Espectroscopía de emisión de rayos x. Aplicación a la caracterización de materiales. X-ray emission spectroscopy. Application to materials characterization

La idea principal del proyecto abarca el estudio de parámetros y fenómenos físicos. Los avances logrados se aplicarán al desarrollo de software y metodologías para cuantificación de materiales mediante microanálisis con sonda de electrones y microscopía electrónica de barrido. El microanálisis no es una técnica absoluta, sino que requiere de estándares de referencia, para obviar el uso de ciertos parámetros geométricos y atómicos difíciles de conocer con una precisión adecuada. Para contar con un método sin estándares debe abordarse la determinación de parámetros atómicos e instrumentales, que es uno de los aspectos que se desea encarar en este proyecto. Por otro lado, también se pretende incluir los parámetros estudiados en un software de cuantificación desarrollado por integrantes del proyecto. Otro de los propósitos del plan de trabajo es estudiar la potencialidad de la resolución espacial de una microsonda de electrones con el fin de desarrollar una metodología para caracterizar interfases, bordes de granos e inclusiones, con resolución submicrométrica, ya que los métodos tradicionales de cuantificación se restringen al caso de muestras planas y homogéneas dentro del volumen de interacción, pero la caracterización de inhomogeneidades a nivel micrométrico no ha sido desarrollada todavía, salvo algunas excepciones. The main idea of this project involves the study of physical parameters and phenomena. The concretion of the different goals will permit the elaboration of softeare and methodologies for materials characterization by means of electron probe microanalysis and scanning microscopy. Electron probe microanalysis is not an absolute technique, but requires reference standards in order not to involve certain geometrical and atomic parameters for which high uncertainties cannot be avoided. In order to have standardless method, the determination of atomic and instrumental parameters must be accomplished, as will be faced through this project. Complementary, the parameters studied will be included in a quantification software developed in our research group of FaMAF. Another objective of this activity plan is to study the spatial resolution potentiality of a focalized electron beam, with the aim of characterizing interphases, grain boundaries and inclusions with submicron sensitivity, since the traditional quantification procedures are restricted to flat homogeneous samples, whereas the characterization of inhomogeneities has not been developed yet.

Instrumentation and software for the VERITAS Project and the detection of TeV Gamma-Ray Emission from the BL Lacertae Object 1ES1959+650

Transmission of Cherenkov light through the atmosphere is strongly influenced by the optical clarity of the atmosphere and the prevailing weather conditions. The performance of telescopes measuring this light is therefore dependent on atmospheric effects. This thesis presents software and hardware developed to implement a prototype sky monitoring system for use on the proposed next-generation gamma-ray telescope array, VERITAS. The system, consisting of a CCD camera and a far-infrared pyrometer, was successfully installed and tested on the ten metre atmospheric Cherenkov imaging telescope operated by the VERITAS Collaboration at the F.L. Whipple Observatory in Arizona. The thesis also presents the results of observations of the BL Lacertae object, 1ES1959+650, made with the Whipple ten metre telescope. The observations provide evidence for TeV gamma-ray emission from the BL Lacertae object, 1ES1959+650, at a level of more than 15 standard deviations above background. This represents the first unequivocal detection of this object at TeV energies, making it only the third extragalactic source seen at such levels of significance in this energy range. The flux variability of the source on a number of timescales is also investigated.

Ray-wave correspondence and extended ray dynamics in optical microcavities

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Naturwiss., Diss., 2011

Dois teoremas sôbre a função gama

This paper proves the following theorems on the gamma function: Theorem I The integral ∫O∞ t u e-t dt = Γ ( u + 1 ) , where u, real or complex, is such that R (u) > -1, will not change its value if we substitute z = Q (cos φ + i sen φ) for the real variable t, being jconstant and such that - Π/2 < φ < Π/2 , Theorem II The integral ∫-∞∞ w2u + 1 e -w² dw = Γ ( u + 1 ) , where 2u + 1 is supposed to be a non negative even integer, will not change its value if we substitute z = w + fi, f being a real constant, for the real variable w. The proof of both theorems is obtained by means of the well known Cauchy theorem on contour integrals on the complex plane, as suggested by CRAMÉR (1, p. 126) and LEVY (3, p. 178).

Doses letais de radiações gama do 60Co para sementes de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), variedades Rosinha e Roxinho

O conhecimento das doses letais de radiações gama para sementes de plantas cultivadas assume grande importância quando se pesquisa a melhoria de suas qualidades através do emprego de radiações ionizantes. Sementes de feijoeiro, das variedades Roxinho e Rosinha foram submetidas a diferentes doses de radiações gama do 60Co, a saber; 0,0, 6,0 krad, 12,0 krad, 24,0 krad, 36,0 krad e 48.0 krad. Após as irradiações foram colocadas a germinar, em camara de germinação, a intervalos quinzenais, a partir da data da irradiação, durante quatro meses. As contagens foram realizadas no quinto dia após a instalação de cada um dos testes, computando-se a porcentagem de plântulas normais. A análise dos dados e a interpretação dos resultados permitiram que se chegasse à conclusão de que o poder germinativo das sementes das duas variedades decresce com o aumento da dose de irradiação. Para a obtenção de boa conservação de sementes dessas variedades em condições normais de ambiente, é desaconselhável o emprego de doses iguais ou superiores a 12,0 krad que prejudicam sensivelmente o poder germinativo. As doses de 36,0 krad e 48,0 krad reduzem a germinação a zero.

