Reforming the procurement of construction and financing of Australian infrastructure : advancing capacity, competition and investment

Funded by an Australian Research Council (ARC) Linkage grant over four years (2009–13), the Major Infrastructure Procurement project sought to find more effective and efficient ways of procuring and delivering the nation’s social and economic infrastructure by investigating constraints relating to construction capacity, competition, and finance in new public sector major infrastructure.1 The research team comprised researchers in construction economics and finance from Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Griffith University (GU), The University of Hong Kong (UHK), and The University of Newcastle (UoN). Project partners included state government departments and agencies responsible for infrastructure procurement and delivery from all Australian mainland states, and private sector companies and peak bodies in the infrastructure sector (see “Introduction” for complete list). There are a number of major outcomes from this research project. The first of these is a scientifically developed decisionmaking model for procurement of infrastructure that deploys a novel and state-of-the-art integration of dominant microeconomic theory (including theories developed by two Nobel Prize winners). The model has been established through empirical testing and substantial experiential evidence as a valid and reliable guide to configuring procurement of new major and mega infrastructure projects in pursuance of superior Valuefor- Money (VfM). The model specifically addresses issues of project size, bundling of contracts, and exchange relationships. In so doing, the model determines the suitability of adopting a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode.

Government grants - an abrogation or management of risks?

New public management (NPFM), with its hands-on, private sector-style performance measurement, output control, parsimonious use of resources, disaggreation of public sector units and greater competition in the public sector, has significantly affected charitable and nonprofit organisations delivering community services (Hood, 1991; Dunleavy, 1994; George & Wilding, 2002). The literature indicates that nonprofit organisations under NPM believe they are doing more for less: while administration is increasing, core costs are not being met; their dependence on government funding comes at the expense of other funding strategies; and there are concerns about proportionality and power asymmetries in the relationship (Kerr & Savelsberg, 2001; Powell & Dalton, 2011; Smith, 2002, p. 175; Morris, 1999, 2000a). Government agencies are under increased pressure to do more with less, demonstrate value for money, measure social outcomes, not merely outputs and minimise political risk (Grant, 2008; McGreogor-Lowndes, 2008). Government-community service organisation relationships are often viewed as 'uneasy alliances' characterised by the pressures that come with the parties' differing roles and expectations and the pressures that come with the parties' differing roles and expectations and the pressurs of funding and security (Productivity Commission, 2010, p. 308; McGregor-Lowndes, 2008, p. 45; Morris, 200a). Significant community services are now delivered to citizens through such relationships, often to the most disadvantaged in the community, and it is important for this to be achieved with equity, efficiently and effectively. On one level, the welfare state was seen as a 'risk management system' for the poor, with the state mitigating the risks of sickness, job loss and old age (Giddens, 1999) with the subsequent neoliberalist outlook shifting this risk back to households (Hacker, 2006). At the core of this risk shift are written contracts. Vincent-Jones (1999,2006) has mapped how NPM is characterised by the use of written contracts for all manner of relations; e.g., relgulation of dealings between government agencies, between individual citizens and the state, and the creation of quais-markets of service providers and infrastructure partners. We take this lens of contracts to examine where risk falls in relation to the outsourcing of community services. First we examine the concept of risk. We consider how risk might be managed and apportioned between governments and community serivce organisations (CSOs) in grant agreements, which are quasiy-market transactions at best. This is informed by insights from the law and economics literature. Then, standard grant agreements covering several years in two jurisdictions - Australia and the United Kingdom - are analysed, to establish the risk allocation between government and CSOs. This is placed in the context of the reform agenda in both jurisdictions. In Australia this context is th enonprofit reforms built around the creation of a national charities regulator, and red tape reduction. In the United Kingdom, the backdrop is the THird Way agenda with its compacts, succeed by Big Society in a climate of austerity. These 'case studies' inform a discussion about who is best placed to bear and manage the risks of community service provision on behalf of government. We conclude by identifying the lessons to be learned from our analysis and possible pathways for further scholarship.

