Emulsifier in broiler diets containing different fat sources

This present study aimed at evaluating the effect of the addition of an emulsifier to diets containing soybean oil, poultry fat or their blend, on the performance, carcass traits, serum lipid levels, pancreatic lipase concentration and nutrient digestibility of broilers. A randomized block design was applied using a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement, with three fat sources (soybean oil, poultry fat, and a blend of 50% soybean oil and 50% poultry fat) and the addition or not of an emulsifier. In experiment I, broiler performance, carcass traits, serum cholesterol, HDL, and triglyceride levels, and pancreatic lipase activity in 42-day-old broilers were evaluated. In experiment II, dry matter (DM), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF) coefficients of digestibility were analyzed. Broilers fed the diet containing soybean oil and emulsifier presented higher body weight, weight gain and better feed conversion ratio. When birds were fed poultry fat and the fat blend (soybean oil and poultry fat) and the emulsifier was added to the diets, pancreatic lipase concentration increased. It was concluded that the use of soybean oil, poultry fat and their blend does no in the diet does not influence the performance, carcass traits, or serum cholesterol, HDL and triglyceride levels of 42-day-old broilers. The addition of emulsifiers to diets containing poultry fat improves ether extract digestibility and increases the production and secretion of pancreatic lipase.

Femur Mineral Density of Broilers with Femoral Degeneration Fed High Nutritional Density Diets

A study was carried out in the experimental facilities of FMVZ/UNESP-Botucatu, with the aim of following-up the development and the incidence of femoral degeneration (FD). A total of 305 one-day-old male broilers were housed in six pens of 5m(2) each. A completely randomized experimental design, with 3 treatments (T1-traditional nutritional density diet; T2-high nutritional density diet) of 3 replicates each was applied. Femoral head of the broilers were submitted to gross examination at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of aged. At 42 days of age, 60 birds (30 per treatment) were submitted to the Veterinary Hospital of FMVZ to determine bone mineral density by radiography. Birds were then sacrificed for gross examination of the legs, and FD scoring. Five legs per treatment within each FD score were submitted to computed tomography for femur head integrity and bone mineral density. Treatments did not influence FD incidence, and the first gross FD lesions appeared when birds were 28 days old. It was concluded that radiographic optical densitometry and computed tomography are efficient methods to evaluate femoral degeneration, and both techniques expressed the same profile. In addition, using radiographic optical densitometry and computed tomography, these results also allowed us to establish bone mineral density value ranges within each gross FD score. These finding may provide an excellent non-invasive tool to describe femoral degeneration.

Traceability of animal by product meals in broilers fed sugarcane yeast using stable isotopes

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Necrophagy by the social wasp Agelaia pallipes (Hymenoptera : Vespidae, Epiponini): Possible forensic implications

The occurrence of 62 specimens of Agelaia pallipes caught in carrion traps using three types of baits (fish, cow liver and poultry viscera) in three different types of environments (rural, urban and forest area) in seven municipalities in Southeastern Brazil is reported here. This specific necrophagic behavior is discussed, since investigations concerning carrion wasps are scant in literature.

Aproveitamento de alimentos de origem animal pela tartaruga-da-amazônia: Podocnemis expansa criada em cativeiro

Foi realizado um trabalho para determinar o aproveitamento alimentar da farinha de carne e ossos (FCO), farinha de vísceras de aves (FVA) e farinha de peixe (FP) em tartaruga-da-amazônia, por meio dos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE) e energia bruta (EB). Os animais experimentais foram 136 filhotes provenientes do Projeto Quelônios da Amazônia, no estado do Mato Grosso, mantidos em caixas com renovação de água e temperatura média de 29ºC. Os CDA foram determinados com dietas contendo 0,1% do marcador óxido de crômio III (Cr2O3). Os CDA da MS, PB, EE e EB foram, respectivamente, de 79,10; 87,61; 93,83 e 79,61% para FCO; 92,45; 94,89; 96,55 e 92,71% para FV e 93,53; 95,13; 94,05 e 93,18% para FP. Os melhores coeficientes foram obtidos com a farinha de peixe e a farinha de vísceras de aves.

Biodigestão anaeróbia dos resíduos da produção avícola: cama de frangos e carcaças

O propósito deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de biogás, bem como os potenciais de produção e a qualidade do biofertilizante obtido com a biodigestão anaeróbia dos resíduos cama de frangos e carcaças de aves pré-compostados. Para tanto, foram pré-compostados cama de frango e carcaças de aves mortas em uma composteira durante um período de 60 dias, período necessário para que ocorresse decomposição prévia das carcaças e assim fosse possível manipular o material para abastecer os biodigestores. Após este período, o material foi utilizado para abastecer os biodigestores batelada de campo com capacidade de 60 litros de material em fermentação. Para o processo de biodigestão anaeróbia, foram efetuadas análises dos teores de sólidos totais (ST), sólidos voláteis (SV), composição química do efluente, potenciais de produção, além do número mais provável (NMP) de coliformes totais e termotolerantes no afluente e efluente. Os potenciais médios de produção de biogás foram: 0,073; 0,152 e 0,141m³.kg-1 de material, SV e ST adicionados, respectivamente. Foram observadas reduções acima de 99% no NMP de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, sendo observado NMP de 3,7 x 10(5) g-1 no início e 7,45 x 10² g-1 no final.

