelecção autêntica dos conceitos essenciais de um pensar filosófico, ele a coloca no centro de uma especulação rigorosa. Tal como seus antecessores Heráclito e Parmênides, Platão revela logofilia ao empenhar-se na construção de uma nova estrutura discursiva, diferente daquela do homem comum, desencadeando no campo da Filosofia uma revolução que se tornara indispensável: elabora um modelo fundador - princípio de uma ordem permanente propedêutica à construção de uma linguagem formal e abstrata - referente a entes que os homens, na maioria, por si mesmos não conseguem visualizar. Somente nela poderá reverberar a verdade universal das Formas que, ao emprestarem seus nomes à infindável série dos particulares sensíveis, os clarifica e lhes confere significação. Com as teorias que a partir das Formas desenvolve e expõe nos Diálogos, o filósofo visa induzir o leitor a preparar-se para operar, metodicamente, a conversão de sua alma ao plano desses seres ideais, supra-sensíveis, e apreender, assim, a realidade que tudo fundamenta e torna cognoscível.

Out of the darkness and into the light : a study of inauthentic and authentic speech

Introduction Man can be described as the being who shows himself in speech, and from birth to death is continually speaking. Communication is so close to us, so woven into our very being, that we have little understanding of the way it is constituted; for it is as hard to obtain distance from communication as it is to obtain distance from ourselves. All communication is not alike. There are two basic modesl of communication, the inauthentic and the authentic, between which there occurs a constant tension. It is in the inauthentic mode, points out Heidegger, that we find ourselves "proximately and for the most part"; 1. Being and Time, pg. 68 Dasein decides as to the way it will comport itself in taking up its task of having being as an issue for it. " •.• it~, in its very being 'choose' itself and win itself; it can also lose itself and never win itself or only "seem" to do so. But only in so far as it is essentially something which can be authentic--that is, something of its own--can it have lost itself and not yet won itself." 2. therefore Heidegger also terms it "everydayness".2 Caught up in the world of everydayness, our speaking covers over and conceals3 our rootedness in being, leaving us in the darkness of untruth. The image of darkness may be inferred from Heidegger's use of the image of "clearing,,4 to depict being as 2. ibid. pg. 69 "Dasein's average everydayness, however, is not to be taken as a mere 'aspect'. Here too, and even in the mode of inauthenticity, the structure of existentiality lies ~ priori and here too Dasein's being is an issue for it in a definite way; and Dasein comports itself towards it the mode of average everydayness, even if this is only the mode of fleeing in the face of it and forgetfulness thereof." 3. ibid. pg. 59 "covering over" and "concealing" are 1;yays Dasein tries to flee its task of having being as an issue for itself. " ••• This being can be covered up so extensively that it becomes forgotten and no question arises about it or its meaning ••• n How everyday speaking accomplishes this will be taken up in detail in the second chapter which explores Dasein's everyday speech. 4. ibid, pg. 171 lI ••• we have in mind nothing other than the Existential - ontological structure of this entity (Dasein), that it is in such a way as to be its 'there'. To say that it is -' illuminated' [tlerleuchtet"] means that as Being-in-theworld it is cleared [gelichtetJ in itself7 not through any other entity, but in such a way that it is itself the clearing. Only for an entity which is eXistentially cleared in this way does what is present-at-hand become accessible in the light or hidden in the dark •••• " 3 dis-coveredness and truth. Our first task will be to explore the nature of communication in general and then to explore each of the modes manifested in turn. The structure of the inauthentic mode of communication can be explored by asking the following questions: What is this speaking about? Who is it that is speaking and who is spoken to? Does this speaking show man in his speech? The authentic mode is distinguished by the rarity with which we encounter it; as the inauthentic conceals, so the authentic reveals our rootedness in being. Yet this rarity makes it difficult to delineate its elusive structure clearly. Its constituent elements can be brought into focus by asking the same questions of this mode that we previously asked of the inauthentic mode. Our initial response to the disclosure of the authentic mode is to attempt to abandon the inauthentic mode and leave the darkness behind dwelling only in the "lighted place". All through the ages, some men pushing this to extreme, have, upon uncovering their relatedness to being, experienced a deep longing to dwell in such a "place" of pure truth and oft times denigrated or attempted to exclude the everyday world. Such 4. flight is twice mistaken: first it atbempts to fix truth as unchanging and static and secondly, it opposes this to untruth which