English in England

The intention of the present volume is to unite the research of a range of scholars who have been working on features of non-standard, vernacular English which show an areal distribution, i.e. which cluster geographically across the world. Features common to an area can be due to (i) shared dialect input, (ii) common but separate innovations after settlement, or (iii) area-internal diffusion from one variety to another and/or others. The relative weighting of these factors is an important topic in the book and is a key focus in the 17 chapters. The book is divided into two large blocks, the first one consisting of case studies (8 chapters) and the second with features complexes (9 chapters). The former look at major anglophone locations from an areal perspective while the latter examine linguistic categories and features with a view to determine whether these could be areally based or not.

Multimodal viral communication: a social semiotic analysis of the popular Spanish "Ola ke ase" meme

Multimodality – the interdependence of semiotic resources in text – is an existential element of today’s media. The term multimodality attends systematically to the social interpretation of a wide range of communicational forms used in meaning making. A primary focus of social- semiotic multimodal analysis is on mapping how modal resources are used by people in a given social context. In November 2012 the “Ola ke ase” catchphrase, which is a play on “Hola ¿qué hace?”, appeared for the first time in Spain and immediately has been adopted as a Twitter hashtag and an image macro series. Its viral spread on social networks has been tremendous, being a trending topic in various Spanish-speaking countries. The objective of analysis is how language and image work together in the “Ola ke ase” meme. The interplay between text and image in one of the original memes and some of its variations is quantitatively analysed applying a social-semiotic approach. Results demonstrate how the “Ola ke ase” meme functions through its multimodal character and the non-standard orthography. The spread of uncountable variations of the meme shows the social process that goes on in the meaning making of the semiotic elements.

The Spanish variety of Malaga: From real to mental to virtual speech

Internet has affected our lives and society in manifold ways, and partly, in fundamental ways. Therefore, it is no surprise that one of the affected areas is language and communication itself. Over the last few years, online social networks have become a widespread and continuously expanding medium of communication. Being a new medium of social interaction, online social networks produce their own communication style, which in many cases differs considerably from real speech and is also perceived differently. The focus of analysis of my PhD thesis is how social network users from the city of Malaga create this virtual style by means of phonic features typical of the Andalusian variety of Spanish and how the users’ language attitude has an influence on the use of these phonic features. The data collection was fourfold: 1) a main corpus was compiled from 240 informants’ utterances on Facebook and Tuenti; 2) a corpus constituted of broad transcriptions of recordings with 120 people from Malaga served as a comparison; 3) a survey in which 240 participants rated the use of said phonetic variants on the following axes: “good–bad”, “correct–incorrect” and “beautiful–ugly” was carried out; 4) a survey with 240 participants who estimated with which frequency the analysed features are used in Malaga was conducted. For the analysis, which is quantitative and qualitative, ten variables were chosen. Results show that the studied variants are employed differently in virtual and real speech depending on how people perceive these variants. In addition, the use of the features is constrained by social factors. In general, people from Malaga have a more positive attitude towards non-­‐standard features if they are used in virtual speech than in real speech. Thus, virtual communication is seen as a style serving to create social meaning and to express linguistic identity. These stylistic practices reflect an amalgam of social presuppositions about usage conventions and individual strategies for handling a new medium. In sum, the virtual style is an initiative deliberately taken by the users, to create their, real and virtual, identities, and to define their language attitudes towards the features of their variety of speech.

Addendum: search for ν μ → ν e oscillations with the OPERA experiment in the CNGS beam

A first result of the search for ν ( )μ( ) → ν ( )e( ) oscillations in the OPERA experiment, located at the Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory, is presented. The experiment looked for the appearance of ν ( )e( ) in the CNGS neutrino beam using the data collected in 2008 and 2009. Data are compatible with the non-oscillation hypothesis in the three-flavour mixing model. A further analysis of the same data constrains the non-standard oscillation parameters θ (new) and suggested by the LSND and MiniBooNE experiments. For large values (>0.1 eV(2)), the OPERA 90% C.L. upper limit on sin(2)(2θ (new)) based on a Bayesian statistical method reaches the value 7.2 × 10(−3).

Search for new phenomena in events with three charged leptons at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A generic search for anomalous production of events with at least three charged leptons is presented. The search uses a pp-collision data sample at a center-of-mass energy of root s = 7 TeV corresponding to 4.6 fb(-1) of integrated luminosity collected in 2011 by the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Events are required to contain at least two electrons or muons, while the third lepton may either be an additional electron or muon, or a hadronically decaying tau lepton. Events are categorized by the presence or absence of a reconstructed tau-lepton or Z-boson candidate decaying to leptons. No significant excess above backgrounds expected from Standard Model processes is observed. Results are presented as upper limits on event yields from non-Standard-Model processes producing at least three prompt, isolated leptons, given as functions of lower bounds on several kinematic variables. Fiducial efficiencies for model testing are also provided. The use of the results is illustrated by setting upper limits on the production of doubly charged Higgs bosons decaying to same-sign lepton pairs.

