The involvement/exclusion paradox of spontaneous volunteering:new lessons from winter flood episodes in England

This article focuses on the involvement and management of spontaneous volunteers (SVs). It develops a new theory���which we call the ���involvement/exclusion��� paradox���about a situation which is frequently manifested when SVs converge in times of disaster. After reviewing research and policy guidance relating to spontaneous volunteering, we present findings from a study of responses to winter flood episodes in England. Taking together the empirical findings and the literature, the article analyzes elements inherent in the involvement/exclusion paradox and develops a conceptual model to illustrate and explain the paradox. Implications for managers and future research are discussed.

El��t��rben a h��tt��r - Az ��nk��ntess��g Magyarorsz��gon (The background in the foreground ��� Volunteering in Hungary)

Az ��nk��ntess��g t��m��ja tal��n sosem lehetett olyan aktu��lis, mint 2011-ben, az ��nk��ntess��g Eur��pai ��v��ben. Az e t��ma k��r�� szervez��d��tt rendezv��nyek tal��n n��pszer��bb�� tehett��k az ��nk��ntess��get Magyarorsz��gon is. Az embereket legjobban a sport szeretete ��szt��nzi ��nk��ntess��gre, pl. egy nagy sportrendezv��ny megrendez��sekor a szervez��k nagyban t��maszkodnak az ��nk��ntes munkaer��re. Azonban fontos lenne, hogy m��s ter��leteken is felismerj��k az emberek az effajta munkav��gz��s el��nyeit. ______ The issue of volunteering may never be so actual, as in 2011, the European Year of Volunteering. The events which are organized around this theme might make volunteering more popular in Hungary. People are mostly encouraged by sport love for volunteering for example when arranging a great sport event the organizers can rely largely on the volunteers. However it would be important that people recognize the benefits of this kind of work in other fields as well.

La incidencia de los valores culturales en el voluntariado: el caso de Europa

La realidad del voluntariado es sumamente compleja hasta el punto de que resulta complicado definir y caracterizar el trabajo voluntario, dada la gran variedad de interpretaciones, motivaciones, variables sociodemogr��ficas y aspectos culturales que configuran el perfil de los voluntarios. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la influencia conjunta de algunas variables sociodemogr��ficas, as�� como de los valores culturales de ��ndole secular o tradicional, sobre el perfil de los voluntarios en Europa. Adem��s, se investiga qu�� variables orientan a los voluntarios hacia un determinado tipo de voluntariado u otro. Para ello se ha aplicado principalmente una metodolog��a de regresi��n log��stica a partir de la informaci��n disponible en la European Value Study. Los resultados obtenidos ayudan a establecer una caracterizaci��n del voluntariado en Europa, y confirman la influencia de los valores culturales, en primer lugar, en la realizaci��n o no de trabajos de voluntariado, y en segundo lugar, en la elecci��n que hacen estas personas del tipo de actividad con la que est��n comprometidos. Al analizar dos tipos de voluntariado de motivaci��n supuestamente muy diferente, se concluye que existe un grupo de valores que influyen en ambos, aunque el sentido y la intensidad en la que lo hacen sea diferente; por otra parte, algunos valores tienen influencia o no en la realizaci��n de trabajos de voluntariado, dependiendo del tipo espec��fico al que nos refiramos.

Voluntariado: um contributo para o desenvolvimento pessoal e comunit��rio. Um estudo de caso

