Citizenship through religious education.

Cumple con todos los requisitos exigidos por el curriculum nacional inglés de 2009 para la materia de Ciudadanía en el primer ciclo de secundaria (KS3). El libro trata de responder a estas y otras cuestiones: ¿Cómo impacta la religión en la vida del Reino Unido hoy? ¿Qué lugar hay para la religión en la vida pública de la nación hoy? ¿Debería la ley favorecer una religión sobre otras? ¿Qué deberían enseñar las escuelas sobre religión? ¿Qué dice la ley sobre discriminación religiosa en el trabajo?.

La formación inicial de los profesores : tener y no tener.

El artículo forma parte de un monográfico dedicado a a la formación del profesorado de geografía e historia. Resumen tomado parcialmente de la revista

Comercio e integración en el ALCA: oportunidades para un acuerdo más equitativo

El trato especial y diferenciado (TED) es uno de los puntos cruciales dentro de las negociaciones del Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas -ALCA-, a fin de enfrentar las grandes diferencias de tamaño y desarrollo entre las economías del hemisferio, y, consecuentemente, la obtención de resultados más justos de la liberalización comercial. Esta investigación analiza los conceptos que están detrás del TED, así como la trayectoria histórica de su aplicación en los ámbitos de los sistemas GATT-OMC y regional. De esta manera el autor responde a la pregunta: ¿es posible balancear un acuerdo equitativo dentro del ALCA para países de menor desarrollo relativo como el Ecuador? Las posibilidades de aplicación del TED, según este trabajo, estarían en función de: lograr mayores compromisos por parte de los países desarrollados, especialmente para el desmantelamiento de sus subsidios y ayudas internas a los bienes agrícolas; poner en marcha el Programa de Cooperación Hemisférica, dirigido a lograr una fuerte vinculación entre las políticas comerciales y las políticas de competitividad, y lograr flexibilidad para los países en desarrollo en el cumplimiento de sus obligaciones. Mientras que, debido a la redefinición que ha sufrido el TED en la mayoría de acuerdos de los noventa, la investigación concluye que se hace indispensable definir una “agenda positiva”, es decir propositiva y coherente con la situación actual.

El trato especial y diferenciado en el Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas -ALCA-: situación actual y perspectivas para su aplicación

El trato especial y diferenciado (TED) es uno de los puntos cruciales dentro de las negociaciones en marcha del Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas –ALCA-, ya que su aplicación permitiría enfrentar de mejor manera las grandes diferencias de desarrollo entre las economías del Hemisferio, consecuentemente, la obtención de resultados más balanceados de la liberalización comercial. La investigación gira en torno a determinar las posibilidades reales de aplicación del TED, concluyéndose que sí es posible bajo principios enmarcados en el desmantelamiento de los subsidios y las barreras proteccionistas para-arancelarias por parte de los países de mayor desarrollo, un marco regulatorio fuerte que permita certidumbre y transparencia a los agentes comerciales, la implementación de un coherente programa de cooperación hemisférica que se dirija a lograr una fuerte vinculación entre las políticas comerciales y las políticas del desarrollo, y la flexibilidad para los países en desarrollo en el cumplimientos de sus obligaciones. También se resalta que debido a la redefinición que ha sufrido el TED en la mayoría de acuerdos de “nueva generación” desde los 90’s, se hace indispensable de un lado, definir una “agenda positiva” es decir propositiva, y de otro lado, profundizar los acuerdos regionales latinoamericanos como una estrategia para contrapesar el poder de los países del norte.

