Biologia do saguirú (Characidae, Curimatinae)

In Brazil all the fishes belonging to the sub-family Curimatinae are called « saguirú ». The present work gives a biological study of the Curimatus elegans Steind., a small fish without any economical importance, which is to be found along the whole brazilian coast, down till Paraguay. The specimens utilized for the present study come from Fortaleza (Ceará, north-eastern Brazil). The C. elegans is « ilyophagus », that means, it feeds itself exclusively with those organic materials to be found in mud, specially with microscopical algae. The intestines are very extent, some of them measuring about 9 to 11 times body's length. Studies have been made about growth and age of the C. elegans; the biggest sizes found were of 153 mm. for females and 88 mm. for males. The C. elegans shows developed sexual glands during a long period (April to September). The movements of the spermatozoa, in contact with water is of 40 to 50 seconds of intense movements, ceasing after 70 to 100 seconds. In contact with 0.5% NaCl-solution spermatozoa show a big increase in movements-time, that can last till about 25 minutes. The eggs' diameter measures 0.70 to 0.73 mm., mature and hydrated it attains 0.93 to 1,00 mm. There is a certain correlation between the size of the body and the quantity of eggs. Big specimens can produce a total of 200.000 eggs. The average quantity contained in 1 gr. and 1 cc. is 6018 and 6229 eggs, respectively. Maturity and spawning in laboratory has been obtained due to injections of suspension of fish-hypophysis. Three or four hours after the injection, fishes show more movement and evident signs of excitation, proceeding spawning after 5 to 6 hours. Males, persecuting females, describe successive circles (merry-go-round) - carroussel), swimming side by side with females up to water's surface, where sexual products are start beating dry, for there is no blood yet. Circulation-scheme is to be found on fig. 4 and 5. The swim-bladder and the stomach are but delineated; the intestine is formed by a cylindric tube, all closed. At the place, where later on there will open the mouth, we find a group of ciliary hairs that produce a liquid current, very evident by the semi-circle formed by attached solid particles. After 36 hours, opening of the mouth and formation of the gill slits begin. At the age of 90 hours (4 mm.) the larvas swim well and start to feed themselves; the digestive tube is now all open and the swimbladder works already. During the first days of life, larvas have an adhesive organ situated at their frontal region (fig. 7) in form of a crescent, by means of which they hang to surrounding vegetation (fig. 6). When the larva begins to swim and to feed itself and its yolk are having been absorbed. the adhesive organ retracts and disappears. While larvas and alevins feed themselves with plancton, they have small eye-teeth, which disappear,. when fishes become « ilyophagus ». There exist too, during their life as larvas, pharyngeal-teeth. The lateral line appears in the larva after 16 to 18 days; more or less at the same time all fins are completely developed. Shortly after, first scales appear (20 to 23 days). Evolution of intestines twisting followed (fig. 9). Larvas show at different parts of their bodies small of organs excretory functions, that are constituted by bottons in serial disposition, every one with an excretory canal that opens towards the outside. These formations disappear suddenly when larvas attain their phase of alevin. The existence of a great number of said formations at the caudal fin (fig. 12) is of great interest. In our experiences of breeding we have employed several thousands of C. elegans larvas in different environs and we made conditions of surrounding change (illumination), depth of water, temperature, presence of sand at bottom of aquariums and without sand, food). In this way we could compare the results obtained, estimate the action of each factor for the realisation of a good bring-up of larvas.