Efeitos de radiações gama do 60Co na conservação da semente do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), variedade goiano precoce

No Departamento de Agricultura e Horticultura da E. S. A. «Luiz de Queiroz», o comportamento de sementes de feijoeiro, variedade Goiano Prococe, irradiadas e conservadas em condições ambientais, foi estudado mediante a instalação periódica de testes de germinação e testes de emergência. As sementes foram submetidas a 0,0, 0,4, 0,8, 1,6, 3,2 e 6,4 krad de radiações gama na bomba de Cobalto do Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA). Os testes de laboratório constaram da observação, em nove épocas, segundo esquema fatorial, da germinação das sementes submetidas aos diversos tratamentos. O vigor das sementes foi avaliado de acordo com a velocidade de emergência das plântulas em canteiros, segundo esquema fatorial, em seis épocas. Após as análises e discussão dos resultados, chegou-se às seguintes conclusões: a) Embora tenham sido constatados efeitos imediatos das doses de irradiação utilizadas, sobre o poder germinativo, há possibilidade de melhor conservação das sementes irradiadas por período de tempo prolongado, em condições normais de ambiente. b) Dentro das dosagens empregadas, o tratamento 0,8 krad se revelou o mais favorável; os tratamentos 0,4 e 1,6 krad também podem ser recomendados. c) Testes de vigor são mais indicados para esse tipo de estudo, por serem mais rigorosos que os de germinação.

Hydrogen interaction with supermartensitic stainless steel studied by energy dispersive X-ray diffraction

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Maschinenbau, Diss., 2015

The history of creation, or, The development of the earth and its inhabitants by the action of natural causes : a popular exposition of the doctrine of evolution in general, and of that of Darwin, Goethe and Lamarck in particular / from the German of Ernst Haeckel ; the translation rev. by E. Ray Lankester.

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Creation of an Age-Adjusted, Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry-Derived Trabecular Bone Score Curve for the Lumbar Spine in Non-Hispanic US White Women.

The trabecular bone score (TBS, Med-Imaps, Pessac, France) is an index of bone microarchitecture texture extracted from anteroposterior dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry images of the spine. Previous studies have documented the ability of TBS of the spine to differentiate between women with and without fractures among age- and areal bone mineral density (aBMD)-matched controls, as well as to predict future fractures. In this cross-sectional analysis of data collected from 3 geographically dispersed facilities in the United States, we investigated age-related changes in the microarchitecture of lumbar vertebrae as assessed by TBS in a cohort of non-Hispanic US white American women. All subjects were 30 yr of age and older and had an L1-L4aBMDZ-score within ±2 SD of the population mean. Individuals were excluded if they had fractures, were on any osteoporosis treatment, or had any illness that would be expected to impact bone metabolism. All data were extracted from Prodigy dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry devices (GE-Lunar, Madison, WI). Cross-calibrations between the 3 participating centers were performed for TBS and aBMD. aBMD and TBS were evaluated for spine L1-L4 but also for all other possible vertebral combinations. To validate the cohort, a comparison between the aBMD normative data of our cohort and US non-Hispanic white Lunar data provided by the manufacturer was performed. A database of 619 non-Hispanic US white women, ages 30-90 yr, was created. aBMD normative data obtained from this cohort were not statistically different from the non-Hispanic US white Lunar normative data provided by the manufacturer (p = 0.30). This outcome thereby indirectly validates our cohort. TBS values at L1-L4 were weakly inversely correlated with body mass index (r = -0.17) and weight (r = -0.16) and not correlated with height. TBS values for all lumbar vertebral combinations decreased significantly with age. There was a linear decrease of 16.0% (-2.47 T-score) in TBS at L1-L4 between 45 and 90 yr of age (vs. -2.34 for aBMD). Microarchitectural loss rate increased after age 65 by 50% (-0.004 to -0.006). Similar results were obtained for other combinations of lumbar vertebra. TBS, an index of bone microarchitectural texture, decreases with advancing age in non-Hispanic US white women. Little change in TBS is observed between ages 30 and 45. Thereafter, a progressive decrease is observed with advancing age. The changes we observed in these American women are similar to that previously reported for a French population of white women (r(2) > 0.99). This reference database will facilitate the use of TBS to assess bone microarchitectural deterioration in clinical practice.