Aesop's fables.

Se trata de una versión de la colección original de fábulas escritas por Esopo y reescritas para niños, que contiene las conocidas historias de: la gallina de los huevos de oro; el león y el hombre; el perro y el hueso; el león, el zorro y el burro; y otras más.

Gracie's cat.

Esta es una de las historias familiares que narra la autora acerca de su propia infancia. Fue alrededor de los cinco años, en la década de los treinta cuando vivía en Trinidad:su gata tenía cuatro gatitos. Un día, todos ellos desaparecieron. Para la lectura en voz alta de niños a partir de cinco años cumple con los requisitos del currículo de Inglaterra, Gales e Irlanda. Las ilustraciones están muy relacionadas con el texto, lo que permite a los alumnos predecir las palabras desconocidas al desarrollar un vocabulario basado en la imagen que facilita la lectura. Para motivar a los niños a explorar sus respuestas personales y enlazar con sus propias experiencias.

Responsabilidad y conciencia profesional de los enseñantes.

Son conceptos difíciles de explicar, pero que tratan de definir la actitud interna y externa de los profesores, es decir, su modo de pensar y su repercusión en las relaciones exteriores. La conciencia profesional permite también, respetar obligaciones y derechos. Los profesores no tienen ningún poder dentro de su profesión, por tanto no tienen ninguna responsabilidad. No tienen que asumir las consecuencias de sus actos profesionales, ni individuales, ni colectivamente. Tienen un poder absoluto sobre las notas que ponen, y a través de ellas sobre la selección, así como sobre la organización cotidiana de su trabajo y, en particular, sobre la forma de dar clase. Es extraña esta situación del profesor, tiene un poder absoluto sobre las clases que imparte y sobre los alumnos y un no poder no absoluto sobre la enseñanza y el aprendizaje. Esta contradicción, el no poder se vive como impotencia del niño frente a la omnipotente administración y que, en compensación, se le confiere una omnipotencia sobre la clase. Los profesores tienen libertad de organizar su enseñanza como les parezca mejor. Poder absoluto e irresponsabilidad son las condiciones ideales para la resistencia frente al cambio. Aún, si los profesores pudieran sacar de ese poder monopolístico (enseñanza) sobre la formación intelectual de la juventud, un placer que compensase su malestar colectivo. Pero, no es así y tales placeres son extraños a su ideología. Para el Ministerio de Educación Nacional el monopolio es sólo el resultado no buscado de un ideal de servicio público. Y la virtud llamada conciencia profesional está ahí, en principio, para limitar los excesos potenciales del monopolio y proscribir todo placer consciente en el ejercicio del poder absoluto.

La colaboración en proyectos en contexto TIC : colaborar para aprender y aprender a colaborar.

El artículo pertenece a una sección monográfica de la revista dedicada a tratamiento de la información y competencia digital. - Resumen tomado parcialmente de la revista.

Effect on components of the intestinal microflora and plasma neuropeptide levels of feeding Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Bifidobacterium lactis, and inulin to adult and elderly rats

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of the mixture of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. rhamnosus strain GG, Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12, and inulin on intestinal populations of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and enterobacteria in adult and elderly rats fed the same (in quality and quantity) diet. The portal plasma levels of two neuropeptides, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and peptide YY (PYY), were also evaluated to assess the physiological consequences of the synbiotic treatment for the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of rats of different ages. Adult (n = 24) and elderly (n = 24) male rats were fed the AIN-93 M maintenance diet. After 2 weeks of adaptation, the diet of 12 rats of each age group was supplemented with 8% inulin and with strains GG and Bb12 to provide 2.2 x 10(9) CFU of each strain g(-1) of the diet. Blood and different regions of the GI tract were sampled from all rats after 21 days of the treatment. Treatment with the mixture of strain GG, strain BB12, and inulin induced significantly different changes in the numbers of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and enterobacteria of the stomach, small intestine, cecum, and colon microflora. Moreover, the GG, BB12, and inulin mixture increased the concentrations of NPY and PYY for adult rats. For the elderly animals, the PYY concentration was not changed, while the NPY concentration was decreased by treatment with the GG, BB12, and inulin mixture. The results of the present study indicate that the physiological status of the GI tract, and not just diet, has a major role in the regulation of important groups of the GI bacteria community, since even the outcome of the dietary modification with synbiotics depends on the ages of the animals.

