944 resultados para Variable pricing model


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As empresas de capital aberto, listadas em bolsa de valores, são naturalmente aquelas que vieram apresentando retornos superiores perante às demais empresas do seu setor. Assim, será que o viés de seleção desses ativos in uencia sigini cativamente no resultado do Equity Premium Puzzle, primordialmente lançado por Mehra and Prescott (1985)? É essa pergunta que este trabalho investiga e conclui que, sim, de fato pode haver uma in uência desse viés em explicar o Puzzle . Para isso, iremos gerar uma economia cujos ativos, por hipótese, sejam preci cados de acordo com o fator estocástico de desconto (SDF) baseado em consumo, ou seja, os modelos conhecidos como CCAPM (Consumption Capital Asset Pricing Model). Assim, essa economia será gerada via simulação de Monte Carlo, de forma que iremos construir um índice benchmark dessa economia, nos quais participariam apenas os ativos que foram historicamente mais rentáveis. Adota-se tal metodologia em paralelo à forma como os reais benchmarks são construidos (S&P 500, Nasdaq, Ibovespa), em que neles participam, basicamente, as empresas de capital aberta mais negociadas em Bolsa de Valores, que são, comumente, as empresas historicamente mais rentáveis da economia. Em sequência, iremos realizar a estimação via GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) de um dos parâmetros de interesse de uma economia CCAPM: o coe ciente de aversão relativa ao risco (CRRA). Finalmente, os resultados obtidos são comparados e analisados quanto ao viés de estimação.

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Peer-to-peer markets are highly uncertain environments due to the constant presence of shocks. As a consequence, sellers have to constantly adjust to these shocks. Dynamic Pricing is hard, especially for non-professional sellers. We study it in an accommodation rental marketplace, Airbnb. With scraped data from its website, we: 1) describe pricing patterns consistent with learning; 2) estimate a demand model and use it to simulate a dynamic pricing model. We simulate it under three scenarios: a) with learning; b) without learning; c) with full information. We have found that information is an important feature concerning rental markets. Furthermore, we have found that learning is important for hosts to improve their profits.

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In this thesis, it is developed the robustness and stability analysis of a variable structure model reference adaptive controller considering the presence of disturbances and unmodeled dynamics. The controller is applied to uncertain, monovariable, linear time-invariant plants with relative degree one, and its development is based on the indirect adaptive control. In the direct approach, well known in the literature, the switching laws are designed for the controller parameters. In the indirect one, they are designed for the plant parameters and, thus, the selection of the relays upper bounds becomes more intuitive, whereas they are related to physical parameters, which present uncertainties that can be known easier, such as resistances, capacitances, inertia moments and friction coefficients. Two versions for the controller algorithm with the stability analysis are presented. The global asymptotic stability with respect to a compact set is guaranteed for both cases. Simulation results under adverse operation conditions in order to verify the theoretical results and to show the performance and robustness of the proposed controller are showed. Moreover, for practical purposes, some simplifications on the original algorithm are developed

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The so-called Dual Mode Adaptive Robust Control (DMARC) is proposed. The DMARC is a control strategy which interpolates the Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) and the Variable Structure Model Reference Adaptive Control (VS-MRAC). The main idea is to incorporate the transient performance advantages of the VS-MRAC controller with the smoothness control signal in steady-state of the MRAC controller. Two basic algorithms are developed for the DMARC controller. In the first algorithm the controller's adjustment is made, in real time, through the variation of a parameter in the adaptation law. In the second algorithm the control law is generated, using fuzzy logic with Takagi-Sugeno s model, to obtain a combination of the MRAC and VS-MRAC control laws. In both cases, the combined control structure is shown to be robust to the parametric uncertainties and external disturbances, with a fast transient performance, practically without oscillations, and a smoothness steady-state control signal