Observation on the morphology of Australorbis glabratus

The present morphological study of A. glabratus was based on the observation of shell, radula, renal region and genitalia of 50 specimens having a shell diameter of 18 mm. In this summary we record the data pertaining to the chracteristics that can be used in systematics. The numerals refere to the mean and their standard deviation; no special reference being made, they correspond to length measurements. Shell: 18 mm in diameter, 5.59 ± 0.24 mm in greatest width, 5 to 6 whorls. Right side umbilicated, left one weakly depressed. Last whorl about thrice as tall as the penultimate one at the aperture, the measurements being taken on the right side. Aperture perpendicular or a little oblique. Body, extended: 47.06 ± 3.31 mm. Renal tube: Narrow and elongated, 23.84 ± 1.90 mm, showing a pigmented ridge along its ventral surface. Ovotestis: 12.78 ± 1.50 mm. Mainly trifurcate diverticula attaching in fan-like manner to the collecting canal (this arrangement is seen to best advantage in the cephalic middle of the ovotestis). The collecting canal greatly swells at the cephalic end, narrowing suddenly as it leaves the ovotestis. Ovisperm duct: 13.70 ± 1.68 mm, including the non-unwound seminal vesicle. The latter, situated about 1 mm from the beginning af the ovisperm duct, was 1.14 ± 0.29 mm in greatest diameter, and is beset by numerous short diverticula. Sperm duct: 14.16 ± 1.27 mm, pursuing a sinous course along the oviduct. Prostate: Prostate duct 5.53 ± 0.74 mm, collecting a row of long diverticula, the latter 21.6 ± 3.5 in number. Last diverticulum generally simple or bifurcate, penultimate generally arborescent, bifurcate or simple, antepenultimate nearly always arborescent, the remaining ones arborescent. The arborescent diverticula frequently give off secondary branches. Vas deferens: 17.50 ± 2.05 mm. The ratio vas deferens/vergic sac was 4.7 ± 0.6. Verge: 3.70 ± 0.54 mm long, 0.12 ± 0.03 mm wide. Free end tapering to a point where the sperm canal opens. No penial stylet. Vergic sac: 3.77 ± 0.50 mm long, 0.19 ± 0.01 mm wide. The length ratio vergic sac/preputium was 1 ± 0.02. Preputium: Deeply pigmented, 3.79 ± 0.40 mm long, 0.89 ± 0.12 mm wide in the middle. Muscular diaphragm between it and the vergic sac. Two muscular pilasters along its lateral walls. Oviduct: 10.24 ± 1.29 mm, suddenly swollen at the cephalic end so that it forms a folded pouch capping the beginning of the uterus. Uterus: 10.58 ± 1.18 mm. Vagina: 2.06 ± 0.15 mm long, 0.32 ± 0.05 mm wide, showing a swelling at its caudal portion, just above the opening of the spermathecal duct. Spermatheca: 1.57 ± 0.41 mm long, 0.92 ± 0.23 mm wide. Spermathecal duct 1.15 ± 0.23 mm. Radula: 125 to 163 rows of teeth (mean 141.4 ± 9.8). Radula formula 27-1-27 to 34-1-34 (mean 30.9 ± 1.7).

Registro e considerações sobre a inibição da colonização de ostras e cracas no estuário do Rio Jacuruna e canal de Itaparica (Bahia)

Durante estudos sobre fixação, cresciemnto e desenvolvimento de larvas de ostras e cracas em duas estações experimentais localizadas junto à Fazenda Experimental de Ostras (rio Jacuruna - BA) e canal de Itaparica - BA, respectivamente, verificou-se alta taxa de mortalidade e ausência de fixação de larvas no período compreendido entre os meses de outubro de 1977 e janeiro de 1978. Utilizando o índice de inibição calculado a partir da densidade de fixação (método de Bouget & Lacroix, 1972) os autores procuraram registrar a repentina inibição da colonização destes organismos e tecer algumas considerações sobre as possíveis causas do fenômeno. Os cirrípedes Balanus amphitrite amphitrite, Chthamalus sp. e Euraphia rhizophorae ocorrem nas duas estações, coabitando com a ostra Crassostrea rhizophorae, embora aqueles sejam mais abundantes na Estação localizada no canal de Itaparica (Est. II) comparando-se os mesmos períodos de outubro/dezembro de 1978. As ostras mostraram-se mais sensíveis ao fator inibidor do que as cracas e estas sofreram um abalo maior na Est. II embora em ambas as Estações tenham se recuperado a partir de janeiro de 1978, fato que não ocorreu com as ostras em igual período. A literatura mostra que vários são os fatores que influenciam a fixação das larvas dos cirrípedes e outros animais sésseis, tais como: natureza do substrato, variação da velocidade das correntes de maré, maior ou menos tempo de emersão, variação da salinidade e outros. Porém o mais importante parece ser a natureza do substrato. Como no mesmo período e na mesma região foi observada uma alta taxa de mortalidade de ostras (Nascimento, 1978) bem como de outros moluscos comestíveis e peixes, foram afastadas as possibilidades da influência de fatores bióticos como predação e competição. Os fatores abióticos como salinidade, oxigênio disssolvido e pH mantiveram-se em níveis normais (Peixinho, 1978), de maneira que os autores preferem sugerir, em acordo com Nascimento, (1979)...