Substratos para produção de mudas de mamoneira compostos por misturas de cinco fontes de matéria orgânica

O plantio de mamona (Ricinus communis L.) através de mudas pode ser uma alternativa para um melhor aproveitamento da curta estação chuvosa do semi-árido brasileiro, porém ainda não se dispõe de informações básicas para o emprego desta técnica. Na formulação de substratos para produção de mudas de mamona, as características físicas, principalmente a aeração, são fatores de grande importância. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a composição de substratos utilizando misturas de solo, esterco bovino, casca de amendoim, mucilagem de sisal, bagaço de cana e cama de frango. Utilizou-se delineamento em blocos casualizados com 12 tratamentos e quatro repetições. Sementes da cultivar BRS Nordestina foram semeadas em sacos plásticos de 17 x 28cm, contendo misturas dos materiais a serem testados. Valores de altura, área foliar, número de folhas e diâmetro caulinar foram registrados semanalmente entre 15 e 43 dias após a emergência. Na última coleta também se registraram a massa seca da parte aérea e das raízes. O substrato composto por solo + casca de amendoim + cama de frango + mucilagem de sisal propiciou o melhor crescimento das mudas. A cama de frango contribuiu para o enriquecimento químico do substrato, enquanto a casca de amendoim e a mucilagem de sisal contribuíram para adequar as características físicas de aeração e retenção de água.

Avaliação de dietas com diferentes fontes protéicas para cães adultos

Foram comparados os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) de quatro alimentos secos extrusados para cães, cada um formulado com um dos ingredientes protéicos em estudo: farelo de soja (FS); farelo de glúten de milho (GM); farinha de carne e ossos (FCO); e farinha de vísceras de frango (FV). O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (ingredientes protéicos) e seis repetições, totalizando 24 animais. As médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas pelo teste Tukey. O CDA da PB (média ± erro-padrão da média) foi maior na ração à base de GM (88,13±0,40%), seguida pelas dietas com FS (86,31±0,34%), FCO (85,88±0,16%) e FV (84,84±0,15%). O CDA da MS foi maior para a ração com FV (83,69±0,09%), intermediário para GM (82,41±0,23%) e FCO (82,76±0,11%) e menor para FS (81,10±0,16%). As rações à base de proteína animal apresentaram os maiores CDA dos extrativos não-nitrogenados. O teor de MS das fezes dos cães foi elevado na ração com FCO, intermediário naquela com FV e GM e baixo naquela à base de FS. As quatro fontes protéicas estudadas apresentaram bons CDA e, portanto, podem ser utilizadas em rações para cães adultos.

Avanços metodológicos na avaliação de alimentos e de exigências nutricionais para aves e suínos

A produção industrial de aves e suínos mostrou enormes avanços nos últimos anos, principalmente devido ao aumento dos conhecimentos na área de genética e de nutrição. Na área de avaliação dos alimentos e das exigências nutricionais de animais monogástricos, as melhoras se dão a passos largos, devido á seriedade com que os profissionais encaram a responsabilidade de fazer pesquisa de qualidade dentro e fora do país. Neste trabalho serão abordadas as metodologias que permitem melhorar a utilização dos alimentos de maneira mais eficiente e econômica. Serão citados alguns cuidados e procedimentos essenciais para executar adequadamente experimentos de desempenho com aves e suínos. Na atualidade, para a realização de experimentos com monogástricos, é necessário: definir claramente os objetivos, utilizar animais com peso inicial uniforme, usar número adequado de repetições e de animais por unidade experimental. Testes de médias devem ser usados para as variáveis qualitativas e quando a variável independente for quantitativa aplicar análise de regressão. O nível de significância utilizado (5, 7, 10%) pode variar conforme a importância econômica da característica estudada. A adequada condução dos ensaios, sejam de crescimento ou de digestibilidade, é fundamental para que as ferramentas apresentadas possam ter efetividade, resultando na melhora da produtividade e na redução dos custos e da excreção de nutrientes.

