Relationships between running economy and mechanics in middle-distance runners

Running economy (RE), i.e. the oxygen consumption at a given submaximal speed, is an important determinant of endurance running performance. So far, investigators have widely attempted to individuate the factors affecting RE in competitive athletes, focusing mainly on the relationships between RE and running biomechanics. However, the current results are inconsistent and a clear mechanical profile of an economic runner has not been yet established. The present work aimed to better understand how the running technique influences RE in sub-elite middle-distance runners by investigating the biomechanical parameters acting on RE and the underlying mechanisms. Special emphasis was given to accounting for intra-individual variability in RE at different speeds and to assessing track running rather than treadmill running. In Study One, a factor analysis was used to reduce the 30 considered mechanical parameters to few global descriptors of the running mechanics. Then, a biomechanical comparison between economic and non economic runners and a multiple regression analysis (with RE as criterion variable and mechanical indices as independent variables) were performed. It was found that a better RE was associated to higher knee and ankle flexion in the support phase, and that the combination of seven individuated mechanical measures explains ∼72% of the variability in RE. In Study Two, a mathematical model predicting RE a priori from the rate of force production, originally developed and used in the field of comparative biology, was adapted and tested in competitive athletes. The model showed a very good fit (R2=0.86). In conclusion, the results of this dissertation suggest that the very complex interrelationships among the mechanical parameters affecting RE may be successfully dealt with through multivariate statistical analyses and the application of theoretical mathematical models. Thanks to these results, coaches are provided with useful tools to assess the biomechanical profile of their athletes. Thus, individual weaknesses in the running technique may be identified and removed, with the ultimate goal to improve RE.

Mechanismen der Antigenpräsentation bei der Induktion der CD8-T-Zellantwort gegen das murine Cytomegalovirus

Die Kontrolle der Cytomegalovirus(CMV)-Infektion durch CD8 T-Zellen ist abhängig von der effizienten MHC-Klasse-I-Präsentation viraler Peptide auf der Zelloberfläche. Um die Erkennung infizierter Zellen zu unterdrücken, interferieren während der Early (E)-Phase der murinen CMV (mCMV)-Infektion virale Immunevasine mit dem intrazellulären Transport von Peptid-MHC-I (pMHC-I) Komplexen. Den Immunevasinen gelingt es allerdings nicht, ein Priming mCMV-spezifischer CD8 T-Zellen zu verhindern. Daher wurde angenommen, dass die Initiation der antiviralen CD8 T-Zellantwort primär auf der Cross-Präsentation viraler Peptide auf nicht-infizierten, professionellen Antigen-präsentierenden Zellen (profAPC) beruht und damit unabhängig von viralen Immunevasionsmechanismen ist.rnIm Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde mittels BAC-Mutagenese eine mCMV-Rekombinante generiert, um die direkte Präsentation viraler Peptide durch die zusätzliche Expression des zentralen Immunevasins m152 bereits in der Immediate Early (IE)-Phase verstärkt zu unterdrücken. Wie erwartet reduzierte die verstärkte m152-Expression sowohl in der IE- als auch in der E-Phase die pMHC-I-Präsentation in vitro. Dies führte überraschenderweise nach Infektion immunkompetenter BALB/c-Mäuse (Haplotyp H-2d) zu einer verminderten CD8 T-Zellantwort und damit zur Verschlechterung der Kontrolle der Infektion im drainierenden Lymphknoten. Diese Beobachtungen weisen erstmals auf einen wichtigen Beitrag der direkten Antigenpräsentation bei der Initiation der mCMV-spezifischen CD8 T-Zellantwort im immunkompetenten Wirt hin. Zusätzlich konnte auch nach mCMV-Infektion von Cross-Präsentations-defizienten Mäusen (Haplotyp H-2b) eine antivirale CD8 T-Zellantwort initiiert werden. Diese Beobachtung bestätigt, dass durch direkte Antigenpräsentation auf infizierten profAPC trotz viraler Immunevasionsmechanismen eine CD8 T-Zellantwort induziert werden kann. Allerdings wurde weder die antivirale CD8 T-Zellantwort noch die Kontrolle der Infektion im Haplotyp H-2b durch die verstärkte m152-Expression moduliert.rnIn einem weiteren Teil der Arbeit konnte im klinisch relevanten Modellsystem der mCMV-Infektion von Knochenmarktransplantations (KMT)-Rezipienten (Haplotyp H-2d) gezeigt werden, dass die verstärkte m152-Expression die Rekrutierung IE1-spezifischer CD8 T-Zellen in die infizierte Lunge unterdrückt. Dies konnte sowohl früh nach Infektion, als auch während der viralen Latenz nachgewiesen werden. Zusätzlich war die Rekrutierung IE1-spezifischer CD8 T-Zellen in die Lunge deutlich vermindert in Ld--Rezipienten von Ld+-hämatopoetischen Zellen, die das IE1-präsentierende MHC-I-Molekül Ld nicht auf den nicht-hämatopoetischen Gewebszellen exprimieren. Diese Beobachtungen zeigen, dass die Rekrutierung antiviraler CD8 T-Zellen in ein peripheres Organ von der direkten Antigenpräsentation auf nicht-hämatopoetischen, infizierten Gewebszellen bestimmt wird.rnIn der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte somit erstmals gezeigt werden, dass trotz viraler Immunevasionsmechanismen nach mCMV-Infektion des immunkompetenten Wirtes und des KMT-Rezipienten die antivirale CD8 T-Zellantwort von der direkten Antigenpräsentation bestimmt wird.