Efecto del aturdimiento sobre la calidad de la canal y de la carne en corderos

Se estudió el efecto del sistema de aturdimiento eléctrico y de la exposición al dióxido de carbono (CO2) sobre la calidad de la canal y de la carne en 32 corderos de raza Ripollesa. La cantidad de sangre perdida tras el desangrado fue significativamente mayor en los corderos aturdidos eléctricamente que en los aturdidos con CO2. Las medidas de calidad de la carne realizadas a las 24 h post mortem (pH, color, conductividad eléctrica y capacidad de retención de agua) no mostraron diferencias significativas entre ambos sistemas de aturdimiento. Sin embargo, el porcentaje de corderos que presentaron hemorragias en la canal, corazón y vesícula biliar fue significativamente superior en el grupo de animales aturdido eléctricamente que en los aturdidos con CO2. De este trabajo se concluye que el sistema de aturdimiento no tiene efecto sobre la calidad de la carne en corderos. No obstante, el aturdimiento con CO2 mejora la calidad de la canal en corderos.

Studies on Trypanosoma rangeli Tejera, 1920: V - Developmental pattern in the alimentary canal of Rhodnius prolixus

The morphological sequence of Trypanosoma rangeli development in the alimentary canal of Rhodnius prolixus, is described, with observation made in dissected guts from 6 hours to 45 days post-infection. No metacyclic-forms are produced in the digestive tract at any time, and transmission by the contaminative route must be considered atypical. Amastigotes appear to be an essential stage in the development of T. rangeli in the gut of R. prolixus. The epidemiological importance of the developmental pattern of T. rangeli in the vector´s gut is discussed, and its usefulness for aging infection is considered.

L' esport a la Televisió de Catalunya: la creació d'un canal esportiu-cultural: Canal 33

Aquest treball es va presentar a l’Assignatura de Campus “Esport, Olimpisme i Societat” del curs 1995/96 i tracta de l'evolució de la programació esportiva a la Televisió de Catalunya des de la seva creació, així com dels orígens i història del Canal 33.

Intraobserver and interobserver variability of ascending aorta diameter measurements as assessed by ECG-gated MDCT : automatic versus manual measurements : P15

Purpose: Revolutionary endovascular treatments are on the verge of being available for management of ascending aortic diseases. Morphometric measurements of the ascending aorta have already been done with ECG-gated MDCT to help such therapeutic development. However the reliability of these measurements remains unknown. The objective of this work was to compare the intraobserver and interobserver variability of CAD (computer aided diagnosis) versus manual measurements in the ascending aorta. Methods and materials: Twenty-six consecutive patients referred for ECG-gated CT thoracic angiography (64-row CT scanner) were evaluated. Measurements of the maximum and minimum ascending aorta diameters at mid-distance between the brachiocephalic artery and the aortic valve were obtained automatically with a commercially available CAD and manually by two observers separately. Both observers repeated the measurements during a different session at least one month after the first measurements. Intraclass coefficients as well the Bland and Altman method were used for comparison between measurements. Two-paired t-test was used to determine the significance of intraobserver and interobserver differences (alpha = 0.05). Results: There is a significant difference between CAD and manual measurements in the maximum diameter (p = 0.004) for the first observer, whereas the difference was significant for minimum diameter between the second observer and the CAD (p <0.001). Interobserver variability showed a weak agreement when measurements were done manually. Intraobserver variability was lower with the CAD compared to the manual measurements (limits of variability: from -0.7 to 0.9 mm for the former and from -1.2 to 1.3 mm for the latter). Conclusion: In order to improve reproductibility of measurements whenever needed, pre- and post-therapeutic management of the ascending aorta may benefit from follow-up done by a unique observer with the help of CAD.