Literacy and Digital Culture in the Early Years

In this chapter we present data drawn from observations of kindergarten children using iPads and talk with the children, their parents/guardians and teachers. We identify a continuum of practices that extends from ‘educational apps’ teaching handwriting, sight words and so forth to uses of the iPad as a device for multimodal literacy development and substantive conversation around children’s creative work. At the current time high stakes testing and the implementation of the Australian Curriculum are prompting new public and professional conversations about literacy and digital technology. The iPad is construed as both cause of and solution to problems of traditional literacy education. In this context we describe the literacies enabled by educational software available on iPads. We higlight the time constraints which bore on teachers' capacity to enact their visions of literacy education through the iPad platform and suggest ways of reflecting on responses to this constraint.

La modernización entre cafetales : San José, Costa Rica, 1880-1930

This work examines the urban modernization of San José, Costa Rica, between 1880 and 1930, using a cultural approach to trace the emergence of the bourgeois city in a small Central American capital, within the context of order and progress. As proposed by Henri Lefebvre, Manuel Castells and Edward Soja, space is given its rightful place as protagonist. The city, subject of this study, is explored as a seat of social power and as the embodiment of a cultural transformation that took shape in that space, a transformation spearheaded by the dominant social group, the Liberal elite. An analysis of the product built environment allows us to understand why the city grew in a determined manner: how the urban space became organized and how its infrastructure and services distributed. Although the emphasis is on the Liberal heyday from 1880-1930, this study also examines the history of the city since its origins in the late colonial period through its consolidation as a capital during the independent era, in order to characterize the nineteenth century colonial city that prevailed up to 1890 s. A diverse array of primary sources including official acts, memoirs, newspaper sources, maps and plans, photographs, and travelogues are used to study the initial phase of San Jose s urban growth. The investigation places the first period of modern urban growth at the turn of the nineteenth century within the prevailing ideological and political context of Positivism and Liberalism. The ideas of the city s elite regarding progress were translated into and reflected in the physical transformation of the city and in the social construction of space. Not only the transformations but also the limits and contradictions of the process of urban change are examined. At the same time, the reorganization of the city s physical space and the beginnings of the ensanche are studied. Hygiene as an engine of urban renovation is explored by studying the period s new public infrastructure (including pipelines, sewer systems, and the use of asphalt pavement) as part of the Saneamiento of San José. The modernization of public space is analyzed through a study of the first parks, boulevards and monuments and the emergence of a new urban culture prominently displayed in these green spaces. Parks and boulevards were new public and secular places of power within the modern city, used by the elite to display and educate the urban population into the new civic and secular traditions. The study goes on to explore the idealized image of the modern city through an analysis of European and North American travelogues and photography. The new esthetic of theatrical-spectacular representation of the modern city constructed a visual guide of how to understand and come to know the city. A partial and selective image of generalized urban change presented only the bourgeois facade and excluded everything that challenged the idea of progress. The enduring patterns of spatial and symbolic exclusion built into Costa Rica s capital city at the dawn of the twentieth century shed important light on the long-term political social and cultural processes that have created the troubled urban landscapes of contemporary Latin America.

A Story of Organized Crime: Constructing Criminality and Building Institutions

This is a narrative about the way in which a category of crime-to-be-combated is constructed through the discipline of criminology and the agents of discipline in criminal justice. The aim was to examine organized crime through the eyes of those whose job it is to fight it (and define it), and in doing so investigate the ways social problems surface as sites for state intervention. A genealogy of organized crime within criminological thought was completed, demonstrating that there are a range of different ways organized crime has been constructed within the social scientific discipline, and each of these were influenced by the social context, political winds and intellectual climate of the time. Following this first finding, in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with individuals who had worked at the apex of the policing of organized crime in Australia, in order to trace their understandings of organized crime across recent history. It was found that organized crime can be understood as an object of the discourse of the politics of law and order, the discourse of international securitization, new public management in policing business, and involves the forging of outlaw identities. Therefore, there are multiple meanings of organized crime that have arisen from an interconnected set of social, political, moral and bureaucratic discourses. The institutional response to organized crime, including law and policing, was subsequently examined. An extensive legislative framework has been enacted at multiple jurisdictional levels, and the problem of organized crime was found to be deserving of unique institutional powers and configurations to deal with it. The social problem of organized crime, as constituted by the discourses mapped out in this research, has led to a new generation of increasingly preemptive and punitive laws, and the creation of new state agencies with amplified powers. That is, the response to organized crime, with a focus on criminalization and enforcement, has been driven and shaped by the four discourses and the way in which the phenomenon is constructed within them. An appreciation of the nexus between the emergence of the social problem, and the formation of institutions in response to it, is important in developing a more complete understanding of the various dimensions of organized crime.