Molekulare Grundlagen der Immunkontrolle des murinen Cytomegalovirus in Gegenwart viruskodierter Immunevasine

Die Kontrolle der Infektion mit dem humanen Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) wird primär durch antivirale CD8 T-Zellen vermittelt. Während der Koevolution zwischen Virus und Wirt wurden Immunevasionsmechanismen entwickelt, die direkt die Expression der Peptid-MHC-Klasse-I-Komplexe an der Zelloberfläche beeinflussen und es dem Virus ermöglichen, der Immunkontrolle des Wirtes zu entkommen. Da HCMV und das murine CMV (mCMV) zum Teil analoge Strategien zur Modulation des MHC-Klasse-I-Antigen-Präsentationswegs entwickelt haben, wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit auf das experimentelle Modell mit mCMV zurückgegriffen. Die für die Immunevasion verantwortlichen Genprodukte m04/gp34, m06/gp48 und m152/gp40 werden aufgrund ihres regulatorischen Einflusses auf die Antigenpräsentation als vRAPs (viral regulators of antigen presentation) bezeichnet. Diese interferieren mit dem Transport Peptid-beladener MHC-Klasse-I-Moleküle und reduzieren in ihrer konzertierten Wirkung die Präsentation viraler Peptide an der Zelloberfläche.rnDie Transplantation hämatopoietischer Zellen nach Immunoablation stellt eine etablierte Therapieform bei malignen hämatologischen Erkrankungen dar. Zwischen Immunoablation und der Rekonstitution des Immunsystems sind die Empfänger der transferierten Zellen stark immunsupprimiert und anfällig für eine CMV-Erkrankung bei Reaktivierung des Virus. Neben der Gabe antiviraler Medikamente ist der adoptive Transfer antiviraler CD8 T-Zellen eine vielversprechende Therapiemöglichkeit, um reaktivierende CMV zu kontrollieren, bis das körpereigene Immunsystem wieder funktionsfähig ist. Obwohl im murinen Modell sehr wohl etabliert, stellen im humanen System die eingeschränkte Wirkung und die Notwendigkeit der konsequenten Gabe hoher Zellzahlen gewisse logistische Schwierigkeiten dar, welche die Methode bisher von der klinischen Routine ausschließen.rnDas murine Modell sagte eine Rolle von IFN-γ voraus, da Depletion dieses Zytokins zu einer verminderten Schutzwirkung gegen die mCMV-Infektion führt.rnIm ersten Teil dieser Arbeit sollte ein möglicher inhibitorischer Effekt von m04 auf m152 untersucht werden, der bei der Rekombinanten Δm06W beobachtet wurde. Mit neu generierten Viren (Δm06L1+2) konnte dieser Effekt allerdings nicht bestätigt werden. Bei Δm06W fehlte jedoch eine höher N-glykosylierte Isoform des m152-Proteins. Um zu untersuchen, ob die N-Glykosylierung von m152 für seine Funktion notwendig ist, wurde ein rekombinantes Virus generiert, das in Folge einer Deletion aller 3 N-Glykosylierungssequenzen nur eine nicht-glykosylierte Isoform des m152-Proteins bilden kann. In Übereinstimmung mit der zwischenzeitlich publizierten Kristallstruktur das Komplexes von m152 und dem Liganden RAE-1 des aktivierenden NK-Zellrezeptors NKG2D konnte erstmals gezeigt werden, dass die Funktionen von m152 in der adaptiven und in der angeborenen Immunität auch von der nicht N-glykosylierten Isoform wahrgenommen werden können.rnIm zweiten Teil der Arbeit sollte mit Hilfe eines Sets an vRAP Deletionsmutanten der Einfluss von IFN γ auf die einzeln oder in Kombination exprimierten vRAPs untersucht werden. Es zeigte sich, dass Vorbehandlung der Zellen mit IFN-γ die Antigenprozessierung nach Infektion stark erhöht und die vRAPs dann nicht mehr in der Lage sind, die Präsentation aller Peptid-beladener MHC-Klasse-I-Komplexe zu verhindern. Des Weiteren konnte gezeigt werden, dass vorher nicht-schützende CD8 T-Zellen Schutz vermitteln können, wenn das Gewebe der Rezipienten konstitutiv mit IFN-γ versorgt wird. Die zusätzliche Gabe von IFN-γ stellt daher eine vielversprechende Möglichkeit dar, den adoptiven Transfer als Therapie in der klinischen Routine einzusetzen.