El canal Segarra-Garrigues y la (de)construcción de los problemas del agua: un estudio centrado en el papel del experto, los procesos decisionales y la generación participativa del conocimiento

Este trabajo de investigación se centra en la problemática hídrica y, concretamente, en el enfoque con el que, actualmente, se describen y se tratan estos problemas. Así, se analiza el modelo estructuralista hidráulico como una de estas fuentes de interpretación y proposición. Pero, también, se estudia cómo ha contribuido la labor científica que realizan en este contexto los expertos sobrre aguas -principalmente, ingenieros y técnicos- a establecer el "framing" predominante. Con la preocupación de estar tratando con un recurso vital que ante una distribución y gestión hídricas deficientes o inapropiadas genera problemas prácticos de urgente resolución, se empieza a cuestionar, como hacen las nuevas concepciones como la gestión integrada de cuencas hidrográficas o la Nueva Cultura del Agua, el modo actual de enmarcar el problema. En este sentido, se adopta como objetivo tratar de reverter la dinámica de crecimiento de la demanda y encontrar fórmulas no centralizadas de gestión, que no requieran un conocimiento completo del sistema hidrológico y de gestión, que no detenten visiones fragmentadas de la situación hídrica y que no mantengan un "framing" estático y determinista. Y, para ello, se toma como inicio, lo que sucede en los conflictos en torno al agua. Así, se considera la tensión que existe entre "nuevos" y "viejos" paradigmas no sólo una discusión académico-teórica, sino, también una cuestión de gobernabilidad hídrica. De este modo, se presenta como una oportunidad para el cambio tanto la situación compleja e incierta que caracteriza y envuelve la gestión del agua como la diversidad de "miradas" al problema (y de soluciones) que existen en la contingencia social. Además, se contemplan, como sugerencias de innovación conceptual y procedural, los mecanismos de interacción, comunicación y presión que surgen en estos contextos. Se aborda el caso del canal de riego del Segarra-Garrigues en Lleida, precisamente, para indagar en todos estos aspectos, como un ejemplo de este encuentro entre nuevas realidades y anacrónicas incercias y de la inquietud de algunos actores por redefinir el "framing" hegemónico. Para ello, se da especial importancia a los procesos de toma de decisiones y de generación del conocimiento, prestando atención a cómo condicionan, en los problemas y en la búsqueda de soluciones, la filosofía e ideología científica y política empleadas en el marco del agua. De este análisis se desprenden algunas opciones para experimental en etapas venideras de la investigación. En este documento, entonces, se discute sobre qué otros modes de investigar-decidir-actuar podrían darse, pero también, se describe qué se ha hecho, hasta el momento, al respecto. En este sentido, aparecen cuestiones como la redeficinión del rol del experto-investigador, la práctica participativa en la generación del conocimiento, la sinergia entre las motivaciones científico-teóricas con las preocupaciones locales y la integración entre el estudio y los procesos de (auto)organizativos que se dan en el conflicto. Y, en definitiva, se hacen patentes muchos de los retos que enfrentan hoy en día la gestión y placificación hidrológicas.