Insight into the prebiotic concept: lessons from an exploratory, double blind intervention study with inulin-type fructans in obese women

Objective To highlight the contribution of the gut microbiota to the modulation of host metabolism by dietary inulin-type fructans (ITF prebiotics) in obese women. Methods A double blind, placebo controlled, intervention study was performed with 30 obese women treated with ITF prebiotics (inulin/oligofructose 50/50 mix; n=15) or placebo (maltodextrin; n=15) for 3 months (16 g/day). Blood, faeces and urine sampling, oral glucose tolerance test, homeostasis model assessment and impedancemetry were performed before and after treatment. The gut microbial composition in faeces was analysed by phylogenetic microarray and qPCR analysis of 16S rDNA. Plasma and urine metabolic profiles were analysed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Results Treatment with ITF prebiotics, but not the placebo, led to an increase in Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii; both bacteria negatively correlated with serum lipopolysaccharide levels. ITF prebiotics also decreased Bacteroides intestinalis, Bacteroides vulgatus and Propionibacterium, an effect associated with a slight decrease in fat mass and with plasma lactate and phosphatidylcholine levels. No clear treatment clustering could be detected for gut microbial analysis or plasma and urine metabolomic profile analyses. However, ITF prebiotics led to subtle changes in the gut microbiota that may importantly impact on several key metabolites implicated in obesity and/or diabetes. Conclusions ITF prebiotics selectively changed the gut microbiota composition in obese women, leading to modest changes in host metabolism, as suggested by the correlation between some bacterial species and metabolic endotoxaemia or metabolomic signatures.

Synbiotic approach restores intestinal homeostasis and prolongs survival in leukaemia mice with cachexia

Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome that includes muscle wasting and inflammation. As gut microbes influence host immunity and metabolism, we investigated the role of the gut microbiota in the therapeutic management of cancer and associated cachexia. A community-wide analysis of the caecal microbiome in two mouse models of cancer cachexia (acute leukaemia or subcutaneous transplantation of colon cancer cells) identified common microbial signatures, including decreased Lactobacillus spp. and increased Enterobacteriaceae and Parabacteroides goldsteinii/ASF 519. Building on this information, we administered a synbiotic containing inulin-type fructans and live Lactobacillus reuteri 100-23 to leukaemic mice. This treatment restored the Lactobacillus population and reduced the Enterobacteriaceae levels. It also reduced hepatic cancer cell proliferation, muscle wasting and morbidity, and prolonged survival. Administration of the synbiotic was associated with restoration of the expression of antimicrobial proteins controlling intestinal barrier function and gut immunity markers, but did not impact the portal metabolomics imprinting of energy demand. In summary, this study provided evidence that the development of cancer outside the gut can impact intestinal homeostasis and the gut microbial ecosystem and that a synbiotic intervention, by targeting some alterations of the gut microbiota, confers benefits to the host, prolonging survival and reducing cancer proliferation and cachexia.

Expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase ephb2 on dendritic cells is modulated by toll-like receptor ligation but is not required for t cell activation

The Eph receptor tyrosine kinases interact with their ephrin ligands on adjacent cells to facilitate contact-dependent cell communication. Ephrin B ligands are expressed on T cells and have been suggested to act as co-stimulatory molecules during T cell activation. There are no detailed reports of the expression and modulation of EphB receptors on dendritic cells, the main antigen presenting cells that interact with T cells. Here we show that mouse splenic dendritic cells (DC) and bone-marrow derived DCs (BMDC) express EphB2, a member of the EphB family. EphB2 expression is modulated by ligation of TLR4 and TLR9 and also by interaction with ephrin B ligands. Co-localization of EphB2 with MHC-II is also consistent with a potential role in T cell activation. However, BMDCs derived from EphB2 deficient mice were able to present antigen in the context of MHC-II and produce T cell activating cytokines to the same extent as intact DCs. Collectively our data suggest that EphB2 may contribute to DC responses, but that EphB2 is not required for T cell activation. This result may have arisen because DCs express other members of the EphB receptor family, EphB3, EphB4 and EphB6, all of which can interact with ephrin B ligands, or because EphB2 may be playing a role in another aspect of DC biology such as migration.