Distinct Effects of Rac1 on Differentiation of Primary Avian Myoblasts

Rho family GTPases have been implicated in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in response to extracellular cues and in the transduction of signals from the membrane to the nucleus. Their role in development and cell differentiation, however, is little understood. Here we show that the transient expression of constitutively active Rac1 and Cdc42 in unestablished avian myoblasts is sufficient to cause inhibition of myogenin expression and block of the transition to the myocyte compartment, whereas activated RhoA affects myogenic differentiation only marginally. Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) appears not to be essential for block of differentiation because, although Rac1 and Cdc42 GTPases modestly activate JNK in quail myoblasts, a Rac1 mutant defective for JNK activation can still inhibit myogenic differentiation. Stable expression of active Rac1, attained by infection with a recombinant retrovirus, is permissive for terminal differentiation, but the resulting myotubes accumulate severely reduced levels of muscle-specific proteins. This inhibition is the consequence of posttranscriptional events and suggests the presence of a novel level of regulation of myogenesis. We also show that myotubes expressing constitutively active Rac1 fail to assemble ordered sarcomeres. Conversely, a dominant-negative Rac1 variant accelerates sarcomere maturation and inhibits v-Src–induced selective disassembly of I-Z-I complexes. Collectively, our findings provide a role for Rac1 during skeletal muscle differentiation and strongly suggest that Rac1 is required downstream of v-Src in the signaling pathways responsible for the dismantling of tissue-specific supramolecular structures.

Binding of purified multiple antibiotic-resistance repressor protein (MarR) to mar operator sequences.