Pushing the boundaries' versus identifying the boundaries: An institutional perspective of NPM Principles

This paper considers the boundaries of new public management (NPM) principles in the context of the mandate for a commercial approach within in a New Zealand state-owned enterprise (SOE). Investigating a commercial approach to NPM through an institutional theory lens, the case study highlights complexities and potential conflict between structured NPM principles and the more complex reality. Analysis reveals blurred lines and boundaries have implications for public sector organisations such as SOEs, government and other stakeholders, where managers push the boundaries beyond the point where stakeholders are comfortable. Thus, a key challenge involves developing clearer institutional boundaries to balance freedoms with stakeholder acceptability.

Större frihet - bättre lokalt anpassad service? : Förvaltningsreformer och kommunernas service för utvecklingsstörda 1994-2000

In the beginning of the 1990s the legislation regarding the municipalities and the system of central government transfers were reformed in Finland. This resulted in a move from detailed governmental control to increased municipal autonomy. The purpose of this decentralization was to enable the municipalities to better adapt their administration and service supply to local needs. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of the increased municipal autonomy on the organization of services for people with intellectual disabilities. Did the increased autonomy cause the municipalities to alter their service supply and production and did the services become more adapted to local needs? The data consists of statistical information on service use and production, and also of background data such as demographics, economics and political elections on 452 municipalities in Finland from the years 1994 and 2000. The methods used are cluster analysis, discriminant analysis and factor analysis. The municipalities could be grouped in two categories: those which offered mainly one kind of residential services and others which had more varied mixes of services. The use of institutional care had decreased and municipalities which used institutional care as their primary form of service were mostly very small municipalities in 2000. The situation had changed from 1994, when institutional care was the primary service for municipalities of all sizes. Also the service production had become more differentiated and the municipalities had started using more varied ways of production. More municipalities had started producing their own services and private production had increased as well. Furthermore, the increase in local autonomy had opened up possibilities for local politics to influence both the service selection and methods of production. The most significant motive for changes in the service structure was high unemployment and an increasing share of elderly people in the population, particularly in sparsely populated areas. Municipalities with a low level of resources had made more changes in their service organization while those with more resources had been able to carry on as before. Key words: service structure, service for people with intellectual disabilities, municipalities, contingency theory, New Public Management

Ministers as strategic political leaders? : Strategic political steering after NPM reforms in Finland

This study explores strategic political steering after the New Public Management (NPM) reforms, with emphasis on the new role assigned to Government ministers in Finland. In the NPM model, politicians concentrate on broad, principal issues, while agencies have discretion within the limits set by politicians. In Finland, strategic steering was introduced with Management by Results (MBR), but the actual tools for strategic political steering have been the Government Programme, the Government Strategy Portfolio (GSP) and Frame Budgeting. This study addresses these tools as means of strategic steering conducted by the Cabinet and individual ministers within their respective ministries. The time frame of the study includes the two Lipponen Cabinets between 1995 and 2003. Interviews with fourteen ministers as well as with fourteen top officials were conducted. In addition, administrative reform documents and documents related to strategic steering tools were analysed. The empirical conclusions of the study can be summarised as follows: There were few signs of strategic political steering in the Lipponen Cabinets. Although the Government Programmes of both Cabinets introduced strategic thinking, the strategic guidelines set forth at the beginning of the Programme were not linked to the GSP or to Frame Budgeting. The GSP could be characterised as the collected strategic agendas of each ministry, while there was neither the will nor the courage among Cabinet members to prioritise the projects and to make selections. The Cabinet used Frame Budgeting mainly in the sense of spending limits, not in making strategic allocation decisions. As for the GSP at the departmental level, projects were suggested by top officials, and ministers only approved the suggested list. Frame Budgeting at the departmental level proved to be the most interesting strategic steering tool from ministers viewpoint: they actively participated in defining which issues would need extra financing. Because the chances for extra financing were minimal, ministers had an effect only on a marginal share of the budget. At the departmental level, the study shows that strategic plans were considered the domain of officials. As for strategies concerning specific substances, there was variation in the interest shown by the ministers. A few ministers emphasised the importance of strategic work and led strategy processes. In most cases, however, officials led the process while ministers offered comments on the drafts of strategy documents. The results of this study together with experiences reported in other countries and local politics show that political decision-makers have difficulty operating at the strategic level. The conclusion is that politicians do not have sufficient incentive to perform the strategic role implied by the NPM type of reforms. Overall, the empirical results of the study indicate the power of politics over management reforms.