Separating the wheat from the chaff: unbiased filtering of background tandem mass spectra improves protein identification

Only a small fraction of spectra acquired in LC-MS/MS runs matches peptides from target proteins upon database searches. The remaining, operationally termed background, spectra originate from a variety of poorly controlled sources and affect the throughput and confidence of database searches. Here, we report an algorithm and its software implementation that rapidly removes background spectra, regardless of their precise origin. The method estimates the dissimilarity distance between screened MS/MS spectra and unannotated spectra from a partially redundant background library compiled from several control and blank runs. Filtering MS/MS queries enhanced the protein identification capacity when searches lacked spectrum to sequence matching specificity. In sequence-similarity searches it reduced by, on average, 30-fold the number of orphan hits, which were not explicitly related to background protein contaminants and required manual validation. Removing high quality background MS/MS spectra, while preserving in the data set the genuine spectra from target proteins, decreased the false positive rate of stringent database searches and improved the identification of low-abundance proteins.

Anesthetic Activation of Central Respiratory Chemoreceptor Neurons Involves Inhibition of a THIK-1-Like Background K(+) Current

At surgical depths of anesthesia, inhalational anesthetics cause a loss of motor response to painful stimuli (i.e., immobilization) that is characterized by profound inhibition of spinal motor circuits. Yet, although clearly depressed, the respiratory motor system continues to provide adequate ventilation under these same conditions. Here, we show that isoflurane causes robust activation of CO(2)/pH-sensitive, Phox2b-expressing neurons located in the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) of the rodent brainstem, in vitro and in vivo. In brainstem slices from Phox2b-eGFP mice, the firing of pH-sensitive RTN neurons was strongly increased by isoflurane, independent of prevailing pH conditions. At least two ionic mechanisms contributed to anesthetic activation of RTN neurons: activation of an Na(+)-dependent cationic current and inhibition of a background K(+) current. Single-cell reverse transcription-PCR analysis of dissociated green fluorescent protein-labeled RTN neurons revealed expression of THIK-1 (TWIK-related halothane-inhibited K(+) channel, K(2P)13.1), a channel that shares key properties with the native RTN current (i.e., suppression by inhalational anesthetics, weak rectification, inhibition by extracellular Na(+), and pH-insensitivity). Isoflurane also increased firing rate of RTN chemosensitive neurons in urethane-anesthetized rats, again independent of CO(2) levels. In these animals, isoflurane transiently enhanced activity of the respiratory system, an effect that was most prominent at low levels of respiratory drive and mediated primarily by an increase in respiratory frequency. These data indicate that inhalational anesthetics cause activation of RTN neurons, which serve an important integrative role in respiratory control; the increased drive provided by enhanced RTN neuronal activity may contribute, in part, to maintaining respiratory motor activity under immobilizing anesthetic conditions.

Balanço de massa : uma ferramenta para otimizar os processos de ribeira e curtimento