Data management for the ocean sciences - perspectives for the next decade

There is remarkable agreement in expectations today for vastly improved ocean data management a decade from now -- capabilities that will help to bring significant benefits to ocean research and to society. Advancing data management to such a degree, however, will require cultural and policy changes that are slow to effect. The technological foundations upon which data management systems are built are certain to continue advancing rapidly in parallel. These considerations argue for adopting attitudes of pragmatism and realism when planning data management strategies. In this paper we adopt those attitudes as we outline opportunities for progress in ocean data management. We begin with a synopsis of expectations for integrated ocean data management a decade from now. We discuss factors that should be considered by those evaluating candidate “standards”. We highlight challenges and opportunities in a number of technical areas, including “Web 2.0” applications, data modeling, data discovery and metadata, real-time operational data, archival of data, biological data management and satellite data management. We discuss the importance of investments in the development of software toolkits to accelerate progress. We conclude the paper by recommending a few specific, short term targets for implementation, that we believe to be both significant and achievable, and calling for action by community leadership to effect these advancements.

Using learning networks to understand complex systems: a case study of biological, geophysical and social research in the Amazon

Developing high-quality scientific research will be most effective if research communities with diverse skills and interests are able to share information and knowledge, are aware of the major challenges across disciplines, and can exploit economies of scale to provide robust answers and better inform policy. We evaluate opportunities and challenges facing the development of a more interactive research environment by developing an interdisciplinary synthesis of research on a single geographic region. We focus on the Amazon as it is of enormous regional and global environmental importance and faces a highly uncertain future. To take stock of existing knowledge and provide a framework for analysis we present a set of mini-reviews from fourteen different areas of research, encompassing taxonomy, biodiversity, biogeography, vegetation dynamics, landscape ecology, earth-atmosphere interactions, ecosystem processes, fire, deforestation dynamics, hydrology, hunting, conservation planning, livelihoods, and payments for ecosystem services. Each review highlights the current state of knowledge and identifies research priorities, including major challenges and opportunities. We show that while substantial progress is being made across many areas of scientific research, our understanding of specific issues is often dependent on knowledge from other disciplines. Accelerating the acquisition of reliable and contextualized knowledge about the fate of complex pristine and modified ecosystems is partly dependent on our ability to exploit economies of scale in shared resources and technical expertise, recognise and make explicit interconnections and feedbacks among sub-disciplines, increase the temporal and spatial scale of existing studies, and improve the dissemination of scientific findings to policy makers and society at large. Enhancing interaction among research efforts is vital if we are to make the most of limited funds and overcome the challenges posed by addressing large-scale interdisciplinary questions. Bringing together a diverse scientific community with a single geographic focus can help increase awareness of research questions both within and among disciplines, and reveal the opportunities that may exist for advancing acquisition of reliable knowledge. This approach could be useful for a variety of globally important scientific questions.

Automated organizational network analysis for enterprise 2.0

Social Networking Sites have recently become a mainstream communications technology for many people around the world. Major IT vendors are releasing social software designed for use in a business/commercial context. These Enterprise 2.0 technologies have impressive collaboration and information sharing functionality, but so far they do not have any organizational network analysis (ONA) features that reveal any patterns of connectivity within business units. This paper shows the impact of organizational network analysis techniques and social networks on organizational performance, we also give an overview on current enterprise social software, and most importantly, we highlight how Enterprise 2.0 can help automate an organizational network analysis.

Validation of ACE-FTS satellite data in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) using non-coincident measurements