Mendacastrum n. gen. and Domuzdagia n. gen., two Jurassic spherical Spumellaria (Radiolaria) with hagiastrid medullary shell

Two new spumellarian radiolarian genera, Mendacastrum and Domuzdagia, are described from the lower Tithonian and lower Pliensbachian respectively. Both have a spherical cortical shell of actinommid type and a spherical or subspherical double medullary shell with the inner medullary shell of hagiastrid s.l. type. The inner medullary shell of Mendacastrum is of dactyliosphaerid or higumastrid s. sit. type, whereas that of Domuzdagia is of angulobracchiid type. Since they cannot be assigned to any described Mesozoic pyloniacean families, they are considered as type genera of two new families: Mendacastridae and Domuzdagiidae respectively.

Utilización de fibroscopio con canal de biopsia bajo anestesia tópica para biopsias de lesiones laríngeas oncológicas

Treball prospectiu experimental de pacients a estudi per possible lesió tumoral en l’àrea de cap i coll. Realitzarem biòpsies de les lesions mitjançant una tècnica que anomenem Fibro-Laringo Biòpsia (FLB) sota anestesia tòpica i sedació, consistent en biopsiar-les mitjançant un fibroscopi amb canal de treball que permet visualitzar tota la regió naso-faringo-laríngia. Ho compararem amb un grup de pacients ja biopsiats durant l’any 2010 amb la tècnica de Micro-laringo biòpsia (MLB) sota anestesia general. Volem valorar si la FLB és una tècnica tan útil pel diagnòstic i /o estadiatge de tumors com ho és, actualment en el nostre servei, la MLB.

Intraobserver and interobserver variability of ascending aorta diameter as assessed with ECG-gated MDCT: automatic versus manual measurements

Purpose: Recently morphometric measurements of the ascending aorta have been done with ECG-gated MDCT to help the development of future endovascular therapies (TCT) [1]. However, the variability of these measurements remains unknown. It will be interesting to know the impact of CAD (computer aided diagnosis) with automated segmentation of the vessel and automatic measurements of diameter on the management of ascending aorta aneurysms. Methods and Materials: Thirty patients referred for ECG-gated CT thoracic angiography (64-row CT scanner) were evaluated. Measurements of the maximum and minimum ascending aorta diameters were obtained automatically with a commercially available CAD and semi-manually by two observers separately. The CAD algorithms segment the iv-enhanced lumen of the ascending aorta into perpendicular planes along the centreline. The CAD then determines the largest and the smallest diameters. Both observers repeated the automatic measurements and the semimanual measurements during a different session at least one month after the first measurements. The Bland and Altman method was used to study the inter/intraobserver variability. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was also used to analyse differences between observers. Results: Interobserver variability for semi-manual measurements between the first and second observers was between 1.2 to 1.0 mm for maximal and minimal diameter, respectively. Intraobserver variability of each observer ranged from 0.8 to 1.2 mm, the lowest variability being produced by the more experienced observer. CAD variability could be as low as 0.3 mm, showing that it can perform better than human observers. However, when used in nonoptimal conditions (streak artefacts from contrast in the superior vena cava or weak lumen enhancement), CAD has a variability that can be as high as 0.9 mm, reaching variability of semi-manual measurements. Furthermore, there were significant differences between both observers for maximal and minimal diameter measurements (p<0.001). There was also a significant difference between the first observer and CAD for maximal diameter measurements with the former underestimating the diameter compared to the latter (p<0.001). As for minimal diameters, they were higher when measured by the second observer than when measured by CAD (p<0.001). Neither the difference of mean minimal diameter between the first observer and CAD nor the difference of mean maximal diameter between the second observer and CAD was significant (p=0.20 and 0.06, respectively). Conclusion: CAD algorithms can lessen the variability of diameter measurements in the follow-up of ascending aorta aneurysms. Nevertheless, in non-optimal conditions, it may be necessary to correct manually the measurements. Improvements of the algorithms will help to avoid such a situation.