A necessidade de promover iniciativas que enfrentem os problemas sociais e que contribuam para o desenvolvimento individual e social do individuo, assim como para com a comunidade, torna-se premente. Sendo Portugal um dos pa��ses da Europa, em que o voluntariado apresenta uma taxa menor, �� urgente a procura de iniciativas de projetos, tendo como objetivo apelar ao bom desenvolvimento da sociedade. Deste modo, o voluntariado �� uma das atividades capazes de promover um desenvolvimento positivo no individuo, uma vez que h�� a possibilidade de experienciar tarefas de apoio �� comunidade, proporcionando, deste modo, tanto benef��cios individuais, como retribui����es sociais impalp��veis de associa����o de grupo. Este estudo foi desenvolvido tendo como objetivo, refletir sobre o voluntariado, na medida em que este possa contribuir para o desenvolvimento pessoal e social de quem o pratica e, consequentemente, para o desenvolvimento comunit��rio. A Associa����o Inpulsar contribuiu atrav��s da disponibilidade dos seus volunt��rios e t��cnicas. Foram entrevistados seis volunt��rios e uma t��cnica, para aprofundar toda esta tem��tica. Foi analisado, o trabalho desenvolvido pelos volunt��rios, assim como o voluntariado relacionado com o desenvolvimento pessoal e social dos volunt��rios e, por ��ltimo, interpretou-se o voluntariado tendo em conta o desenvolvimento comunit��rio. A an��lise das entrevistas aos volunt��rios, permitiu confirmar que a participa����o em atividades de voluntariado, para al��m de proporcionar uma consci��ncia cr��tica, permite-lhes abarcar compet��ncias t��cnicas e pessoais, devido ��s experi��ncias diversificadas com que se v��o deparando. Embora a baixa taxa de voluntariado, �� poss��vel verificar um aumento gradual, tendo em conta as diversificadas motiva����es estudadas. Este estudo permitiu apurar que, para uma sociedade mais equitativa e solid��ria, a exist��ncia de uma cidadania ativa funciona como um elemento chave de consolida����o e participa����o c��vica dos cidad��os na democracia.

Evaluaci��n de la calidad de un servicio de voluntariado en oncolog��a: un An��lisis Importancia-Valoraci��n (IPA)

Objective: Using an Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA), this paper examined a Radiotherapy and Oncological Patient and Non-patient perceived importance and performance of ten Humanization Volunteer Program selection factors in the General Hospital in Spain.Methods: The authors identified a list of seven items from the Health-marketing literature reviews, and each item was rated using a 5-point Likert scale. Responses were obtained of 148 usable interviews.Results: The importance-performance patient grid was corrected with literature recommendations and, in the patient sample, shows three items fall in the ���Keep up the good work��� quadrant, four items fall into the ���Low priority��� quadrant, zero items fall into the ���Possible overkill��� quadrant, and no items fall in the ���Concentrate here��� quadrant. Non-patient (n=80) factors means shows statistical differences with patient (n=68) means in catering (t=-2.38; df.=146; p<0.05), and information (t=2.16; df146; p<0,05).Conclusions: The results are useful in identifying areas for strategic focus to help Health Services managers develop humanization programs with volunteer workers and different program users. Implication to volunteer programs managers and researchers were discussed.

O Estado e o Associativismo Profissional e Sindical dos Assistentes Sociais em Portugal: trajet��ria e perspetivas atuais