Kuntien vaikuttavuustavoitteet lasten ja nuorten hyvinvointityössä

Tämä pro gradu –tutkielma tarkastelee kuntien itselleen asettamia vaikuttavuustavoitteita lasten ja nuorten hyvinvointityössä. Kirjallisuuskatsauksessa selvitetään, mitä tulos- ja tavoiteohjaus, tuloksellisuus ja vaikuttavuus tarkoittavat kuntien lasten ja nuorten hyvinvointityössä. Julkishallinnon New Public Management-reformin pohjalta syntynyt kuntalaki painottaa organisaatioiden tehokkuutta ja tuloksellisuutta. Tuloksellisuudella tarkoitetaan toimintojen taloudellisuutta ja vaikuttavuutta. Tällaiseen tulos- ja tavoiteohjaukseen siirtyminen on edellyttänyt arvioinnin kehittämistä. Keskeisiä käsitteitä tässä tutkimuksessa ovat: toiminta-ajatus, päämäärä, tavoite, vaikuttavuus, vaikuttavuustavoite, vaikutus ja arviointi. Teoreettista kirjallisuutta konkretisoidaan lasten ja nuorten hyvinvointityön arkipäivään liittyvin sovelluksin ja esimerkein. Tutkielman aineistona on 12 kuntien tuottamaa, vuoden 2008 alussa lakisääteiseksi tullutta lasten ja nuorten hyvinvointisuunnitelmaa, joiden tehtävänä on toimia lasten ja nuorten hyvinvoinnin edistämiseksi sekä lastensuojelun järjestämiseksi ja kehittämiseksi kunnissa. Aineiston kvalitatiivisen eli laadullisen analyysin menetelmänä käytetään teemoittelua. Tarkastelu paljastaa, että kunnat ovat asettaneet varsin vähän konkreettisia ja mitattavissa olevia vaikuttavuustavoitteita laatiessaan lasten ja nuorten hyvinvointisuunnitelmia. Kuntien asettamat tavoitteet voidaan jakaa seuraaviin teemoihin: määrälliset ja ”joko tai” –tavoitteet, ehdotusmuotoiset tavoitteet, ”kehitetään, edistetään, panostetaan, vahvistetaan” –tavoitteet, tavoitteet jatkuvana resurssitaisteluna sekä ”oikein vai väärin” –tyyppiset tavoitteet. Edellä esitetyt tavoitetyypit voidaan jakaa vielä karkeasti kahdenlaisiin kategorioihin: kunnallisen lasten ja nuorten palvelujärjestelmän kehittämiseen keskittyvät tavoitteet ja oikeaa ja väärää kuvaavat, moraalis-eettiset tavoitteet. Koko aineiston kattavana havaintona esitetään, että kunnat tuntuvat välttelevän täsmällisten, konkreettisten ja mitattavissa olevien tavoitteiden esittämistä lasten ja nuorten hyvinvointisuunnitelmissa ja ilmaisevan tavoitteiden sijaan mielellään palvelujärjestelmää kuvaavia ja kehittäviä päämääriä.