Elevated expression of the marORAB multiple antibiotic-resistance operon enhances the resistance of Escherichia coli to various medically significant antibiotics. Transcription of the operon is repressed in vivo by the marR-encoded protein, MarR, and derepressed by salicylate and certain antibiotics. The possibility that repression results from MarR interacting with the marO operator-promoter region was studied in vitro using purified MarR and a DNA fragment containing marO. MarR formed at least two complexes with marO DNA, bound > 30-fold more tightly to it than to salmon sperm DNA, and protected two separate 21-bp sites within marO from digestion by DNase I. Site I abuts the downstream side of the putative -35 transcription-start signal and includes 4 bp of the -10 signal. Site II begins 13 bp downstream of site I, ending immediately before the first base pair of marR. Site II, approximately 80% homologous to site I, is not required for repression since a site II-deleted mutant (marO133) was repressed in trans by wild-type MarR. The absence of site II did not prevent MarR from complexing with the site I of marO133. Salicylate bound to MarR (Kd approximately 0.5 mM) and weakened the interaction of MarR with sites I and II. Thus, repression of the mar operon, which curbs the antibiotic resistance of E. coli, correlates with the formation of MarR-site I complexes. Salicylate appears to induce the mar operon by binding to MarR and inhibiting complex formation, whereas tetracycline and chloramphenicol, which neither bind MarR nor inhibit complex formation, must induce by an indirect mechanism.

Exploring the social behaviour of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) in a public off-leash dog park

The growing popularity of dog parks has created an opportunity to learn more about interactions between companion dogs. Dog-dog behaviour in a public off-leash dog park was described and analyzed using a motivationally-neutral approach. I observed focal dogs from park entry for 400 s and constructed activity time budgets (percentages of time spent with dogs, humans, etc.); rates of socially-relevant dog behaviours (e.g., snout-muzzle contact, physical contact) were also calculated. On average, focal dogs spent 50% of their time alone, nearly 40% with other dogs and 11% in other activities; time with dogs decreased and time alone increased over the first six minutes. Some behaviours were very frequent (i.e., more than 90% of focal dogs initiated and received snout-muzzle contact to the anogenital and head areas, while others were rare (i.e., 9% and 12% of focal dogs initiated and received lunge approaches, respectively). Dog density and focal dog age, sex, neuter status, and size were found to influence some behavioural variables. Future studies should continue to investigate the diverse range of canid behaviours and factors that influence social behaviours in dog park settings.

La imagen de Barbación en las "Res Gestae" de Amiano Marcelino1

Este artículo analiza uno de los personajes secundarios más relevantes de las Res Gestae (RG) de Amiano Marcelino, el magister peditum Barbación. El historiador presenta a Barbación como un ser infame: colaborador en la muerte de Galo, cobarde, arrogante y desleal con Juliano durante la campaña militar del 357, delator de falsedades ante Constancio, merecedor de una muerte indigna. Sin embargo, un estudio de conjunto de los pasajes de Res Gestae, tomando como apoyo metodológico las técnicas de argumentación aplicadas al retrato y el concepto de ‘argumentación implícita’ de Sabbah 1978 y los métodos de caracterización de personajes de Pauw 1977, corrige esta visión comúnmente aceptada y demuestra la parcialidad del historiador. Así mismo se pone de manifiesto que el personaje, como otros actantes secundarios en las RG, es una réplica del carácter de Constancio II.