Este estudo explorat��rio, de car��ter descritivo, tem como objetivos compreender a rela����o do Estado com a organiza����o profissional dos assistentes sociais nas diferentes conjunturas s��cio-hist��ricas da trajet��ria da profiss��o; conhecer o contributo do associativismo sindical e profissional para a organiza����o dos assistentes sociais em Portugal; caraterizar as diversas formas de associativismo profissional e sindical dos profissionais de Servi��o Social e compreender a import��ncia da regula����o profissional para a categoria. Na trajet��ria do Servi��o Social no nosso pa��s, identific��mos v��rias estruturas associativas desde os anos 50 do s��culo XX. Apesar dessa diversidade ao n��vel da organiza����o profissional, nos ��ltimos anos tem sido o projeto de constitui����o da ordem o que tem congregado os profissionais de Servi��o Social, embora de forma fragmentada. Em Portugal n��o existe um estatuto jur��dico de regula����o da profiss��o de assistente social, sendo do interesse dos profissionais, utentes e sociedade que o mesmo seja efetivado. A cria����o de uma ordem profissional poder�� vir a fortalecer o trabalho dos profissionais de Servi��o Social, bem como proteger e regulamentar o exerc��cio profissional e a forma����o acad��mica. Com a eros��o do Estado Social, as rela����es de trabalho tendem a ser desregulamentadas e flexibilizadas, subsistindo a precariedade e o desemprego. O enfrentamento a estas quest��es por parte do movimento associativo �� t��nue e a sua n��o articula����o fragiliza a prote����o dos profissionais, como indiciam a subsistente aus��ncia da constitui����o da ordem profissional e a extin����o do Sindicato Nacional de Profissionais de Servi��o Social, apesar do ressurgimento do associativismo sindical durante o presente ano (2013). As condi����es atuais diferem das existentes aquando do processo de obten����o da licenciatura e estrutura����o e implementa����o das carreiras profissionais de Servi��o Social que potenciaram e galvanizaram os assistentes sociais. A categoria profissional apresenta-se desmobilizada e com pouco poder reivindicativo, e as associa����es profissionais e sindicais vivem com constrangimentos financeiros, funcionando em regime de voluntariado, o que denota a insipi��ncia da sua estrutura organizativa. A atual conjuntura justificaria uma maior converg��ncia, debate e processos de resist��ncia por parte das estruturas associativas face ao agravamento de pol��ticas baseadas na austeridade, que t��m reflexos no mercado de trabalho, forma����o e organiza����o profissional. Parece justificar-se a exist��ncia de estrat��gias articuladas com maior clareza sobre o projeto para a categoria, apostando num debate que se fa��a com os seus diversos intervenientes. Desta forma, o associativismo poder�� constituir uma alavanca que confira maior dinamismo ��s suas estruturas organizacionais, maior visibilidade e presen��a p��blica da categoria, mas tamb��m uma maior solidez das suas organiza����es, que n��o sendo corporativas ou elitistas, salientem o primado da ��tica do servi��o sobre a ��tica do ganho. / This descriptive exploratory study aims to understand the relationship between the State and the professional organisation of the social workers in the different social-historical situations of the profession course; to know the contribute of the unions and professional membership drive to the organisation of the social workers in Portugal; to characterise the several ways of the social workers��� professional and union membership drive and to understand the importance of the professional regulation for the area. In the Social Service trajectory in our country, we have identified several associative structures since the 1950s. Despite this diversity concerning the professional organisation, the project of constituting the professional order has been responsible for the social workers��� congregation in the past years, although in a fragmented way. In Portugal, there is not a legal status of regulation of the social workers��� profession, and it is of the interest of the professionals, users and society that this may be brought about. The creation of a professional order may strengthen the activity of the social workers, as well as it may protect and regulate the profession exercise and the university education. With the Social State���s erosion, the work relationships tend to be deregulated and softened, persisting the job insecurity and the unemployment. The associative movement does not strongly face these issues, and its non-articulation weakens the professionals��� protection, as the permanent absence of the professional order creation and the extinction of the National Social Workers Union show, despite the reappearance of the union membership drive during the present year (2013). The current conditions are not equal to the ones existent in the process of obtaining the university degree and the structuring and implementing of professional careers in the Social Service area, which have strengthened and galvanised the social workers. The professional category is not mobilised and it has few claimable power; the professional and unions��� associations live with financial problems, functioning in a volunteering regime, which shows the insipience of its organisation structure. The current situation would justify a bigger convergence, debate and resistance processes on behalf of the associative structures regarding the worsening of policies based on austerity ��� this has consequences in the work market, training and professional organisation. It seems to be pertinent the existence of strategies articulated in a clearer way about the project for this professional area, investing in a debate among its several participants. Therefore, the professional membership drive may constitute a lever that can give more dynamism to its organisational structures, a bigger visibility and public presence of the area, but also a stronger solidity in its organisations which, being not corporative or elitist, may highlight the service���s ethics over the profit���s ethics.