The Gendered Social Organisation of Defence: Two Ethnographic Case Studies in the Finnish Defence Forces

In Finland the organising of defence is undergoing vast restructuring. Recent legislation has redefined the central tasks of the Finnish Defence Forces. At the same time, international security cooperation, economic pressures and new administrative paradigms have steered the military towards new ways of organising. National defence is not just politics and principles; to a large extent it is also enacted in day-to-day life in organisations. The lens through which these realities of defence are analysed in this study is gender. How is the security sector – and national defence as part of it – organised in the changing security environment? What is the new division of labour between different societal actors in the face of security challenges? What happens ‘at work’ within the military and the defence sector more broadly? How does gender affect the way in which defence is organised and understood, and how do the changes in the organising of security affect gender relations? The thesis searches for answers to these questions in the context of two organisational settings in the male-dominated defence sector. The case study on a Finnish peacekeeping unit in the Balkans opens a critical view on men’s social practices and the everyday life of crisis management organisations. In the second case study, reorganising of provisioning in the Finnish Defence Forces turns out to be a complicated process where different power relations and social divisions intermingle. Tallberg’s extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the two focal organisations has produced a detailed set of data that lays the basis for critical analysis and policy development in terms of defence organising, cooperation around peace and security issues, and gender equality in organisations. Observations and results are provided for understanding social networks, militarisation, authority relations, care, public-private partnerships, personnel policies, career planning, and humour.

Kuntien vaikuttavuustavoitteet lasten ja nuorten hyvinvointityössä

Tämä pro gradu –tutkielma tarkastelee kuntien itselleen asettamia vaikuttavuustavoitteita lasten ja nuorten hyvinvointityössä. Kirjallisuuskatsauksessa selvitetään, mitä tulos- ja tavoiteohjaus, tuloksellisuus ja vaikuttavuus tarkoittavat kuntien lasten ja nuorten hyvinvointityössä. Julkishallinnon New Public Management-reformin pohjalta syntynyt kuntalaki painottaa organisaatioiden tehokkuutta ja tuloksellisuutta. Tuloksellisuudella tarkoitetaan toimintojen taloudellisuutta ja vaikuttavuutta. Tällaiseen tulos- ja tavoiteohjaukseen siirtyminen on edellyttänyt arvioinnin kehittämistä. Keskeisiä käsitteitä tässä tutkimuksessa ovat: toiminta-ajatus, päämäärä, tavoite, vaikuttavuus, vaikuttavuustavoite, vaikutus ja arviointi. Teoreettista kirjallisuutta konkretisoidaan lasten ja nuorten hyvinvointityön arkipäivään liittyvin sovelluksin ja esimerkein. Tutkielman aineistona on 12 kuntien tuottamaa, vuoden 2008 alussa lakisääteiseksi tullutta lasten ja nuorten hyvinvointisuunnitelmaa, joiden tehtävänä on toimia lasten ja nuorten hyvinvoinnin edistämiseksi sekä lastensuojelun järjestämiseksi ja kehittämiseksi kunnissa. Aineiston kvalitatiivisen eli laadullisen analyysin menetelmänä käytetään teemoittelua. Tarkastelu paljastaa, että kunnat ovat asettaneet varsin vähän konkreettisia ja mitattavissa olevia vaikuttavuustavoitteita laatiessaan lasten ja nuorten hyvinvointisuunnitelmia. Kuntien asettamat tavoitteet voidaan jakaa seuraaviin teemoihin: määrälliset ja ”joko tai” –tavoitteet, ehdotusmuotoiset tavoitteet, ”kehitetään, edistetään, panostetaan, vahvistetaan” –tavoitteet, tavoitteet jatkuvana resurssitaisteluna sekä ”oikein vai väärin” –tyyppiset tavoitteet. Edellä esitetyt tavoitetyypit voidaan jakaa vielä karkeasti kahdenlaisiin kategorioihin: kunnallisen lasten ja nuorten palvelujärjestelmän kehittämiseen keskittyvät tavoitteet ja oikeaa ja väärää kuvaavat, moraalis-eettiset tavoitteet. Koko aineiston kattavana havaintona esitetään, että kunnat tuntuvat välttelevän täsmällisten, konkreettisten ja mitattavissa olevien tavoitteiden esittämistä lasten ja nuorten hyvinvointisuunnitelmissa ja ilmaisevan tavoitteiden sijaan mielellään palvelujärjestelmää kuvaavia ja kehittäviä päämääriä.

