Exploring the relation between the qualitative and quantitative uses of the determiner some

This article attempts to repair the neglect of the qualitative uses of some and to suggest an explanation which could cover the full range of usage with this determiner - both quantitative and qualitative - showing how a single underlying meaning, modulated by contextual and pragmatic factors, can give rise to the wide variety of messages expressed by some in actual usage. Both the treatment of some as an existential quantifier and the scalar model which views some as evoking a less-than-expected quantity on a pragmatic scale are shown to be incapable of handling the qualitative uses of this determiner. An original analysis of some and the interaction of its meaning with the defining features of the qualitative uses is proposed, extending the discussion as well to the role of focus and the adverbial modifier quite. The crucial semantic feature of some for the explanation of its capacity to express qualitative readings is argued to be non-identification of a referent assumed to be particular. Under the appropriate conditions, this notion can give rise to qualitative denigration (implying it is not even worth the bother to identify the referent) or qualitative appreciation (implying the referent to be so outstanding that it defies identification). The explanation put forward is also shown to cover some's use as an approximator, thereby enhancing its plausibility even further. © Cambridge University Press 2012.

O atendimento às adolescentes autoras de atos infracionais no estado do Rio Grande do Norte

The objective of this study was to investigate the assistance for the female adolescents perpetrators of offences in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. Through the Thematic Oral History and Documentary Analysis methods, we sought to uncover historical aspects of the work provided in women’s units of the Fundação dos Direitos das Crianças e Adolescentes (FUNDAC) [Foundation for the Rights of Children and Adolescents], from the experiences of professionals who have worked in these units since the beginning of their activities. For this, we made visits to FUNDAC and the Centro Educacional Padre João Maria (CEDUC) [Educational Center Father João Maria], to identify professionals who could participate in the study, as well as institutional documents on routine of treatment. Eight professionals were found from three identified units: Granja Santana, Instituto Padre João Maria and CEDUC, who were interviewed according to a semi-structured script. The analysis of the collected material is supported in Marxian theory and feminist perspective on the sexual division of labor. The results are organized into five areas of analysis: (1) the creation of the service units; (2) the deviant “behavior”: reasons for institutionalization of female adolescents; (3) educational proposal: a female version; service strategies and; the rules and punishment: the domesticated teenage girl. The study indicates that the commission of the offense by the female adolescents in state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN) has been associated with the conduct of their families, particularly their mothers. Moreover, in general, service strategies, educational proposals, disciplinary measures were and have been developed based on the naturalization of what is female. Therefore, the assistance to adolescent girls in RN, those thirty-five years, left intact the existing hierarchy in social relations between the sexes, it reproduced the subordination of female adolescents in the juvenile justice system.

Padrões de ordenação de constituintes das construções V2/V3 superficiais em cartas pessoais brasileiras dos séculos 19 e 20

In line with the model of grammar competition (Kroch, 1989; 2001), according to which the change in the syntactic domains is a process that develops via competition between different grammars, we describe and analyze the superficial constructions V2 / V3 in matrices / roots sentences of brazilian personal letters of the 19th and 20th centuries. The corpus, composed by 154 personal letters of Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Norte, is divided into three century halves: (i) latter half of the 19th century; (ii) first half of the 20th century; and (iii) latter half of the 20th century. Our focus was the observation of the nature of preverbal constituents in superficial constructions V2 (verb in second position in the sentence) and V3 (verb in third position in the sentence), with a special attention on the position of the subject. Based on the various diachronical studies about the Portuguese ordination standards (Ambar (1992); Ribeiro (1995, 2001); Paixão de Sousa (2004); Paiva (2011), Coelho and Martins (2009, 2012)), our study sought to realize what are empirical ordination standards that involve superficial constructions V2 / V3 and how these patterns structure syntactically within a formal theoretical perspective (Chomsky, 1981; 1986), more specifically, in accordance with studies of Antonelli (2011), and Costa & Galves (2002). The survey results show that the data from the second half of the 19th century – unlike the first and second half of the 20th century data – have a greater balance in relation to the syntactic nature of preverbal constituent (contiguous or not), so that, in this period, the occurrence of orders with the subject in a preverbal position arrives at, at most, 52% (231/444 data); while in the 48% (213/444 data) remaining, the preverbal constituents are represented by a non-subject constituent, almost always an adverbial adjunct. Seen the results, we advocate that the brazilian personal letters of the 19th century have ordination patterns associated with a V2 system and an SV system, configuring, therefore, a possible competition process between different grammars that instantiate or a V2 system or an SV system. In other words, the brazilian letters of the 19th century instantiate a competition between the grammar of Classic Portuguese (a V2 system) and the grammars of Brazilian Portuguese and European Portuguese (an SV system). Therefore, that period is subject to the completion of two distinct parametric markings: (i) verb moved to the Fin core (grammar of Classic Portuguese) and (ii) verb moved to the T core (grammar of Brazilian Portuguese /European Portuguese). On the other hand, in the personal letters of the 20th century (first and second halves), there is a clear increase in ordenation patterns associated with the SV system, which shows more stable.