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This thesis presents a new structure of robust adaptive controller applied to mobile robots (surface mobile robot) with nonholonomic constraints. It acts in the dynamics and kinematics of the robot, and it is split in two distinct parts. The first part controls the robot dynamics, using variable structure model reference adaptive controllers. The second part controls the robot kinematics, using a position controller, whose objective is to make the robot to reach any point in the cartesian plan. The kinematic controller is based only on information about the robot configuration. A decoupling method is adopted to transform the linear model of the mobile robot, a multiple-input multiple-output system, into two decoupled single-input single-output systems, thus reducing the complexity of designing the controller for the mobile robot. After that, a variable structure model reference adaptive controller is applied to each one of the resulting systems. One of such controllers will be responsible for the robot position and the other for the leading angle, using reference signals generated by the position controller. To validate the proposed structure, some simulated and experimental results using differential drive mobile robots of a robot soccer kit are presented. The simulator uses the main characteristics of real physical system as noise and non-linearities such as deadzone and saturation. The experimental results were obtained through an C++ program applied to the robot soccer kit of Microrobot team at the LACI/UFRN. The simulated and experimental results are presented and discussed at the end of the text

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In this work is proposed an indirect approach to the DualMode Adaptive Robust Controller (DMARC), combining the typicals transient and robustness properties of Variable Structure Systems, more specifically of Variable Structure Model Reference Adaptive Controller (VS-MRAC), with a smooth control signal in steady-state, typical of conventional Adaptive Controllers, as Model Reference Adaptive Controller (MRAC). The goal is to provide a more intuitive controller design, based on physical plant parameters, as resistances, inertia moments, capacitances, etc. Furthermore, with the objective to follow the evolutionary line of direct controllers, it will be proposed an indirect version for the Binary Model Reference Adaptive Controller (B-MRAC), that was the first controller attemptting to act as MRAC as well as VS-MRAC, depending on a pre-defined fixed parameter

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With the technology progess, embedded systems using adaptive techniques are being used frequently. One of these techniques is the Variable Structure Model- Reference Adaptive Control (VS-MRAC). The implementation of this technique in embedded systems, requires consideration of a sampling period which if not taken into consideration, can adversely affect system performance and even takes the system to instability. This work proposes a stability analysis of a discrete-time VS-MRAC accomplished for SISO linear time-invariant plants with relative degree one. The aim is to analyse the in uence of the sampling period in the system performance and the relation of this period with the chattering and system instability

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Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar modelo matemático para estimar a radiação solar global diária sobre superfícies com diferentes exposições e declividades, no período de março de 2002 a março de 2003. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em uma estrutura denominada Bacia Hidrográfica Experimental do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal - SP. Nessa estrutura, foram utilizadas superfícies caracterizadas como H, 10N, 10S, 20N, 20S, 10E, 10W, 20E e 20W. O sensor utilizado para medir a radiação solar global incidente nas superfícies estudadas foi um piranômetro da marca Kipp & Zonnen, modelo CM3. Para calcular a radiação solar incidente nas superfícies estudadas, foi utilizado o modelo de Kondratyev. As análises dos resultados foram feitas para o período diário, utilizando-se de análise de regressão e considerando o modelo linear (y = ax + b), na qual a variável dependente foi a radiação global medida (K¯M) e a radiação global calculada (K¯C) foi a variável independente. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que o modelo apresentou bons resultados para estimar a radiação nas superfícies H, 10N, 10S, 10E, 10W, 20E e 20W. Utilizando-se de dados de dias com céu límpido, foram obtidos os seguintes resultados: no inverno, o modelo foi preciso para estimar a radiação solar na superfície 20N, e apresentou resultados aceitáveis para estimar a radiação solar na superfície 20S.

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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

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Real Options Analysis (ROA) has become a complimentary tool for engineering economics. It has become popular due to the limitations of conventional engineering valuation methods; specifically, the assumptions of uncertainty. Industry is seeking to quantify the value of engineering investments with uncertainty. One problem with conventional tools are that they may assume that cash flows are certain, therefore minimizing the possibility of the uncertainty of future values. Real options analysis provides a solution to this problem, but has been used sparingly by practitioners. This paper seeks to provide a new model, referred to as the Beta Distribution Real Options Pricing Model (BDROP), which addresses these limitations and can be easily used by practitioners. The positive attributes of this new model include unconstrained market assumptions, robust representation of the underlying asset‟s uncertainty, and an uncomplicated methodology. This research demonstrates the use of the model to evaluate the use of automation for inventory control.