it seeks to abolish. This is both the wrong view of truth and the wrong view of untruth as Heidegger points out in The Origin of The-Work of Art: The Way-to-be of truth, i.e., of discoveredness, is under the sway of refusal. But this refusal is no lack or privation, as if truth could be simply discoveredness rid of all covers. If it could be that, it would no longer be itself . ••• Truth in its way-to-be is untruth.5 Pure light is not the nature of Being nor is pure unconcealedness possible for man. Failure to remember this is the failure to realize that communication destroys itself in such flight because it no longer maintains the contingency of its task, i.e., the dis-closedness of being. We are reminded of the strong attraction this flight from darkness held for Plato. Light, truth and Being are all beyond the darkness and have nothing to do with it. In Book VII of the R~public, Socrates' explanation of the Allegory of the Cave to Glaucon points to a decided preference men have for the "lighted place". 5. The Origin Of The Work Of Art, pg. 42 5. Come then, I said, and join me in this further thought, and do not be surprised that those who attained to this height are not willing to occupy themselves with the affairs of men, but their souls ever feel the upward urge and yearning for that sojourn above. For this, I take it, is likely if in this point too the likeliness of our image holds. 6 Despite the attraction to pure truth, human communication is more complex than putting down one mode of communication and picking up another. Due to the fact that we are always on the way, the title of my thesis will have to be amended: OUT OF THE DARKNESS AND INTO THE LIGHT--AGAIN AND AGAIN. It must be this way because this is what it means to be human. This is the point made by Mephisto to Faust in pointing out that man, standing between God and the devil, needs both darkness and light: Er findet sich in einem ewigen Gl~t Uns hat er in die Finsternis gebracht, Und euch taugt einzig Tag und Nacht. 7 6. Republic z (517 c & d) It should be noted however, that while the philosopherking must be compelled to return to the cave for purely political reasons, once he has taken adequate view of the "brightest region of being" he has the full truth and his return to darkness adds nothing to the truth. 7. Faust, pg. 188 6. This thesis proposes to examine the grounds that give rise to communication, uncovering the structure of its inauthentic and authentic modes and paying close attention to tpeir interrelationship and to their relationship to language as "the house of Being": language that both covers and opens up man's rootedness in Being, transforming him as he moves along his way, taking up his "ownmost task" of becoming who he is. roots. He is the being who shows himself inn that reflects his forgetfulness or remembrance of his rootedness in being. Man comes into an already existent world and is addressedl through things in the world which are c

Charles Larned letter, April 3, 1813.

Charles Larned (1791-1834) was a lawyer and American military officer who served during the War of 1812. He was the son of Simon Larned (1753-1817), who served as a captain in the Revolutionary War and was a member of the United States Congress from Massachusetts from 1804-1805. Charles studied law in the office of Henry Clay in Kentucky, and was dining with a group of prominent citizens when word was received that General William Henry Harrison could soon be overpowered by General Henry Proctor. Colonel Owen, a member of the group, organized a regiment to reinforce Harrison’s troops. Larned became a member and subsequently survived the River Raisin Massacre and was later present at the Battle of the Thames. He was also part of a group of men who learned of General William Hull’s plan to surrender Detroit to the British and planned to overtake him should this occur. However, the plan failed, Hull did surrender and the men became prisoners of the British. After the war, Larned became a lawyer, and served as Attorney General of Michigan Territory during the Black Hawk War. During the cholera epidemic of 1834, he worked tirelessly to assist others, but was stricken with the disease and died. Letter Transcription: Pittsfield, April 8, 1813 I think that by this time my dear Charles you will allow I have some reason to give you a gentle reprimand for breach of duty—but I will not censure you upon suspicion maybe you have substantial reasons—at any rate one cannot very graciously reproach the other for negligence I for one am healthy as ham & that we have so seldom exchanged letters during your absence & on my honor promise to be a better girl in future—but the truth is my Dear Charles I am secretary for the Family—Mama you know never writes & James but seldom & they are all dispersed in different directions, consequently I have many calls upon my time—this to be sure is a pleasant duty & I urge it only as a slight palliation for my remissness if you should consider it as such—now I have finished my preface—I will try to be more interesting & doubtless I succeed. Our dear Father we hope & trust is now in Green Bush, where he will probably remain a month perhaps & from thence he expects to go to Sacket’s harbor—at which place you know our troops are fast collecting-- We shall hope to see him either here or there before he goes. Brother George I believe is [still] at Plattsburgh but expects soon to be removed to some other military part perhaps with Papa (I hope so at least). We have just got letters from Brothers Sylvester & Joseph at Middlebury—they are in good health. Mama has for some weeks been afflicted with an inflammation in her eyes but seems now to be convalescing. Sister Martha has been somewhat unwell for a few weeks but is now tolerably recovered. James & myself are both in our usual good health & at this time seated by the same stand, one reading, the other writing. Thus my Dear Charles have I given you an abstract history of our Family—but here indeed is a wonderful omission; not a word about Miss Harriet Hunt, who in truth ought to have been noted first but the last she’s not the least in my memory. She is much grown since you saw her, but does not speak as fluently as we could wish—a few word she can say. Probably before this you have been informed of the great loss your friend Sherrill has sustained in the death of his mother—also of the revolution that has taken place in Hackbridge as it respects the religion & morality of the place that more than one hundred on the plain have become religious converts & c—indeed I am at a loss what to say that will afford your pleasure—a narrative at this time must be gloomy indeed. The distressing situation of our country at this time would make almost any recital melancholy. The prevailing epidemic has swept off many of your acquaintance no doubt. Mrs. Dewey of Williamstown, the sister of Mrs. Danforth, has left a Husband, Children & many Friends sincerely to lament her loss—some few have died in our village, but we have escaped astonishingly –it has raged in every town about us--If we are unwilling to acknowledge a God in his mercies. I fear she shall be compelled to do it in the awfulness of his judgments.--------I am much [pleased] with our new neighbors the Parsons Wife & a Miss Woodward her cousin is a fine girl, I think, Mrs. Allen has not a handsome face but something in her manner that interests one her person I think the handsomest I ever saw & the Parson seems well pleased with his selection—Mrs. Ripley is with them this winter & will probably remain thro the summer—Her husband at [Sackett’s Harbor] little or no alteration is apparent since her marriage—she seems as gay & fond of company as ever.-------Mrs. [McKnight] it is expected will commence housekeeping in about three weeks in the house formerly occupied by Mr…. [Report] says that Mr. Goodman & Clarissa Weller are soon to be married & many other things that I must omit to mention for Mama wants a… PS reserved--now my Dear Charles remember you are considerably… & I am confident you have as much leisure as I have –… be ceremonious but write whenever I find time not & I beg… the same – I tell James I shall not send his love for he must write himself. I shall anxiously expect you to write & do not disappoint your affectionate, sister--H One word my Dear Charles from your affectionate Mother who longs to see Her Dear son Charles—but being deprived of that rich blessing at present—begs Him so to conduct that she may hope for it ere long—do you search the Scriptures and keep the Sabbath holy unto the Lord—and all the sacred Commandments of God—it is my ardent desire…He would protect, support and provide for your soul and body and believe me your affectionate friend and Mother. R Larned.

Charles Larned letter - April 3, 1813

Letter Transcription: Pittsfield, April 8, 1813 I think that by this time my dear Charles you will allow I have some reason to give you a gentle reprimand for breach of duty—but I will not censure you upon suspicion maybe you have substantial reasons—at any rate one cannot very graciously reproach the other for negligence I for one am healthy as ham & that we have so seldom exchanged letters during your absence & on my honor promise to be a better girl in future—but the truth is my Dear Charles I am secretary for the Family—Mama you know never writes & James but seldom & they are all dispersed in different directions, consequently I have many calls upon my time—this to be sure is a pleasant duty & I urge it only as a slight palliation for my remissness if you should consider it as such—now I have finished my preface—I will try to be more interesting & doubtless I succeed. Our dear Father we hope & trust is now in Green Bush, where he will probably remain a month perhaps & from thence he expects to go to Sacket’s harbor—at which place you know our troops are fast collecting-- We shall hope to see him either here or there before he goes. Brother George I believe is [still] at Plattsburgh but expects soon to be removed to some other military part perhaps with Papa (I hope so at least). We have just got letters from Brothers Sylvester & Joseph at Middlebury—they are in good health. Mama has for