Hallinnonalariippumattoman palvelumallin jäljillä. Yhteispalvelun näkökulma toimivaltaan, asiakkuuteen ja hallinnon kehittämiseen.

Tutkielman tutkimusongelmana on hallinnonalariippumattoman palvelumallin toteuttaminen julkisessa hallinnossa. Hallinnonalariippumattomalle palvelumallille määritellään tutkielmassa kolme teoreettista lähtökohtaa, jotka ovat toimivalta, asiakkuus ja hallinnon kehittäminen. Tutkimusongelmaan vastataan ottamalla suomalainen yhteispalvelumalli empiirisen ja aineistolähtöisen tutkimuksen kohteeksi ja peilaamalla siitä saatuja kokemuksia määriteltyihin teoreettisiin lähtökohtiin. Samassa yhteydessä tutkimuksen kohteena oleva suomalainen yhteispalvelumalli asettuu osaksi laajempaa hallinnon tutkimuksen viitekehystä ja teoreettista keskustelua. Tutkielman teoreettisia lähtökohtia koskien aineistona on tutkielmassa tarkemman tarkastelun kohteiksi valittuja käsitteitä käsittelevä hallinto- ja organisaatlotieteellinen kirjallisuus. Empiirinen tutkimuskohde, yhteispalvelu, määritellään hallinnon tuottamia virallisasiakirjoja ja voimassa olevaa lainsäädäntöä aineistona käyttäen. Tutkimuskohteen empiirisen analyysin edellyttämän aineiston keräämisen metodina on sovellettu teemahaastattelua. Haastatteluja on tehty yhteensä kuusi tutkimuskohteena olevan aiheen asiantuntijoille, ja haastatellut edustavat kuntakenttää sekä valtion keskus- ja paikallishallintoa. Empiirisen aineiston analyysissa sovelletaan aineistolähtöisen kuvan muodostamiseksi grounded theorya. Tutkielman johtopäätökset muodostuvat tarkasteltaessa tutkimusongelman teoreettisia lähtökohtia yhteispalvelusta aineistolähtöisesti ja ilman teoriaohjautuvuutta muodostuneen kuvan valossa. Toimivaltaa koskien keskeinen johtopäätös on, että kun tavoitellaan kokonaisvaltaista ja laajasti sovellettavaa hallinnonalariippumatonta palvelumallia, ei toimivallan kysymystä voida jättää huomiotta. Yhtenä ratkaisumahdollisuutena on määritellä perinteisen asiallisen toimivallan ohella hallinnonalariippumattomalle palvelujen tarjoamisen menetelmälle toimivaltainen ja keskitetty omistaja- ja vastuutaho. Asiakkuutta koskien hallinnonalariippumaton palvelumalli edellyttää kokonaisvaltaista Citizen Relationship Management -käsitteen kaltaista ymmärrystä asiakkuuksista ja asiakaslähtöisyydestä. Näin ollen New Public Managementin mukainen kulttuurinen siirtymä pois perinteisestä julkisen hallinnon paradigmasta ei ole riittävä, vaan asiakkuuden suhteen olisi huomioitava myös organisaatio-, teknologia- ja prosessinäkökulmat. Hallinnon kehittämisestä voidaan todeta sen sisältyvän implisiittisesti ajatukseen hallinnonalariippumattomasta palvelumallista. Tämä koskee erityisesti eGovemment -käsitteen mukaista informaatioteknologian hyödyntämistä. Vasta informaatioteknologian kehitys on mahdollistanut hallinnonalariippumattoman palvelumallin visioimisen ja tavoittelemisen käytännössä. Samalla hallinnon kehittäminen kohtaa toimintana kuitenkin monia haasteita, joista hallinnonalariippumattoman palvelumallin tapauksessa erityisen relevantteja ovat yhteispalvelusta saatujen kokemusten perusteella rakenteelliset, kulttuuriset ja toiminnalliset haasteet.

