Maintaining the "public good" nature of improved fish strains: dissemination of knowledge and materials

Many sources of information that discuss currents problems of food security point to the importance of farmed fish as an ideal food source that can be grown by poor farmers, (Asian Development Bank 2004). Furthermore, the development of improved strains of fish suitable for low-input aquaculture such as Tilapia, has demonstrated the feasibility of an approach that combines “cutting edge science” with accessible technology, as a means for improving the nutrition and livelihoods of both the urban poor and poor farmers in developing countries (Mair et al. 2002). However, the use of improved strains of fish as a means of reducing hunger and improving livelihoods has proved to be difficult to sustain, especially as a public good, when external (development) funding sources devoted to this area are minimal1. In addition, the more complicated problem of delivery of an aquaculture system, not just improved fish strains and the technology, can present difficulties and may go explicitly unrecognized (from Sissel Rogne, as cited by Silje Rem 2002). Thus, the involvement of private partners has featured prominently in the strategy for transferring to the public technology related to improved Tilapia strains. Partnering with the private sector in delivery schemes to the poor should take into account both the public goods aspect and the requirement that the traits selected for breeding “improved” strains meet the actual needs of the resource poor farmer. Other dissemination approaches involving the public sector may require a large investment in capacity building. However, the use of public sector institutions as delivery agents encourages the maintaining of the “public good” nature of the products.

Análisis de las publicaciones del personal docente e investigador de las facultades españolas de Bellas Artes

8 p.

Improved fisheries technologies and approaches for their dissemination: a case study of Niger State

Technology generation and dissemination are important components of rural transformation programmes. Nigerian fisheries sub-sector is still hampered by low productivity (especially in aquaculture) and low output (capture fisheries and post-harvest technologies). Research institutions and the Universities have made efforts in developing improved technologies to find solution to these problems, yet the level of adoption of the technologies remain low. This is due to a combination of various factors among which are faulty agricultural policies; institutional framework and unfavourable socio-economic environment. Niger State plays an important role in production in Nigeria and host the only research institute with the mandate in inland fisheries. It is important therefore to know the effectiveness of various extension approaches used in disseminating the technologies developed and their impact on adopters. Forty fishers were randomly selected in Shiroro L.G.A. of the Niger State and interviewed. The study probed into their socio-economic characteristics, traditional practices, extent of awareness and adoption for fisheries technologies and the effectiveness and impact of various approaches used by the extension organizations to disseminate the technologies. The results show that the economically active age group of the fishers was in the range of 20-50 years (87.5%). Males (95%) dominate the fisher population. 47.5% of the respondents have average household size of 6-10 and 57.5% were below primary school in educational attainment. Only 57.5% belonged to cooperative societies, while 90.0% of the fishers have no access to credit other than personal finance. Majority of fish-farmers (60%) operate at homestead level with pond size less than 50 square meter, stock under polyculture fishing methods are at subsistence level, while 67.5% of processors use mud-oven to cure, by smoking, freshly caught fish. Disseminated aquaculture technologies have low level of awareness (5-20%) and adoption (2.5-22.5%). For capture fisheries and post-harvest technologies awareness levels of 47.5-72.5% and adoption levels of 27.5-50.0% were recorded. Method demonstration (87.5%), result demonstration (75.0%) and field days (47.5%) are the major approaches used by the ADP. Respondents were of the opinion that method demonstration (65%), result demonstration (57.5%) and field day (30.0%) are effective. 62.5% of respondents had enhanced income due impact of extension activities

Gestión de datos de investigación en repositorios de acceso abierto: una visión panorámica y un caso práctico en la UPV/EHU

[ES] Los siguientes enlaces proporcionan información adicional sobre este texto:

Notes for guidance on preparation of research reports, research dissertations and scientific papers

The notes for guidance on preparation of research, research dissertations and scientific papers are meant to assist researchers on how to achieve a successful presentation, writing a technical report or research paper. This comprises some simple rules that have helped many inexperienced writers to get started, and have also helped more experienced writers to get out of a hopeless tangle of observations and inferences. (PDF contains 65 pages)

The role of sites of special scientific interest (SSSIs) in the conservation of British rivers

This paper discusses the particular contribution of the SSSI (Sites of Special Scientific Interest) as a way of nature conservation for rivers. In 1989, the Nature Conservancy Council proposed a dual selection system for selection of rivers; either (1) "Whole river" SSSIs representing the main types of river, or rivers which show classic and representative transitions down their lengths, or (2) "Sectional" SSSIs which are shorter stretches of river with high nature conservation interest. The NCC has recently classified all SSSIs with a river interest into 4 categories: - river SSSIs, river valley SSSIs, river adds interest - where the river clearly adds biological interest to the site, and rivers of incidental interest. The overall length of river SSSIs amounts to almost 1000 km.

A brief history of the scientific study of tropical African inland waters

An account is given of a study of African tropical waters, drawing on the personal experiences of the author. Reviewing developments since 1900, the author examines the way in which research has developed and the influence the changes in the policitcal map of Africa, in particular the change from colonial rule, has had on research.