Análise da sobre-reação e sub-reação nos ativos de primeira e segunda linha do mercado acionário brasileiro

The Behavioral Finance develop as it is perceived anomalies in these markets efficient. This fields of study can be grouped into three major groups: heuristic bias, tying the shape and inefficient markets. The present study focuses on issues concerning the heuristics of representativeness and anchoring. This study aimed to identify the then under-reaction and over-reaction, as well as the existence of symmetry in the active first and second line of the Brazilian stock market. For this, it will be use the Fuzzy Logic and the indicators that classify groups studied from the Discriminant Analysis. The highest present, indicator in the period studied, was the Liabilities / Equity, demonstrating the importance of the moment to discriminate the assets to be considered "winners" and "losers." Note that in the MLCX biases over-reaction is concentrated in the period of financial crisis, and in the remaining periods of statistically significant biases, are obtained by sub-reactions. The latter would be in times of moderate levels of uncertainty. In the Small Caps the behavioral responses in 2005 and 2007 occur in reverse to those observed in the Mid-Large Cap. Now in times of crisis would have a marked conservatism while near the end of trading on the Bovespa speaker, accompanied by an increase of negotiations, there is an overreaction by investors. The other heuristics in SMLL occurred at the end of the period studied, this being a under-reaction and the other a over-reaction and the second occurring in a period of financial-economic more positive than the first. As regards the under / over-reactivity in both types, there is detected a predominance of either, which probably be different in the context in MLCX without crisis. For the period in which such phenomena occur in a statistically significant to note that, in most cases, such phenomena occur during the periods for MLCX while in SMLL not only biases are less present as there is no concentration of these at any time . Given the above, it is believed that while detecting the presence of bias behavior at certain times, these do not tend to appear to a specific type or heuristics and while there were some indications of a seasonal pattern in Mid- Large Caps, the same behavior does not seem to be repeated in Small Caps. The tests would then suggest that momentary failures in the Efficient Market Hypothesis when tested in semistrong form as stated by Behavioral Finance. This result confirms the theory by stating that not only rationality, but also human irrationality, is limited because it would act rationally in many circumstances

Networking among female ethnic minority entrepreneurs

The labor market in the multicultural society is a major arena where the interrelation of gender and ethnicity is expressed in processes of discrimination, sexism and racism. For women from ethnic minorities, one way to avoid these problems is to work in migrant enterprises. As this may ease tensions related to ethnicity, it does not solve gender-related problems like the subordination of women and the perception of female migrants as ‘just’ daughters, mothers and wives by male co-migrants. Female ethnic minority entrepreneurship may be the way to escape such processes. In the Netherlands, 25% of all ethnic minority entrepreneurs are female. However, little is known about their socio-economic background and the way they perceive their businesses. Moreover, there is a theoretical haphazardness concerning the phenomenon female ethnic minority entrepreneurship. Although recently researchers have opted for an integral theory called the ‘mixed-embeddedness’ approach as to explain ethnic minority entrepreneurship through a combination of personal, sociocultural and structural factors, the role of gender still seems to be underexposed in this theory. Likewise, the literature concerning entrepreneurial networking has hardly interfered with both gender and ethnicity. Therefore, this paper provides a state of affairs concerning the research and literature on ethnic minority entrepreneurship, gender and networks. It argues that a better understanding of female ethnic minority entrepreneurship requires further scientific attention and that a contribution needs to be made to theory development regarding the interrelation of ethnicity and gender in entrepreneurship and in entrepreneurial networks particularly.