Participa����o Social e Redes Sociais Pessoais de Idosos

Objetivo: O objetivo central deste estudo �� caracterizar as redes sociais pessoais de indiv��duos com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos, a n��vel estrutural, funcional e relacional-contextual, analisando-as segundo o n��vel de participa����o social dos idosos ao longo da sua vida em estruturas comunit��rias ligadas ao lazer, cultura, desporto, religi��o e voluntariado. Metodologia: Para a avalia����o das vari��veis em estudo foram utilizados o Instrumento de An��lise da Rede Social Pessoal, vers��o para idosos (IARSP ��� Idosos) (Guadalupe, 2010; Guadalupe & Vicente, 2012) para avaliar as dimens��es da rede social pessoal, um question��rio para caracterizar as vari��veis sociodemogr��ficas e a participa����o social e a Satisfaction With Life Scale ��� SWLS (Diener, 1985) que permite avaliar o grau de satisfa����o com a vida. Participantes: A amostra �� constitu��da por 567 idosos, com uma m��dia de idades de 75 anos (DP=7,6), entre os 65 anos e os 98 anos, maioritariamente do sexo feminino (63,0%), casados ou em uni��o de facto (53,7%) e com escolaridade (69,8%), sobretudo ao n��vel do quarto ano (51,3%). A maioria dos idosos inquiridos n��o vive s�� (79,4%) numa zona de resid��ncia maioritariamente inserida em aglomerado populacional em regi��o rural (57,0%) e n��o usufrui de qualquer tipo de apoio de resposta social (75,5%). Resultados: A amostra divide-se entre os que participaram comunitariamente ao longo da vida (47,8%; n = 271) e os que n��o participaram (52,2%; n = 296), sendo que entre os que participam 16,7% fazem-no com elevada frequ��ncia. Os idosos do sexo feminino, com idade igual ou inferior a 75 anos, casados, com habilita����es liter��rias e que vivem acompanhados, s��o os que t��m uma maior probabilidade de ter uma participa����o social mais ativa. Os idosos que apresentam participa����o social t��m uma rede maior, com um membro a mais em m��dia (M = 8,52 vs. 7,51, p = 0,027), e uma composi����o distinta dos que n��o participam, com menor peso das rela����es familiares (M = 72,61% vs. 80,81%, p < 0,001), maior peso e mais rela����es de amizade (M = 15,43% vs. M = 9,24%, p < 0,001) e maior presen��a de rela����es de trabalho (M = 1,11% vs. 0,13%, p = 0,006). Relativamente ��s caracter��sticas funcionais, podemos constatar que a reciprocidade de apoio �� percebida como maior (p = 0,010) entre os idosos que participam comunitariamente, n��o se verificando diferen��as noutras vari��veis funcionais e relacionais-contextuais. O n��vel de participa����o e a satisfa����o com o n��vel de participa����o correlacionam-se positivamente com a satisfa����o percebida com a vida (p < 0,001). Conclus��o: As conclus��es apontam para um efeito da participa����o social ao longo da vida em estruturas comunit��rias nas caracter��sticas estruturais das redes sociais pessoais dos idosos, n��o se verificando interfer��ncia na maioria das caracter��sticas funcionais e nas relacionais-contextuais. Verific��mos ainda que h�� uma associa����o entre a participa����o social e a satisfa����o com a vida, sendo mais satisfeitos os que participam em estruturas comunit��rias. �� poss��vel constatar que a rede daqueles que referem ter participa����o social �� tendencialmente maior e heterog��nea na composi����o, quando comparada com as redes dos sem participa����o social, assumindo, assim, relev��ncia na estrutura����o de uma rede mais diversa e ampla, devendo ser estimulada no sentido de promover uma rede com recursos potencialmente positivos e um envelhecimento mais ativo. / Objectives: The central objective of this study is to characterize the personal social networks of the elderly, aged 65 years or more, analyzing them according to the level of social participation throughout their life in community structures related to leisure, culture, sports, religion and volunteering. Methodology: For the evaluation of the variables we used the Social Network Analysis Tool (IARSP-elderly) (Guadalupe, 2010; Guadalupe Vicente, 2012) to assess the dimensions of the social network; a questionnaire to evaluate social participation; and the Satisfaction With Life Scale SWLS ��� (Diener, 1985) to acess the degree of satisfaction with life. Participants: The sample consists of 567 elderly, with an average age of 75 years old (SD = 7,595), between 65 and 98 years old, mostly female (63.0 %), married (53.7%) with education (69.8%), mainly with the 4th grade (51.3%). Most of the respondents do not live alone (79.4%) in agglomerations in rural region (57.0%) and are not users of social services (75.5%). Results: The sample is divided between those who had community participation throughout life (47.8 %; n = 271) and those who did not participated (52,2%; n = 296). Between the first, 16.7% do it with high frequency. The elderly women, aged less than 75 years old, married, with educational qualifications and living not alone, are those who have a higher likelihood of having a more active social participation. The elderly that present social participation have a larger network, with one more member (M = 8,52 vs. 7,51, p = 0,027), and a composition distinct from not participating, with less proportion of family relations (M = 72,61% vs. 80,81%, p < 0,001), greater proportion and more friendships (M = 15,43% vs. M = 9,24%, p < 0,001) and greater presence of working relations (M = 1,11% vs. 0,13%, p = 0,006). Regarding the functional dimension, the reciprocity of support is perceived as higher (p = 0.010) among seniors participating in community and there were no differences in other functional and relational-contextual variables. The level of participation and satisfaction with the level of participation correlate positively with perceived satisfaction with life (p <0.001). Conclusion: The findings point to an effect of lifelong social participation in community in structural characteristics of personal social networks of the elderly, not verifying interference in most of the functional and the contextual-relational characteristics. We have also found that there is an association between social participation and life satisfaction, being more satisfied when they participate in community structures. The social network of the elderly who reported having social participation tends to be larger and heterogeneous in composition compared with those without social participation, thus assuming importance in structuring a more diverse and extensive network, should be encouraged in order to promote a network with potentially positive resources and a more active aging.