Diversity in Catalytic Reactions of Propargylic Diazoesters

Abstract Title of Document: Diversity in Catalytic Reactions of Propargylic Diazoesters Huang Qiu, Doctor of Philosophy, 2016 Directed By: Professor Michael P. Doyle, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Propargylic aryldiazoesters, which possess multiple reactive functional groups in a single molecule, were expected to undergo divergent reaction pathways as a function of catalysts. A variety of transition metal complexes including rhodium(II), palladium(II), silver(I), mercury(II), copper(I and II), and cationic gold (I) complexes have been examined to be effective in the catalytic domino reactions of propargylic aryldiazoesters. An unexpected Lewis acid catalyzed pathway was also discovered by using FeCl3 as the catalyst. Under the catalysis of selected gold catalysts, propargylic aryldiazoesters exist in equilibrium with 1-aryl-1,2-dien-1-yl diazoacetate allenes that are rapidly formed at room temperature through 1,3-acyloxy migration. The newly formed allenes further undergo a metal-free rearrangement in which the terminal nitrogen of the diazo functional group adds to the central carbon of the allene initiating a sequence of bond forming reactions resulting in the production of 1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazol-4-ones in good yields. These 1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazol-4-ones undergo intramolecular 1,3-acyl migration to form an equilibrium mixture or quantitatively transfer the acyl group to an external nucleophile with formation of 4-hydroxypyrazoles. In the presence of a pyridine-N-oxide, both E- and Z-1,3-dienyl aryldiazoacetates are formed in high combined yields by Au(I)-catalyzed rearrangement of propargyl arylyldiazoacetates at short reaction times. Under thermal reactions the E-isomers form the products from intramolecular [4+2]-cycloaddition with H‡298 = 15.6 kcal/mol and S‡298= -27.3 cal/ (mol•degree). The Z-isomer is inert to [4+2]-cycloaddition under these conditions. The Hammett relationships from aryl-substituted diazo esters ( = +0.89) and aryl-substituted dienes ( = -1.65) are consistent with the dipolar nature of this transformation. An unexpected reaction for the synthesis of seven-membered conjugated 1,4-diketones from propargylic diazoesters with unsaturated imines was disclosed. To undergo this process vinyl gold carbene intermediates generated by 1,2-acyloxy migration of propargylic aryldiazoesters undergo a formal [4+3]-cycloaddition, and the resulting aryldiazoesters tethered dihydroazepines undergo an intricate metal-free process to form observed seven-membered conjugated 1,4-diketones with moderate to high yields.

Luminescence properties of sol-gel derived silica gels doped and undoped with RE-complexes (RE=Eu, Tb)

The luminescence properties of silica gels and silica gels doped with two rare earth complexes, Eu(TTA)(3) and Tb(o-CBA)(3) (TTA=thenoyltriffuocetate, o-CBA=o-chlorobenzoic acid) are reported and discussed. Pure silica gels show a blue luminescence, and the maximum excitation and emission wavelengths depend strongly on the solvents used. Both of the studied rare earth complexes exhibit the characteristic emissions of the rare earth ions in silica gels, i.e., Eu3+5D0-->F-7(J)(J=0,1,2,3,4), Tb3+5D4-->F-7(J)(J=3,4,5,6) transitions. Compared with the pure RE-complexes powder, the silica gels doped with RE-complexes show fewer emission lines of the rare earth ions. Furthermore the rare earth ion (Tb3+) presents a longer lifetime (1346 mu s) in silica gel doped with Tb(o-CBA)3 than in pure Tb((o-CBA)(3) powder (744 mu s). The reasons responsible for these results are discussed in the context.

L’immunoprotéasome : producteur de peptides-CMH I et régulateur de l’expression génique

Le système ubiquitine-protéasome est le principal mécanisme par lequel les protéines intracellulaires sont dégradées. Le protéasome dit constitutif (PC) est donc essentiel à l’homéostasie mais aussi à la régulation de la majorité des processus cellulaires importants. La découverte d’un deuxième type de protéasome, appelé immunoprotéasome (IP), soulève toutefois de nouvelles questions. Pourquoi existe-t-il plus d’un type de protéasome ? L’IP a-t-il des rôles redondants ou complémentaires avec le PC ? L’IP étant présent principalement dans les cellules immunitaires ou stimulées par des cytokines, plusieurs groupes ont tenté de définir son rôle dans la réponse immunitaire. Or, l’implication de son homologue constitutif dans un éventail de processus non spécifiquement immunitaires nous laisse croire que l’IP pourrait lui aussi avoir un impact beaucoup plus large. L’objectif de cette thèse était donc de caractériser certains rôles cellulaires de l’IP dans les cellules dendritiques. Nous avons d’abord étudié l’impact global de l’IP sur la présentation antigénique de classe I. Ce faisant, nous avons pu déterminer ses deux contributions principales, soit l’augmentation drastique du nombre et de la diversité des peptides présentés sur les complexes majeurs d’histocompatibilité de classe I. Les différences de clivage entre le PC et l’IP pourraient expliquer en partie cette diversité du répertoire peptidique, notamment par l’affinité apparente de l’IP pour les régions protéiques non structurées. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons dévoilé un nouveau rôle de l’IP sur un processus dépassant le cadre immunitaire : la transcription. Nous avons découvert que l’IP modifie l’abondance des ARNm en agissant principalement au niveau de leur synthèse. L’impact de l’IP sur le transcriptome est majeur et serait dû en partie à une dégradation différente de facteurs de transcription des familles IRF, STAT et NF-kB. Les cellules dendritiques IP-déficientes activent moins efficacement les lymphocytes T CD8+ et nous croyons que cette défaillance est causée (du moins en partie) par la perturbation transcriptomique provoquée par l’absence d’IP. Il importe donc de comprendre les différents rôles moléculaires de l’IP afin de mieux définir sa contribution globale au fonctionnement de la cellule et comprendre l’avantage évolutif, au niveau de l’organisme, procuré par une telle plasticité du système ubiquitine-protéasome.

Copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes with 2-benzoylpyridine-methyl hydrazone

2-Benzoylpyridine-methyl hydrazone (HBzMe) has been obtained as well as its copper(II) [Cu(HBzMe)Cl(2)] (1) and zinc(II) [Zn(HBzMe)Cl(2)] (2) complexes. Upon re-crystallization in 1 - 9 DMSO:acetone conversion of I into dimeric [Cu(BzMe)Cl](2) (1a) occurred. The crystal structures of HBzMe, 1, 1a, and 2 were determined. HBzMe adopts the ZE conformation in the solid. In all complexes the hydrazone adopts the E configuration to attach to the metal through the N(py)-N2-O chelating system. In 1 and 2 a neutral hydrazone coordinates to the metal center while in 1a deprotonation occurs with coordination of an anionic ligand. la presents a dimeric structure. having two copper(II) ions per asymmetric unit. Two chlorides are also present in the copper coordination sphere, which act as bridging ligands and connect the copper centers to each other. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Hyaluronic acid : evaluation as a potential delivery vehicle for vitronectin:growth factor complexes in wound healing applications

We have previously reported that novel vitronectin:growth factor (VN:GF) complexes significantly increase re-epithelialization in a porcine deep dermal partial-thickness burn model. However, the potential exists to further enhance the healing response through combination with an appropriate delivery vehicle which facilitates sustained local release and reduced doses of VN:GF complexes. Hyaluronic acid (HA), an abundant constituent of the interstitium, is known to function as a reservoir for growth factors and other bioactive species. The physicochemical properties of HA confer it with an ability to sustain elevated pericellular concentrations of these species. This has been proposed to arise via HA prolonging interactions of the bioactive species with cell surface receptors and/or protecting them from degradation. In view of this, the potential of HA to facilitate the topical delivery of VN:GF complexes was evaluated. Two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cell cultures and 3D de-epidermised dermis (DED) human skin equivalent (HSE) models were used to test skin cell responses to HA and VN:GF complexes. Our 2D studies revealed that VN:GF complexes and HA stimulate the proliferation of human fibroblasts but not keratinocytes. Experiments in our 3D DED-HSE models showed that VN:GF complexes, both alone and in conjunction with HA, led to enhanced development of both the proliferative and differentiating layers in the DED-HSE models. However, there was no significant difference between the thicknesses of the epidermis treated with VN:GF complexes alone and VN:GF complexes together with HA. While the addition of HA did not enhance all the cellular responses to VN:GF complexes examined, it was not inhibitory, and may confer other advantages related to enhanced absorption and transport that could be beneficial in delivery of the VN:GF complexes to wounds.

Iron(II) spin transition complexes with dendritic ligands, Part I

The ligands G1- and G2-oligo (benzyl ether) (PBE) dendrons and their iron(II) complexes [Fe(Gn-PBE)3]A2·xH2O (with n = 1, 2 and A = triflate, tosylate) were prepared. The magnetic properties of the complexes were investigated by a SQUID magnetometer. All complexes exhibit gradual spin transition below room temperature. At very low temperatures the magnetic behaviour reflects zero-field splitting (ZFS) effects. 57Fe-Mössbauer spectroscopy was performed to distinguish between ZFS of high spin species and spin state conversion into the low spin state. Further characterisation was carried out by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and FT-IR spectroscopy. Structural features have been determined by powder XRD measurements.