Análise da sobre-reação e sub-reação nos ativos de primeira e segunda linha do mercado acionário brasileiro

The Behavioral Finance develop as it is perceived anomalies in these markets efficient. This fields of study can be grouped into three major groups: heuristic bias, tying the shape and inefficient markets. The present study focuses on issues concerning the heuristics of representativeness and anchoring. This study aimed to identify the then under-reaction and over-reaction, as well as the existence of symmetry in the active first and second line of the Brazilian stock market. For this, it will be use the Fuzzy Logic and the indicators that classify groups studied from the Discriminant Analysis. The highest present, indicator in the period studied, was the Liabilities / Equity, demonstrating the importance of the moment to discriminate the assets to be considered "winners" and "losers." Note that in the MLCX biases over-reaction is concentrated in the period of financial crisis, and in the remaining periods of statistically significant biases, are obtained by sub-reactions. The latter would be in times of moderate levels of uncertainty. In the Small Caps the behavioral responses in 2005 and 2007 occur in reverse to those observed in the Mid-Large Cap. Now in times of crisis would have a marked conservatism while near the end of trading on the Bovespa speaker, accompanied by an increase of negotiations, there is an overreaction by investors. The other heuristics in SMLL occurred at the end of the period studied, this being a under-reaction and the other a over-reaction and the second occurring in a period of financial-economic more positive than the first. As regards the under / over-reactivity in both types, there is detected a predominance of either, which probably be different in the context in MLCX without crisis. For the period in which such phenomena occur in a statistically significant to note that, in most cases, such phenomena occur during the periods for MLCX while in SMLL not only biases are less present as there is no concentration of these at any time . Given the above, it is believed that while detecting the presence of bias behavior at certain times, these do not tend to appear to a specific type or heuristics and while there were some indications of a seasonal pattern in Mid- Large Caps, the same behavior does not seem to be repeated in Small Caps. The tests would then suggest that momentary failures in the Efficient Market Hypothesis when tested in semistrong form as stated by Behavioral Finance. This result confirms the theory by stating that not only rationality, but also human irrationality, is limited because it would act rationally in many circumstances

Revisiting the origin and development of pleonastic that in English

The origin of pleonastic that can be traced back to Old English where it could appear in syntactic constructions consisting of a preposition + demonstrative pronoun (i.e. for þy þat, for þæm þe) or a subordinator (i.e. oþ þat). Its diffusion with other subordinators is considered an early Middle English development as a result of the standardization of this item as the general subordinator in the period, which motivated its use as a pleonastic word in combination with all kinds of conjunctions (i.e. now that, gif that, when that, etc.) and prepositions (i.e. before that, save that, in that). Its use considerably increased in late Middle English, declining throughout the 17th century. The list of subordinating elements includes relativizers (i.e. this that), adverbial relatives (i.e. there that) and a number of subordinators (i.e. after, as, because, before, beside, for, if, since, sith, though, until, when, while, etc.). The present paper pursues the following objectives: a) to analyse the use and distribution of pleonastic that in a corpus of early English medical writing (in the period 1375-1700); b) to classify the construction in terms of the two different varieties of medical texts, i.e. treatises and recipes; and c) to assess the decline of the construction with the different conjunctive words. The data used as sources of evidence come from The Corpus of Early English Medical Writing, i.e. Middle English Medical Texts (MEMT for the period 1375-1500) and Early Modern English Medical Texts (EMEMT for the period 1500-1700).