Motiva����o no trabalho volunt��rio: expectativas e motivos na Pastoral da Crian��a

The present study has proposed a structural model to identify the reasons why individuals become voluntary, keep and exit this type of work. The empirical space was the Pastoral da Crian��a - social action agency of the National Conference of Bishops of Brazil (CNBB) - community-based institution that has its work based on solidarity and the sharing of knowledge. The theoretical framework has the context in which are volunteering studies in Brazilian and world level. Then discuss the various concepts of volunteering and presented the theoretical models of volunteer motivation. Studies of Mostyn (1983) and studies conducted by the BEPEGE-Base for Studies and Research in Management Policies and Strategies - in their line of research GERQUAL - Human Resource Management and Organizational Quality - of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte as Carvalho e Souza(2006), Souza, Medeiros e Fernandes (2006), Souza et al (2009, 2010), Cavalcante et al (2011a, 2011b, 2011c, 2011d) were the main theoretical references for the construction of the model that was tested. Data collection was done through a survey with 71 indicators, in 2 visits to cities from the Diocese of Pesqueira, Pernambuco. The first data collection occurred in the period between May 30 and June 3, 2011, in Buique/PE and the second collection happened in Pesqueira/PE, in St. Joseph Seminary, in the period between July 6-8, 2011. 720 questionnaires were collected. The sample was divided into two parts. Exploratory Factor Analysis was applied in first part and Confirmatory Factor Analysis - structural equation modeling - in the second half. The examination of the results achieved by the expectations, reasons for entry, reasons for staying and exit reasons showed that all hypotheses were accepted. So the motivation of voluntary Pastoral da Crian��a can be explained by a set of interactions between these five constructs: Altruistic, Affectionate, Amiable, Adjusted and Astute

Volunteering, social cohesion and race: the German Technical Relief Service

This paper contributes to the debate on whether volunteering influences social cohesion, and argues that issues of race equality should be considered in this discussion. Whilst the German government, like other European states, promotes volunteering as a way of improving social cohesion, discussions on social cohesion in Germany tend not to mention race explicitly, whilst studies on volunteering tend to neglect to explore race at all. When they do, race is simply considered a factor influencing engagement, rather than a structural issue. Employing the example of the German Technical Relief Service for civil defence, the paper explores race relations and representation in Germany, where discussions on race generally remain taboo, drawing on theories of structural racism and whiteness. The paper concludes that it cannot be unproblematically assumed that volunteering leads to social cohesion in an ethnically diverse society if racial inequalities are not addressed.