Studies on the mouth size of fish larvae. Method and conclusions only [Translation from: Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 36, 353-368, 1970]

This study was conducted to look into the relationship between mouth size and the total length of larval fish, and the growth in total length of larval fish in one or within a one-year period. Study material was gathered in the South China Sea, the Bay of Bangkok and the Vietnamese coast. This translation focuses on methods and conclusions of the original (longer) paper.

Scientific investigations into the eutrophication of the Norfolk Broads

The word ”Broads” is used to describe a series of relatively shallow lakes resulting from the flooding of medieval peat diggings. Broadland is essentially freshwater, but because the rivers have such low gradients the lower reaches are brackish. The influence of tide is particularly apparent on the River Yare; in Norwich 40 km from the sea there is a vertical movement of half a metre at spring tide. This study examines the problems that the broadlands are facing. The problems are basically the progressive loss of aquatic plants, in particular the macro- phytes, animal life, outbreaks of avian botulism, occasional fish kills due to a toxin produced by the blue-green alga Prymesium parvum and the emergence of very heavy algal blooms. The main factor for the deteriation of the Broaslands is the eutrophication resulting from enhanced nutrient inputs, in particular of nitrates and phosphates, from a variety of sources. The most important of these are sewage effluents, agricultural drainage, which includes fertilisers and nutrient rich effluents from piggeries and dairy un

Trazendo à baila a voz que fomenta pesquisas em linguagem: uma análise crítica do discurso do professor-orientador através do Sistema de Transitividade

A Nova Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Brasileira (LDB 9.394/96) prevê que a educação superior promova criticidade, reflexibilidade, correlação de saberes, mas também o incentivo ao trabalho de pesquisa e investigação científica, visando ao desenvolvimento da ciência e da tecnologia e da criação e difusão da cultura e, desse modo, desenvolver o entendimento do homem e do meio em que vive. (Artigo 43, inciso III). Entretanto, pouco se ouve sobre essas questões a partir da voz do orientador de pesquisas acadêmicas, o que esta pesquisadora considera um problema de ordem social, tendo em vista a importância desses atores sociais para o campo acadêmico. Os poucos trabalhos que abordam o tema limitam-se a identificar o orientador a partir das impressões empíricas dos orientandos e a refletir as atuações a partir de questões político-educacionais (FLECHA, 2003; MAZZILLI, 2003; BIANCHETTI & MACHADO, 2006). Neste sentido, o presente trabalho procura responder, através da Análise Crítica do Discurso (ACD), o que os orientadores têm a dizer sobre sua prática social. De caráter interpretativo (ALVEZ-MAZZOTTI, 1999), conta com dados gerados por orientadores de mestrado em Linguística/Linguística Aplicada, das esferas federal, estadual e privada, do Rio de janeiro, sendo dois participantes de cada esfera. Na primeira etapa, os sujeitos responderam a uma entrevista semiestruturada. A segunda etapa consta de: a) um questionário; b) correspondências eletrônicas; c) os regimentos dos programas de pós-graduação; e d) revisão histórica da orientação no Brasil. O caráter social deste estudo é a relação dialética entre linguagem e sociedade, já que a ACD considera qualquer evento discursivo ao mesmo tempo um texto (primeira dimensão), uma prática discursiva (segunda dimensão) e uma prática social (terceira dimensão): o modelo tridimensional (FAIRCLOUGH, 2001). O Sistema de Transitividade da LSF pautou a análise da primeira dimensão, confirmando outros estudos sobre o ranking da recorrência dos processos (LIMA LOPES, 2001). A interpretação dessa primeira dimensão aponta que os orientadores atuam na idiossincrasia, e que os principais atores sociais desse fazer são o orientador e o orientando, em relação assimétrica de poder. Na segunda dimensão, a interdiscursividade reforça essa idiossincrasia, mas inclui as pressões institucionais, que agem como reguladoras desse fazer. Na terceira dimensão, os resultados sugerem que aspectos históricos justificam a queda da qualidade dos mestrandos, associando a isso um interesse político, e as características da pós-modernidade a uma nova e híbrida atuação. Além disso, os resultados apontam para um discurso de resistência à hegemonia nas três dimensões de análise. A pesquisa possibilitou ainda a discussão em torno de aspectos práticos: a) a reflexão dos sujeitos sobre seus papeis e atribuições; e b) a atualização do aporte teórico, aplicado a um tema ainda pouco explorado. Deste trabalho, fica um convite a novas pesquisas sobre o discurso do orientador, trazendo à tona não apenas sua voz, conforme a fala literal de um dos entrevistados, mas também contribuições diretas e significativas aos estudos em Linguística e Linguística Aplicada no Brasil

Darwin Scientific Foundation, Inc. and Galapagos Darwin Trust, Europe

From a special issue: A Brief History of the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands 1959-1988