Estudo sobre os mecanismos de combate à utilização indevida do contrato de prestação de serviço em relações de trabalho subordinado

A investigação que doravante se apresenta tem como objetivo a análise dos mecanismos de combate à utilização indevida do contrato de prestação de serviço em relações de trabalho subordinado, e está estruturada em duas partes distintas, a que correspondem dois capítulos. A primeira parte é dedicada aos problemas inerentes ao contrato de trabalho e ao contrato de prestação de serviço, mormente, a delimitação entre as duas figuras, detendo-nos em particular na questão da determinação da subordinação jurídica. A semelhança entre os aludidos contratos aumenta, na prática, a dificuldade de delimitação entre ambos. A presunção de laboralidade assume um papel fundamental na ajuda necessária no seu campo de atuação. De facto, a presunção de laboralidade tende a facilitar a prova, conforme veremos. O método indiciário e o método tipológico podem ser utilizados na delimitação dos elementos do contrato de trabalho. O método tipológico ajuda a procurar elementos que apontem que aquele contrato é ou não um contrato de trabalho, este método usado pelos tribunais, apesar de adequado, não resolve o problema daquelas relações jurídicas que se encontram na fronteira, também conhecida como “zona cinzenta”. No que toca ao método indiciário este tem como objetivo procurar indícios da existência de subordinação jurídica para, assim, se poder afirmar a existência de um contrato de trabalho. Os indícios não são elementos determinantes da existência de um contrato de trabalho, pelo que, por não existir um indício, não significa automaticamente que não exista um contrato de trabalho. Os indícios devem ser analisados todos em conjunto, para se aferir se existe ou não subordinação jurídica. Na segunda parte, estabelecemos como comando investigativo o estudo dos mecanismos de combate à utilização indevida do contrato de prestação de serviço em sentido amplo, no que concerne a relações de trabalho subordinado. Para tal analisaremos o estado da arte antes e depois da Lei nº 63/2013, de 27 de agosto. A ação de reconhecimento da existência de contrato de trabalho é inovadora no sentido em que já não caminha em direção ao interesse egoístico do trabalhador, mas sim tendo em conta o interesse público, conforme melhor veremos. É pela novidade do tema, que optamos por entrevistar pessoalmente profissionais, que estejam de alguma forma ligados a esta realidade, e que com a sua experiência contribuíram, e muito, para alicerçarmos as nossas conclusões. Para tal, iniciamos os nossos trabalhos, entrevistando Tiago Gillot, no dia 22-01-2015 e 14-10-2015 em representação da Associação “Precários Inflexíveis,” que encabeçou o movimento de cidadãos nesta iniciativa legislativa que deu corpo à Lei nº 63/2013, de 27 de agosto, o Dr. Jorge Pinhal, em representação da ACT, que nos recebeu no dia 02-02-2015, o Ministério Público representado pela Exma. Procuradora Dra. Cristina Faleiro, no dia 08-04-2015. Entrevistamos por escrito o Exmo. Sr. Dr. António Ramos, Juiz do TRP, no dia 14-10-2015. Por fim, tentaremos de acordo com o estudo desenvolvido apresentar algumas medidas contributivas no combate à utilização indevida do contrato de prestação de serviço, assente sobretudo no plano de emergência social, apresentado pela Associação do Combate à precariedade, que consideramos apaziguar o flagelo que se instalou nas relações laborais e ao que parece dificilmente sairá da nossa linha de preocupação.