O setor do couro é de grande interesse para a economia do País, pois a produção mundial de couros é de 329,75 milhões e a do Brasil é de 35,50 milhões, com uma participação mundial de 10,77%, da qual grande parte é para exportação. O processamento de peles em couro consiste em diversas etapas, com adições seqüenciais de produtos químicos em meio aquoso, intercaladas por lavagens e processos mecânicos. Sabe-se que os mais diversos impactos ambientais são gerados nesta indústria, tornando o presente trabalho importante por analisar quantidades adicionadas de água, pele e insumos químicos, também por avaliar a produção, e respectivas quantidades geradas de couro, de resíduos sólidos, de efluentes líquidos, assim como de suas concentrações. Este trabalho teve por objetivo a caracterização das peles e dos banhos residuais, de ribeira e curtimento, através de análises químicas, para efetuar o balanço de massa destas operações. Para a realização desse balanço, foram definidos critérios para o monitoramento dos processos e foram estabelecidos e/ou adaptados os métodos analíticos adequados para quantificar as correntes de entrada e as concentrações das correntes de saída, através de amostragens de águas residuais e de peles, em cada etapa dos processos de ribeira e de curtimento. Foi feito o balanço global e por componentes em escalas piloto e industrial. Através da caracterização das peles por meio das análises químicas, foi mostrado que o processo piloto é representativo para o processo industrial A pesquisa demonstrou a importância do balanço de massa, pois somente através da análise do aproveitamento e das perdas nas diferentes etapas de transformação da matéria-prima pele em wet-blue, é possível otimizar a relação entre os materiais empregados no processo. Os dados obtidos podem ser utilizados como ferramenta para a implementação da gestão e gerenciamento de melhorias no processo produtivo em curtumes, onde se busca manter a qualidade do produto final e diminuir o impacto ambiental e econômico.

Práticas da justiça : uma etnografia do "campo de atenção do adolescente infrator" no Rio Grande do Sul depois do estatuto da Criança e do adolescente

O trabalho tem como temática o processo de implementação das transformações legais realizadas a partir da promulgação do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA), em 1990. Especificamente, investiga a nova configuração dos aparatos de atenção jurídico-estatais para os “adolescentes em conflito com a lei” no Rio Grande do Sul, a partir do estudo da implantação das novas políticas sócio-educativas. A pesquisa destaca, desde uma perspectiva antropológica, os modos pelos quais a transformação de princípios é dinamizada em práticas diversas, institucionalizada no seio de entidades específicas e entendida por seus protagonistas privilegiados: os agentes jurídico-estatais, na interface de seus relacionamentos com os adolescentes, familiares e/ou responsáveis.

O tema no processo criativo da asmarias companhia de teatro

Seted in the context of the educational actions of Casa Renascer, a non-governmental organization, located in Natal city, which had as its primary purpose the care with children and adolescent girls in vulnerable situations, this research is based on describing and analysis on the topic in the creative process developed by Asmarias Theatre Company from 1993 to 2003, a process that culminated in the assembly of the dramatic text, Mateus e Mateusa, of Qorpo-Santo. In this research is focused on the route of the Theatre Company has done so much theater in its early history (1993), with the practice of reading and dramatic writing in the preparation of didactic material called Primer of Inventions, as in the procedures with theater street and forum theater (1997 to 2000) to the reunion in 2001 of seven teenagers which articulated the last group formation next to the assembly's text Qorpo-Santo (2002- 2003). During the development on this learning, the evolution of the creative process based on institutional theme when asked if one can provide moments of educational experiences through the traditional form of theater, with reference to the issues inherent in the dramatic texts considered classics. The debate on the issue through research and analysis in its descriptions and finds in the interim between his past and present indications that lead to conclusive guises. The methodology, which is guided by research, is based in theatrical archeology (PAVIS, 2005), the evidential paradigm (GINZBURG, 1989) and the second approaches the experiences narrated by Benjamin (1985). We selected documents in formats of written texts, photographic and filmed, and identified in these files, marks and tracks which took us to understand the subject in the creative process of Asmarias Theatre Company during the tests with the dramatic text, Mateus and Mateusa, of Qorpo-Santo. In this theatrical practice, located in the field of the theater pedagogy, it appears that the actions across thematic theater in the Casa Renascer and allowed the formation of critical aesthetic perspective and personal social dimension of the subjects involved. The theme has gained a significant proportion in the theatrical activity as a guiding point of the creative process of Theatre Company, taking in the theatrical art form. In this sense, the creative process with the dramatic and classic texts won the educational dimension to address the issue in the movement of the drama as the focus of individual creation which added to the collective universe of the interactive game