Synthesis and structure of mixed ligand isonitroso-β-ketoiminenickel(II) complexes. Crystal structure of (1-ethoxycarbonyl-2-npropylimino-1-propanoneoximato) (1-methoxycarbonyl-2-imino-1-propanoneoximato)nickel(II)

Mixed ligand complexes of the type Ni(R-AB)(AC') and Ni(R-AC)(AB') where AB/AC denote N-bonded isonitroso- [3-ketoimino ligands, AB'/AC' denote the corresponding Obonded ligands and R = Me, Et, n-Pr are synthesised and characterised. The complexes are neutral with square planar geometry around nickel(II). The bonding isomerism of the isonitroso group is discussed on the basis of i.r. and 1H n.m.r. studies. The crystal structure of the title complex, Ni(n-Pr-IEAI)(IMAI') has been determined from diffractometer data by Patterson and Fourier methods and refined by least squares to R = 0.088 for 2209 observed reflections. Unit cell constants are: a = 11.945(2), b = 22.436(7), c = 13.248(5) ~, [3 = 95.13(2) ~ The space group is P2Jc with Z = 8. Niekel(II) has a square planar coordination of two imine nitrogens, an isonitroso-nitrogen (from n-Pr-IEAI) and another isonitrosooxygen (from IMAI').

Ternary metal complexes of anionic and neutral pyridoxine (vitamin B6) with 2,2'-bipyridine. Syntheses and x-ray structures of (pyridoxinato)bis(2,2'-bipyridyl)cobalt(III) perchlorate and chloro(2,2'-bipyridyl)(pyridoxine)copper(II) perchlorate hydrate

Ternary metal complexes involving vitamin B6 with formulas [CO",(PN-H)](anCdI [OC)'(bpy)(PN)Cl]C10(.bpHy 0 = 2,2'-bipyridine, PN = neutral pyridoxine, PN-H = anionic pyridoxine) have been prepared for the first time and characterized by means of magnetic and spectroscopic measurements. The crystal structures of the compounds have also been determined. [CO(PN-H)](CcryIsOta,l)lize s in the space group P2,/c with a = 18.900 (3) A, b = 8.764 (1) A, c = 20.041 (2) A,p = 116.05 (l)', and Z = 4 and [Cu(bpy)(PN)C1]C104-H20in the space group Pi with a = 12.136 (5) A, b = 13.283 (4) A,c = 7.195 (2) A, a = 96.91 (Z)', 0 = 91.25 (3)', y = 71.63 (3)', and Z = 2. The structures were solved by the heavy-atom method and refined by least-squares techniques to R values of 0.080 and 0.042 for 3401 and 2094 independent reflections, respectively. Both structures consist of monomeric units. The geometry around Co(II1) is octahedral and around Cu(I1) is distorted square pyramidal. In [CO(PN-H)]t(wCo IoxOy~ge)n~s ,fro m phenolic and 4-(hydroxymethyl) groups of PN-H and two nitrogens from each of two bpy's form the coordination sphere. In [Cu(bpy)(PN)C1]C104.H20o ne PN and one bpy, with the same donor sites, act as bidentate chelates in the basal plane, with a chloride ion occupying the apical position. In both structures PN and PN-H exist in the tautomeric form wherein pyridine N is protonated and phenolic 0 is deprotonated. However, a novel feature of the cobalt compound is that PN-H is anionic due to the deprotonation of the 4-(hydroxymethyl) group. The packing in both structures is governed by hydrogen bonds, and in the copper compound partial stacking of bpy's at a distance of -3.55 also adds to the stability of the system. Infrared, NMR, and ligand field spectroscopic results and magnetic measurements are interpreted in light of the structures.