A Grammar of Tajio. A Language Spoken in Central Sulawesi

This work is a description of Tajio, a Western Malayo-Polynesian language spoken in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. It covers the essential aspects of Tajio grammar without being exhaustive. Tajio has a medium sized phoneme inventory consisting of twenty consonants and five vowels. The language does not have lexical (word) stress; rather, it has a phrasal accent. This phrasal accent regularly occurs on the penultimate syllable of an intonational phrase, rendering this syllable auditorily prominent through a pitch rise. Possible syllable structures in Tajio are (C)V(C). CVN structures are allowed as closed syllables, but CVN syllables in word-medial position are not frequent. As in other languages in the area, the only sequence of consonants allowed in native Tajio words are sequences of nasals followed by a homorganic obstruent. The homorganic nasal-obstruent sequences found in Tajio can occur word-initially and word-medially but never in word-final position. As in many Austronesian languages, word class classification in Tajio is not straightforward. The classification of words in Tajio must be carried out on two levels: the morphosyntactic level and the lexical level. The open word classes in Tajio consist of nouns and verbs. Verbs are further divided into intransitive verbs (dynamic intransitive verbs and statives) and dynamic transitive verbs. Based on their morphological potential, lexical roots in Tajio fall into three classes: single-class roots, dual-class roots and multi-class roots. There are two basic transitive constructions in Tajio: Actor Voice and Undergoer Voice, where the actor or undergoer argument respectively serves as subjects. It shares many characteristics with symmetrical voice languages, yet it is not fully symmetric, as arguments in AV and UV are not equally marked. Neither subjects nor objects are marked in AV constructions. In UV constructions, however, subjects are unmarked while objects are marked either by prefixation or clitization. Evidence from relativization, control and raising constructions supports the analysis that AV and UV are in fact transitive, with subject arguments and object arguments behaving alike in both voices. Only the subject can be relativized, controlled, raised or function as the implicit subject of subjectless adverbial clauses. In contrast, the objects of AV and UV constructions do not exhibit these features. Tajio is a predominantly head-marking language with basic A-V-O constituent order. V and O form a constituent, and the subject can either precede or follow this complex. Thus, basic word order is S-V-O or V-O-S. Subject, as well as non-subject arguments, may be omitted when contextually specified. Verbs are marked for voice and mood, the latter of which is is obligatory. The two values distinguished are realis and non-realis. Depending on the type of predicate involved in clause formation, three clause types can be distinguished: verbal clauses, existential clauses and non-verbal clauses. Tajio has a small number of multi-verbal structures that appear to qualify as serial verb constructions. SVCs in Tajio always include a motion verb or a directional.

ESTRATÉGIAS DE REPRODUÇAO SIMPLES E AMPLIADA: AGRICULTORES FAMILIARES VERSUS CAPITAL OLIGOPOLISTA DO SETOR PNEUMÁTICO

A presente pesquisa tem como tema central de análise a importância econômica e social da cultura de seringueira na Microrregião Geográfica de São José do Rio Preto. Diante do sistemático processo de exclusão social no campo, em especial após a modernização agrícola, a qual privilegiou a grande exploração em detrimento da pequena, o estudo se propõe analisar em que medida a heveicultura se apresenta como alternativa de geração de renda e fixação do homem na terra. Constatou-se que na Microrregião Geográfica de São José do Rio Preto a cultura da seringueira sempre se apresentou vantajosa ao produtor, sobretudo pelo seu baixo custo de manutenção e por ser menos susceptível ao prejuízo em caso de crise no setor. Outra constatação refere-se a escassez da matéria-prima no mercado nacional, fator o qual somado à baixa dependência do segmento agrícola de insumos e maquinários, proporciona ao setor agroindustrial da borracha algumas peculiaridades. Entre essas se destaca a menor subordinação do segmento agrícola a capital industrial e, a menor diferenciação entre pequenos e grandes produtores no que se refere à produtividade e à qualidade da matéria-prima.