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PURPOSE To ascertain whether the volume and circumference of the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct as measured by contrast-enhanced computed tomographic dacryocystography (CT-DCG) before and after balloon dacryoplasty could be used to predict clinical success in children with congenital nasolacrimal obstruction. METHODS Nasolacrimal ducts of children aged 2 to 6 years with clinical signs of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction undergoing balloon dilation were imaged with contrast-enhanced CT-DCG before and 5 minutes after the procedure. The circumference of the most dilated portion of the lacrimal sac was measured on the axial plane. The volume of contrast within the nasolacrimal duct and sac was also measured before and after the procedure. Clinical success was defined as the disappearance of signs of epiphora. RESULTS A total of 18 nasolacrimal ducts of 13 children were included. The average circumference of the most dilated portion of the lacrimal sac was 1.30 +/- 0.45 cm (range, 0.64-2.50 cm) before the procedure. The average contrast volume was 0.12 +/- 0.08 cm(3) (range, 0.01-0.38 cm(3)) before and 0.07 +/- 0.06 cm(3) (range, 0.01-0.20 cm(3)) after (P = 0.01). Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression with a backward variable input model; a decrease in contrast volume before and after dilation (P = 0.04) was associated with clinical success, whereas the larger size of the most dilated portion of the lacrimal sac (P = 0.01) was associated with clinical failure. CONCLUSIONS Contrast-enhanced CT-DCG provides useful information about nasolacrimal anatomy in children with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. The decrease in contrast volume before and after balloon dilation was predictive of success; A larger size of the most dilated portion of the lacrimal sac was associated with clinical failure. (J AAPOS 2012;16:464-467)

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Neste trabalho, discute-se a fixação de taxas de retorno de concessões no Brasil, com aplicação específica ao caso da metodologia da Agência Nacional de Transportes Terrestres (ANTT). Mostra-se a inadequação da regulamentação vigente, baseada no conceito de taxa interna de retorno (TIR), e não de custo de oportunidade do capital. A partir de um exemplo com dados referentes ao auge da crise financeira internacional (dezembro de 2008), evidencia-se também a falta de lógica decorrente da utilização de retornos e preços passados na estimação de taxas de retorno, um procedimento comum a toda a área de concessões de serviços públicos no Brasil. Propõe-se uma metodologia alternativa cujos resultados são sensíveis às condições correntes de mercado de capitais, que produz resultados coerentes com a situação então vigente.

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Modelos de apreçamento de ativos têm sido um tema sob constante investigação em finanças. Desde o capital asset pricing model (CAPM) proposto por Sharpe (1964), tais modelos relacionam, geralmente de maneira linear, a taxa de retorno esperada de um ativo ou carteira de ativos com fatores de risco sistêmico. Esta pesquisa apresenta um teste de um modelo de apreçamento, com dados brasileiros, introduzindo em sua formulação fatores de risco baseados em comomentos estatísticos. O modelo proposto é uma extensão do CAPM original acrescido da coassimetria e da cocurtose entre as taxas de retorno das ações das empresas que compõem a amostra e as taxas de retorno da carteira de mercado. Os efeitos de outras variáveis, como o valor de mercado sobre valor contábil, a alavancagem financeira e um índice de negociabilidade em bolsa, serviram de variáveis de controle. A amostra foi composta de 179 empresas brasileiras não financeiras negociadas na BM&FBovespa e com dados disponíveis entre os anos de 2003 a 2007. A metodologia consistiu em calcular os momentos sistêmicos anuais a partir de taxas de retornos semanais e em seguida testá-los em um modelo de apreçamento, a fim de verificar se há um prêmio pelo risco associado a cada uma dessas medidas de risco. Foi empregada a técnica de análise de dados em painel, estimada pelo método dos momentos generalizado (GMM). O emprego do GMM visa lidar com potenciais problemas de determinação simultânea e endogeneidade nos dados, evitando a ocorrência de viés nas estimações. Os resultados das estimações mostram que a relação das taxas de retorno dos ativos com a covariância e a cocurtose são estatisticamente significantes. Os resultados se mostraram robustos a especificações alternativas do modelo. O artigo contribui para a literatura por apresentar evidências empíricas brasileiras de que há um prêmio pelo risco associado aos momentos sistêmicos.