CO, O3, and H2O data in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) measured by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer(ACE-FTS) on Canada’s SCISAT-1 satellite are validated using aircraft and ozonesonde measurements. In the UTLS, validation of chemical trace gas measurements is a challenging task due to small-scale variability in the tracer fields, strong gradients of the tracers across the tropopause, and scarcity of measurements suitable for validation purposes. Validation based on coincidences therefore suffers from geophysical noise. Two alternative methods for the validation of satellite data are introduced, which avoid the usual need for coincident measurements: tracer-tracer correlations, and vertical tracer profiles relative to tropopause height. Both are increasingly being used for model validation as they strongly suppress geophysical variability and thereby provide an “instantaneous climatology”. This allows comparison of measurements between non-coincident data sets which yields information about the precision and a statistically meaningful error-assessment of the ACE-FTS satellite data in the UTLS. By defining a trade-off factor, we show that the measurement errors can be reduced by including more measurements obtained over a wider longitude range into the comparison, despite the increased geophysical variability. Applying the methods then yields the following upper bounds to the relative differences in the mean found between the ACE-FTS and SPURT aircraft measurements in the upper troposphere (UT) and lower stratosphere (LS), respectively: for CO ±9% and ±12%, for H2O ±30% and ±18%, and for O3 ±25% and ±19%. The relative differences for O3 can be narrowed down by using a larger dataset obtained from ozonesondes, yielding a high bias in the ACEFTS measurements of 18% in the UT and relative differences of ±8% for measurements in the LS. When taking into account the smearing effect of the vertically limited spacing between measurements of the ACE-FTS instrument, the relative differences decrease by 5–15% around the tropopause, suggesting a vertical resolution of the ACE-FTS in the UTLS of around 1 km. The ACE-FTS hence offers unprecedented precision and vertical resolution for a satellite instrument, which will allow a new global perspective on UTLS tracer distributions.

Pagan epic in contemporary British poetry: Hughes and Logue, Ovid and Homer

In 'Tales from Ovid' and 'War Music' respectively, Ted Hughes and Christopher Logue turned to classical epic as source material and a model for contemporary poetry. In this essay I consider the different ways in which they work with the original epic poems and how they rework them both textually and generically. In the process, I suggest, Hughes gives his readers an Ovid modeled on his own, vatic conception of Homer, while Logue reworks Homer in a manner that is essentially Ovidian.

Response of the northern stratospheric polar vortex to the seasonal alignment of QBO phase transitions

This study considers the strength of the Northern Hemisphere Holton-Tan effect (HTE) in terms of the phase alignment of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) with respect to the annual cycle. Using the ERA-40 Reanalysis, it is found that the early winter (Nov–Dec) and late winter (Feb–Mar) relation between QBO phase and the strength of the stratospheric polar vortex is optimized for subsets of the 44-year record that are chosen on the basis of the seasonality of QBO phase transitions at the 30 hPa level. The timing of phase transitions serves as a proxy for changes in the vertical structure of the QBO over the whole depth of the tropical stratosphere. The statistical significance of the Nov–Dec (Feb–Mar) HTE is greatest when 30 hPa QBO phase transitions occur 9–14 (4–9) months prior to the January of the NH winter in question. This suggests that there exists for both early and late winter a vertical structure of tropical stratospheric winds that is most effective at influencing the interannual variability of the polar vortex, and that an early (late) winter HTE is associated with an early (late) progression of QBO phase towards that structure. It is also shown that the seasonality of QBO phase transitions at 30 hPa varies on a decadal timescale, with transitions during the first half of the calendar year being relatively more common during the first half of the tropical radiosonde wind record. Combining these two results suggests that decadal changes in HTE strength could result from the changing seasonality of QBO phase transitions. Citation: Anstey, J. A., and T. G. Shepherd (2008), Response of the northern stratospheric polar vortex to the seasonal alignment of QBO phase transitions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L22810, doi:10.1029/2008GL035721.

Species-specific responses of Late Quaternary megafauna to climate and humans

Despite decades of research, the roles of climate and humans in driving the dramatic extinctions of large-bodied mammals during the Late Quaternary period remain contentious. Here we use ancient DNA, species distribution models and the human fossil record to elucidate how climate and humans shaped the demographic history of woolly rhinoceros, woolly mammoth, wild horse, reindeer, bison and musk ox. We show that climate has been a major driver of population change over the past 50,000 years. However, each species responds differently to the effects of climatic shifts, habitat redistribution and human encroachment. Although climate change alone can explain the extinction of some species, such as Eurasian musk ox and woolly rhinoceros, a combination of climatic and anthropogenic effects appears to be responsible for the extinction of others, including Eurasian steppe bison and wild horse. We find no genetic signature or any distinctive range dynamics distinguishing extinct from surviving species, emphasizing the challenges associated with predicting future responses of extant mammals to climate and human-mediated habitat change.