AGRICULTOR FAMILIAR E CAMPONÊS NO CONTEXTO DA QUESTÃO AGRÁRIA CONTEMPORÂNEA

A proposta desse estudo é discutir as abordagens teóricas com vistas ao entendimento sobre o conceito de agricultor familiar e camponês no contexto da questão agrária contemporânea, para isso faz-se necessário entender o desenvolvimento da agricultura dentro do modo capitalista de produção em particular o que tem ocorrido no campo brasileiro por conta das praticas da revolução verde. Ao longo da trajetória da agricultura brasileira, os pequenos produtores enfrentaram situações diversas para viver, produzir e comercializar se comparadas à grande produção capitalista no campo. As condições de sobrevivência desses grupos de produtores foram agravadas, sobremaneira, com a expansão do agronegócio. Essa discussão parte de distintas correntes teóricas que tem sustentado esse debate e definido conceitos políticos e ideológicos questionadores da subordinação do trabalhador familiar ao capital, entendendo as estratégias de reprodução social do homem do campo. O trabalho familiar resiste a partir de relações não-capitalistas dentro do modo de produção capitalista, criado e recriado pelo processo contraditório de seu desenvolvimento desigual e combinado. Nesse sentido, a discussão será orientada para o contexto em que surgiu e se desenvolveu os pequenos produtores na sociedade brasileira e suas possibilidades de reprodução.

A INTEGRAÇÃO PRODUTIVA DO CONE SUL DO ESTADO DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL AO TERRITÓRIO NACIONAL

Ao discutir o processo de integração do Sul do Mato Grosso do Sul ao território nacional, foi possível entender que tal integração foi parcial, seletiva e excludente, uma vez que nem todos os municípios e produtores dessa Região mudaram seu eixo de acumulação para os produtos que se apresentaram como nova oportunidade de acumulação, como é o caso da soja, do milho e do trigo. Na busca de melhor precisar nosso estudo, delimitamos a região de Dourados, localizada no Sul do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, composto por 13 municípios, para que pudéssemos atender ao nosso objetivo, que consiste em analisar o processo de integração produtiva dos municípios dessa Região com o território nacional. Enquanto procedimento metodológico realizou um levantamento bibliográfico e documental das políticas de desenvolvimento regional, fundamentado em análises de textos (principalmente a produção bibliográfica regional) e dados estatísticos, que serviram de base para o desenvolvimento de nossa pesquisa. Enquanto fundamentação teórica, recorremos às abordagens geográficas que discutem os avanços das relações capitalistas de produção sobre o campo, que subordinam o capital agrícola ao capital agroindustrial, contribuindo para o estabelecimento de novas relações sociais pela capitalização das unidades produtivas, gerando tanto a integração produtiva como a exclusão de produtores.

O CARÁTER CIVILIZATÓRIO DAS PRÁTICAS HIGIENISTAS NO SÉCULO XIX

Todas as cidades nos contam histórias cabendo ao pesquisador fazer as perguntas corretas na busca da “sua história”. A imagem das cidades países não-desenvolvidos, com destaque para situados nas latitudes tropicais, é dita como insalubre. Este trabalho parte de uma perspectiva que privilegia a compreensão do conceito de higiene não apenas enquanto símbolo do progresso e da modernidade, mas enquanto um elemento civilizatório. Um elemento civilizatório necessário ao estabelecimento de um patamar de subordinação cultural e base para a legitimação de práticas necessárias para a criação de condições gerais para o desenvolvimento do capitalismo, em que entram em confronto a produção de conhecimento, que endeusa um certo saber técnico, e o saber fazer local. Parte-se de um contexto cultural, no qual o europeu é o “civilizador”, o agente da civilização, logo da saúde e, ao mesmo tempo, o difusor de doenças, consequentemente agente causador da insalubridade das cidades tropicais por ele colonizadas/criadas, onde emerge a idéia da “cidade saudável”. Busca-se, portanto, perceber como as alterações econômicas, culturais e ambientais, entre outra, advindas dos processos “civilizatórios” promovidos pelos europeus nas áreas tropicais propiciaram transformações das/nas cidades de forma que estas passam a ser estigmatizadas como insalubres, quando no mais das vezes esta insalubridade era decorrente do próprio processo de intervenção européia sobre condições que tinham seu ponto de equilíbrio em outro contexto. Uma questão relevante é a diz respeito a própria produção do conceito de higiene/saúde nas cidades européias.