Governança no setor público: a aderência dos relatórios de gestão do Poder Executivo aos princípios e padrões de boas práticas de governança

A administração pública apresenta vários problemas, que vão desde a ausência de avaliações quanto aos aspectos de eficiência, eficácia e efetividade na utilização de recursos e das políticas públicas adotadas, até a prática perversa da corrupção em suas diversas formas. Grande parte destes problemas decorre da falta de mecanismos de controle e acompanhamento para saber se as ações promovidas pelos gestores públicos estão de acordo com os objetivos da sociedade. Os problemas que decorrem desta relação de conflito de interesses entre aqueles que delegam a administração de suas organizações e aqueles que recebem esta delegação e administram, são chamados de problemas da relação entre principal e agente. No setor público pode-se considerar que agente é o gestor público (recebe a delegação e administra) e principal é o cidadão ou a própria sociedade (que delega). Estes conceitos têm origem na teoria da agência. Esta teoria é um dos fundamentos da governança, seja no setor privado ou no setor público. E a governança adota princípios como a transparência e a accountability para propor práticas de controle e acompanhamento da administração, a fim de evitar os problemas da relação agente e principal. Deste modo, a presente pesquisa tem por objetivo avaliar se os relatórios de gestão do Poder Executivo municipal são aderentes aos princípios e padrões de boas práticas de governança para o setor público acerca da transparência e da accountability na utilização dos recursos, bem como dos resultados gerados em decorrência das políticas públicas adotadas. Para tanto, a metodologia utilizada neste trabalho foi a seguinte: através da pesquisa bibliográfica, identificou-se na literatura quais os princípios e padrões de boas práticas de governança para a administração pública, e criou-se um quadro-síntese para servir de base para avaliação dos relatórios de gestão quanto aos aspectos de transparência e accountability; através da pesquisa documental foram selecionados os relatórios de gestão da Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro a serem analisados, que foi a cidade escolhida para realização da pesquisa pela proximidade com o autor e pela disponibilização de diversos documentos em seu sítio eletrônico; a seguir, pela análise de conteúdo, fez-se a avaliação dos documentos utilizando-se o quadrosíntese produzido. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstraram que os relatórios de gestão analisados possuem pouca aderência aos princípios e padrões de boa governança, evidenciando-se uma aderência de apenas 37,71% em relação aos elementos estabelecidos no quadro-síntese. Assim, apontou claramente para o fato de que há pouca transparência nos relatórios de gestão, fato este que prejudica a accountability na administração pública.

Desenvolvimento de um programa de enfrentamento da Síndrome de Burnout e análise de seus efeitos em professores que atuam no processo de inclusão

Estudo de caso, com o objetivo de desenvolver um programa de enfrentamento da Síndrome de Burnout e avaliar os seus efeitos no comportamento de 7 participantes do sexo feminino, com idade variável entre 27 a 48 anos, que atuam como professores no processo de inclusão educacional e social de alunos da Rede Pública, em uma instituição de ensino localizada na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Trata-se de modalidade de investigação que envolve procedimentos de pesquisa-ação. Para fins de coleta de dados foram utilizados instrumentos de medida psicométrica como o CBP-R, Questionário de Burnout para Professores ? Revisado (CBP-R; Moreno, Garrosa E González, 2000) como também o Inventário de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos de Lipp ? ISSL (LIPP, 2000), além de um inventário sóciodemográfico. Como complementação do trabalho de pesquisa, foi empregada a análise de relatos verbais para fins de levantamento de dados relativos aos processos privados dos participantes. A aplicação de um programa de enfrentamento da Síndrome de Burnout consistiu de técnicas e de procedimentos fundados na abordagem cognitivo-comportamental e da adoção de práticas de relaxamento e de manejo de tempo. Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciaram um relativo decréscimo quanto a incidência de sintomas de stress e Burnout nas participantes. De posse desses resultados, poderão ser articuladas ações em políticas públicas com vistas à melhoria da saúde e das condições gerais de trabalho do professor da Rede Pública. O que se propõe como meta é humanizar o posto de trabalho docente, sob os aspectos de saúde, bem-estar físico e mental.