Determination of the betaine content of feed ingredients using high-performance liquid chromatography

A series of studies was conducted to establish a methodology for the accurate and efficient determination of betaine in different feed ingredients. The final methodology involves an extraction step in which the feed sample is heated for 3h in a methanolic KOH solution using a Goldfisch apparatus. Impurities are removed by the addition of activated charcoal and concentrated (36%) HCl. After centrifugation the extractant is passed through a strong cation exchange resin (Dowex 50W-X12, H+). The betaine retained in the column is eluted with 1.5 N HCl. A 2 nil aliquot of the elute is air dried and reconstituted with 1 ml of deionised water. HPLC separation with a cation exchange column (Partisil SCX-10) is used for the separation of betaine from other compounds. The mobile phase is kept constant at 50mm KH2PO4 in water, and eluted compounds are detected by UV absorbance (200nm). The flow rate is maintained at 1.5ml min(-1). This assay is very accurate over the range of betaine concentrations from 15 to 650 mug ml(-1), with a lower detection limit in feeds of approximately 500 mug g(-1) when 4g of sample is extracted. Recovery assays done with standard betaine hydrochloride and hard red wheat resulted in a consistent recovery of 80%. Betaine content was quantified in several feed ingredients, including alfalfa (1.77 mg kg(-1)), wheat (3.96 mg kg(-1)), wheat middlings (4.98 mg kg(-1)) and poultry meal (0.77 mg kg(-1)). Betaine in corn and soybean meal was not detectable by this method, even when 16g of sample was used (<125 mg kg(-1)). Betaine present in several feed ingredients should influence choline supplementation to animal feeds and may have implications for human health. (C) 2002 Society of Chemical Industry.

The selective neurotoxin DSP-4 impairs the noradrenergic projections from the locus coeruleus to the inferior colliculus in rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efeitos da restrição alimentar no desempenho de bovinos jovens confinados

The objective of the study was to evaluate compensatory weight gain in the performance of young bulls submitted to feed restriction, in the initial phase of confinement and to study the economic viability of the utilization of three protein sources. Sixty six crossbred bulls Simental-Nelore, eight months old and averaging 220 kg of weight were submitted to three feeding programs in the growth phase that lasted 84 days. The feeding programs were ad libitum, restriction + raw soybean grains and restriction + toasted soybean grains, with a restriction level of 25% on average. In the finishing phase, with a 61 day duration, animals fed with each of the three diets mentioned above received two types of supplementary diets: raw soybean grains and poultry litter. There were no differences between final weights of animals in finishing phase, but the bulls submitted to the restriction had more weight gain per day and better food conversion than ad libitum animals, for both raw soybean grains and poultry litter. The conclusion was that the feeding restriction and consequent compensatory weight gain, presented advantages for feeding efficiency, by decreasing maintenance requirements, although final cost had been equivalent to ad libitum animals.

Intestinal colonization of a human subject by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium

Objective: To study the ability of two strains of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium to colonize the human intestine. Methods: A single human subject ingested separately two strains of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium isolated from a pig and a chicken. The feces were cultured on selective medium. Prior to ingestion no vancomycin-resistant cocci were present in the feces. Ingestion of 10 4-10 5 CFU resulted in either no colonization or isolation only after enrichment. Ingestion of 10 7 CFU of one strain resulted in colonization for a period of nearly 3 weeks, with fecal counts at times in excess of 10 6 CFU/g. Ingestion of similar numbers of the other strain and reingestion of the first strain resulted in excretion in the feces for much shorter periods. When the fecal count of the ingested strains was greater than 10 4-10 5 CFU/g, the strains were isolated from swabs taken from perianal skin. Conclusions: Vancomycin-resistant E. faecium strains from pigs and poultry a re able to colonize the human gut and the perianal skin.

Espectro de agentes etiológicos associados a surtos de doenças transmitidas por alimentos em núcleos receptores turísticos de três regiões geográficas do Estado de São Paulo

Foodborne and waterborne diseases are spread by the consumption of food or water contaminated with bacteria and/or their toxins, viruses, parasites or chemicals. The aim of the research reported here was to establish the spectrum of etiologic agents of foodborne outbreaks at 15 tourist resorts in three geographic regions of the State of Sao Paulo (Brazil). The study was based on the cases reported to the Epidemic Surveillance Center (CVE) of the Public Health Authority of the State of São Paulo (SES), from 2002 to 2005. The tourist centers were chosen at random in three regions of the state (Capital, Interior and Coast) and offered the following attractions: events, agribusiness, cultural history, shopping, town center, gastronomy, health and leisure, sun and sea. Among the bacteria, the results showed that Salmonella spp. were most frequently associated with outbreaks, followed by Shigella spp., enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus cereus and Campylobacter spp. Viruses (Rotavirus and Hepatitis A) played a part in many of the cases, while the frequency of parasites and worm infestations was low in the foodborne disease outbreaks at these resorts. The mixed foods (rice, beans, liver, potatoes, barbecue, juice), fish and poultry were the three commonest vehicles implicated in the outbreaks.

Estudo de densiometria óssea de cães SRD com propriedades físicas e químicas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)