some weeks been afflicted with an inflammation in her eyes but seems now to be convalescing. Sister Martha has been somewhat unwell for a few weeks but is now tolerably recovered. James & myself are both in our usual good health & at this time seated by the same stand, one reading, the other writing. Thus my Dear Charles have I given you an abstract history of our Family—but here indeed is a wonderful omission; not a word about Miss Harriet Hunt, who in truth ought to have been noted first but the last she’s not the least in my memory. She is much grown since you saw her, but does not speak as fluently as we could wish—a few word she can say. Probably before this you have been informed of the great loss your friend Sherrill has sustained in the death of his mother—also of the revolution that has taken place in Hackbridge as it respects the religion & morality of the place that more than one hundred on the plain have become religious converts & c—indeed I am at a loss what to say that will afford your pleasure—a narrative at this time must be gloomy indeed. The distressing situation of our country at this time would make almost any recital melancholy. The prevailing epidemic has swept off many of your acquaintance no doubt. Mrs. Dewey of Williamstown, the sister of Mrs. Danforth, has left a Husband, Children & many Friends sincerely to lament her loss—some few have died in our village, but we have escaped astonishingly –it has raged in every town about us--If we are unwilling to acknowledge a God in his mercies. I fear she shall be compelled to do it in the awfulness of his judgments.--------I am much [pleased] with our new neighbors the Parsons Wife & a Miss Woodward her cousin is a fine girl, I think, Mrs. Allen has not a handsome face but something in her manner that interests one her person I think the handsomest I ever saw & the Parson seems well pleased with his selection—Mrs. Ripley is with them this winter & will probably remain thro the summer—Her husband at [Sackett’s Harbor] little or no alteration is apparent since her marriage—she seems as gay & fond of company as ever.-------Mrs. [McKnight] it is expected will commence housekeeping in about three weeks in the house formerly occupied by Mr…. [Report] says that Mr. Goodman & Clarissa Weller are soon to be married & many other things that I must omit to mention for Mama wants a… PS reserved--now my Dear Charles remember you are considerably… & I am confident you have as much leisure as I have –… be ceremonious but write whenever I find time not & I beg… the same – I tell James I shall not send his love for he must write himself. I shall anxiously expect you to write & do not disappoint your affectionate, sister--H One word my Dear Charles from your affectionate Mother who longs to see Her Dear son Charles—but being deprived of that rich blessing at present— begs Him so to conduct that she may hope for it ere long—do you search the Scriptures and keep the Sabbath holy unto the Lord—and all the sacred Commandments of God—it is my ardent desire…He would protect, support and provide for your soul and body and believe me your affectionate friend and Mother. R Larned.

La délocalisation et son impact sur les employés transférés: une étude de cas dans le secteur des services

Les transformations économiques visant la création d’un marché mondial unique, le progrès technologique et la disponibilité d’une main-d’œuvre qualifiée dans les pays à bas salaire amènent les dirigeants des entreprises à réexaminer l’organisation et la localisation de leurs capacités productives de façon à en accroître la flexibilité qui est, selon plusieurs, seule garante de la pérennité de l’organisation (Atkinson, 1987; Patry, 1994; Purcell et Purcell, 1998; Kennedy 2002; Kallaberg, Reynolds, Marsden, 2003; Berger, 2006). Une stratégie déployée par les entreprises pour parvenir à cette fin est la délocalisation (Kennedy, 2002; Amiti et Wei, 2004; Barthélemy, 2004; Trudeau et Martin, 2006; Olsen, 2006). La technologie, l’ouverture des marchés et l’accès à des bassins nouveaux de main-d’œuvre qualifiée rendent possible une fragmentation de la chaîne de production bien plus grande qu’auparavant, et chaque maillon de cette chaîne fait l’objet d’un choix de localisation optimale (Hertveldt et al., 2005). Dans ces conditions, toutes les activités qui ne requièrent aucune interaction complexe ou physique entre collègues ou entre un employé et un client, sont sujettes à être transférées chez un sous-traitant, ici ou à l’étranger (Farrell, 2005). La plupart des recherches traitant de l’impartition et des délocalisations se concentrent essentiellement sur les motivations patronales d’y recourir (Lauzon-Duguay, 2005) ou encore sur les cas de réussites ou d’échecs des entreprises ayant implanté une stratégie de cette nature (Logan, Faught et Ganster, 2004). Toutefois, les impacts sur les employés de telles pratiques ont rarement été considérés systématiquement dans les recherches (Benson, 1998; Kessler, Coyle-Shapiro et Purcell, 1999; Logan et al., 2004). Les aspects humains doivent pourtant être considérés sérieusement, car ils