El Programa Nacional de Voluntariado de EsSalud

En solo dos a��os de operaci��n, el Programa Nacional de Voluntariado (PNV) de EsSalud ha logrado comprometer a alrededor de cinco mil personas con una labor estable y gratuita de apoyo a los pacientes atendidos por el Seguro Social. Aunque naturalmente el PNV sufre diversos problemas y su gesti��n presenta aspectos por corregir, es indudable que se trata de un fen��meno dif��cilmente comparable con cualquier otra iniciativa de filantrop��a en el pa��s. El presente documento ha sido organizado en seis secciones. En la primera de ellas se rese��a los datos fundacionales del PNV, as�� como sus antecedentes. La segunda secci��n aborda la organizaci��n del mismo y las labores asumidas por sus miembros. En la tercera secci��n se discute la problem��tica del programa. El perfil de los voluntarios, sobre la base de la encuesta realizada, es descrito y analizado en la cuarta secci��n. La quinta secci��n incluye algunas consideraciones en torno de la motivaci��n de los voluntarios del programa. Finalmente, en la sexta secci��n, se presentan las conclusiones del trabajo.

Volunteering for the Commonwealth Games: what can realist synthesis contribute to health policy making?

The aim of this thesis was to investigate, using the real-time test case of the 2014 Commonwealth Games, whether the realist synthesis methodology could contribute to the making of health policy in a meaningful way. This was done by looking at two distinct research questions: first, whether realist synthesis could contribute new insights to the health policymaking process, and second, whether the 2014 Commonwealth Games volunteer programme was likely to have any significant, measurable, impact on health inequalities experienced by large sections of the host population. The 2014 Commonwealth Games legacy laid out ambitious plans for the event, in which it was anticipated that it would provide explicit opportunities to impact positively on health inequalities. By using realist synthesis to unpick the theories underpinning the volunteer programme, the review identifies the population subgroups for whom the programme was likely to be successful, how this could be achieved and in what contexts. In answer to the first research question, the review found that while realist methods were able to provide a more nuanced exposition of the impacts of the Games volunteer programme on health inequalities than previous traditional reviews had been able to provide, there were several drawbacks to using the method. It was found to be resource-intensive and complex, encouraging the exploration of a much wider set of literatures at the expense of an in-depth grasp of the complexities of those literatures. In answer to the second research question, the review found that the Games were, if anything, likely to exacerbate health inequalities because the programme was designed in such a way that individuals recruited to it were most likely to be those in least need of the additional mental and physical health benefits that Games volunteering was designed to provide. The following thesis details the approach taken to investigate both the realist approach to evidence synthesis and the likelihood that the 2014 Games volunteer programme would yield the expected results.

Participaci��n comunitaria, a trav��s del voluntariado de salud en la comunidad de Cachipamba-1996

El objetivo del estudio fue la implementaci��n de la participaci��n comunitaria, a trav��s del voluntariado de salud, para que contribuya al mejoramiento de las condiciones de salud, de la comunidad de Cachipamba, a partir del a��o de 1996, que tiene una poblaci��n de 1258 habitantes. El estudio se realiza con la metodolog��a participativa, como tambi��n el proceso educativo, a trav��s de un microproyecto de intervenci��n, las variables son la participaci��n comunitaria y el cambio de conceptos, actitudes y pr��cticas de salud, el an��lisis de los datos se inicia desde los primeros momentos de la investigaci��n y contin��a hasta el final. Se logra la participaci��n de la comunidad en salud, el cambio de conceptos actitudes y pr��cticas en salud, como tambi��n la demanda de actividades preventivas y educativas. La participaci��n de la comunidad se consigue con la integraci��n del equipo de salud a la comunidad, el cambio de conceptos, actitudes y pr��cticas de salud con la metodolog��a participativa.

Voluntariado: Miss��o e D��diva

O Estudo de Investiga����o ���VOLUNTARIADO, miss��o e d��diva��� foi desenvolvido pela Funda����o F�� e COOPERA����O ��� FEC ��� durante o Ano Europeu do Voluntariado (AEV 2011) em parceria com a Escola Superior de Educa����o Paula Frassinetti, com o objetivo de conhecer melhor o voluntariado mission��rio em Portugal e os seus agentes ��� OS VOLUNT��RIOS.