sont à même d’être une cause d’échec ou de réussite de ces processus. La gestion des facteurs humains entourant le processus de délocalisation semble jouer un rôle dans l’impact de l’impartition sur les employés. Ainsi, selon Kessler et al. (1999), la façon dont les employés perçoivent la délocalisation serait influencée par trois facteurs : la manière dont ils étaient gérés par leur ancien employeur (context), ce que leur offre leur nouvel employeur (pull factor) et la façon dont ils sont traités suite au transfert (landing). La recherche vise à comprendre l’impact de la délocalisation d’activités d’une entreprise sur les employés ayant été transférés au fournisseur. De façon plus précise, nous souhaitons comprendre les effets que peut entraîner la délocalisation d’une entreprise « source » (celle qui cède les activités et les employés) à une entreprise « destination » (celle qui reprend les activités cédées et la main-d’œuvre) sur les employés transférés lors de ce processus au niveau de leur qualité de vie au travail et de leurs conditions de travail. Plusieurs questions se posent. Qu’est-ce qu’un transfert réussi du point de vue des employés? Les conditions de travail ou la qualité de vie au travail sont-elles affectées? À quel point les aspects humains influencent-t-ils les effets de la délocalisation sur les employés? Comment gérer un tel transfert de façon optimale du point de vue du nouvel employeur? Le modèle d’analyse est composé de quatre variables. La première variable dépendante (VD1) de notre modèle correspond à la qualité de vie au travail des employés transférés. La seconde variable dépendante (VD2) correspond aux conditions de travail des employés transférés. La troisième variable, la variable indépendante (VI) renvoie à la délocalisation d’activités qui comporte deux dimensions soit (1) la décision de délocalisation et (2) le processus d’implantation. La quatrième variable, la variable modératrice (VM) est les aspects humains qui sont examinés selon trois dimensions soit (1) le contexte dans l’entreprise « source » (Context), (2) l’attrait du nouvel employeur (pull factor) et (3) la réalité chez le nouvel employeur (landing). Trois hypothèses de recherche découlent de notre modèle d’analyse. Les deux premières sont à l’effet que la délocalisation entraîne une détérioration de la qualité de vie au travail (H1) et des conditions de travail (H2). La troisième hypothèse énonce que les aspects humains ont un effet modérateur sur l’impact de la délocalisation sur les employés transférés (H3). La recherche consiste en une étude de cas auprès d’une institution financière (entreprise « source ») qui a délocalisé ses activités technologiques à une firme experte en technologies de l’information (entreprise « destination »). Onze entrevues semi-dirigées ont été réalisées avec des acteurs-clés (employés transférés et gestionnaires des deux entreprises). Les résultats de la recherche indiquent que la délocalisation a de façon générale un impact négatif sur les employés transférés. Par contre, cette affirmation n’est pas généralisable à tous les indicateurs étudiés de la qualité de vie au travail et des conditions de travail. Les résultats mettent en évidence des conséquences négatives en ce qui a trait à la motivation intrinsèque au travail, à l’engagement organisationnel ainsi qu’à la satisfaction en lien avec l’aspect relationnel du travail. La délocalisation a également entraîné une détérioration des conditions de travail des employés transférés soit au niveau de la sécurité d’emploi, du contenu et de l’évaluation des tâches, de la santé et sécurité au travail et de la durée du travail. Mais, d’après les propos des personnes interviewées, les conséquences les plus importantes sont sans aucun doute au niveau du salaire et des avantages sociaux. Les conséquences de la délocalisation s’avèrent par contre positives lorsqu’il est question de l’accomplissement professionnel et de la satisfaction de l’aspect technique du travail. Au niveau de la confiance interpersonnelle au travail, l’organisation du travail, la formation professionnelle ainsi que les conditions physiques de l’emploi, les effets ne semblent pas significatifs d’après les propos recueillis lors des entrevues. Enfin, les résultats mettent en évidence l’effet modérateur significatif des aspects humains sur les conséquences de la délocalisation pour les employés transférés. L’entreprise « source » a tenté d’amoindrir l’impact de la délocalisation, mais ce ne fut pas suffisant. Comme les employés étaient fortement attachés à l’entreprise « source » et qu’ils ne désiraient pas la quitter pour une entreprise avec une culture d’entreprise différente qui leur paraissait peu attrayante, ces dimensions des aspects humains ont en fait contribué à amplifier les impacts négatifs de la délocalisation, particulièrement sur la qualité de vie au travail des employés transférés. Mots clés : (1) délocalisation, (2) impartition, (3) transfert d’employés, (4) qualité de vie au travail, (5) conditions de travail, (6) technologies de l’information, (7) entreprise, (8) gestion des ressources humaines.