Search for νμ→νe oscillations with the OPERA experiment in the CNGS beam

A first result of the search for nu(mu)->nu(e) oscillations in the OPERA experiment, located at the Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory, is presented. The experiment looked for the appearance of nu(e) in the CNGS neutrino beam using the data collected in 2008 and 2009. Data are compatible with the non-oscillation hypothesis in the three-flavour mixing model. A further analysis of the same data constrains the non-standard oscillation parameters theta(new) and Delta m(new)(2) suggested by the LSND and MiniBooNE experiments. For large Delta m(new)(2) values (>0.1 eV(2)), the OPERA 90% C.L. upper limit on sin(2)(2 theta(new)) based on a Bayesian statistical method reaches the value 7.2 x 10(-3).

Search for microscopic black holes and string balls in final states with leptons and jets with the ATLAS detector at √s = 8 TeV

A search for an excess of events with multiple high transverse momentum objects including charged leptons and jets is presented, using 20.3 fb−1 of proton-proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider in 2012 at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 8TeV. No excess of events beyond Standard Model expectations is observed. Using extra-dimensional models for black hole and string ball production and decay, exclusion contours are determined as a function of the mass threshold for production and the fundamental gravity scale for two, four and six extra dimensions. For six extra dimensions, mass thresholds of 4.8–6.2TeV are excluded at 95% confidence level, depending on the fundamental gravity scale and model assumptions. Upper limits on the fiducial cross-sections for non-Standard Model production of these final states are set.

Internet-mediated Phonetics

Facebook is a medium of social interaction producing its own style. The present study analyses how users from Malaga create this style through phonetic features of the local Spanish variety and how they reflect on the use of these features. Moreover, the use of non-standard variants by users from Malaga is examined and compared to an oral corpus. Results demonstrate that social factors work differently in real and virtual speech. Thus, the electronic medium constrains the phonetics of the local variety employed on Facebook. Facebook communication is seen as a style serving to create social meaning and to express linguistic identity.

Historias de vida de deportistas paralímpicas argentinas : Redes de Relaciones

El creciente interés por los estudios de género manifiesta un vacío respecto de las mujeres con discapacidad que han desarrollado trayectorias exitosas en algún campo. Este trabajo, forma parte de dos investigaciones junto a mujeres deportistas con discapacidad motora que han alcanzado el más alto símbolo deportivo: la medalla paralímpica. Con el objetivo de develar sus Trayectorias Biográficas se diseñó un estudio flexible y multivocal, con un enfoque no estándar (cualitativo) centrado en el método biográfico. Se recolectaron trece relatos de vida con entrevistas en profundidad analizadas con el método Comparativo Constante de la Teoría Fundamentada de los Datos.
Las Trayectorias Biográficas constituyen los "grandes ámbitos de la experiencia social" que aportan testimonios de vivencias individuales dentro de un mismo objeto social (Bertaux, 2005: 41). Pero debido a las características del diseño, emergió una categoría imprevista: las redes de relaciones, constituidas por las influencias mutuas de las interacciones entre las personas, motivo de esta presentación. Lo interesante fue que estas redes no solo no respondían al rol de dependencia atribuido a las personas con discapacidad, sino que se halló un nuevo tipo y cuatro sub-categorías: compulsivas, electivas, omitidas e ignoradas. Principalmente en las redes electivas fue donde las entrevistadas manifestaron hallar nichos, en los que expresaron (descubrieron) roles y funciones (simultáneas y cambiantes) complementarias y cooperativas con otras personas, manteniendo al mismo tiempo, cierto grado de independencia interna (límites). El peso de las redes (importancia atribuida) fue variable tanto sincrónica como diacrónicamente, permitiendo que algunas deportistas se destacaran en más de una red en distintos momentos temporales

Historias de vida de deportistas paralímpicas argentinas : Redes de Relaciones

El creciente interés por los estudios de género manifiesta un vacío respecto de las mujeres con discapacidad que han desarrollado trayectorias exitosas en algún campo. Este trabajo, forma parte de dos investigaciones junto a mujeres deportistas con discapacidad motora que han alcanzado el más alto símbolo deportivo: la medalla paralímpica. Con el objetivo de develar sus Trayectorias Biográficas se diseñó un estudio flexible y multivocal, con un enfoque no estándar (cualitativo) centrado en el método biográfico. Se recolectaron trece relatos de vida con entrevistas en profundidad analizadas con el método Comparativo Constante de la Teoría Fundamentada de los Datos.
Las Trayectorias Biográficas constituyen los "grandes ámbitos de la experiencia social" que aportan testimonios de vivencias individuales dentro de un mismo objeto social (Bertaux, 2005: 41). Pero debido a las características del diseño, emergió una categoría imprevista: las redes de relaciones, constituidas por las influencias mutuas de las interacciones entre las personas, motivo de esta presentación. Lo interesante fue que estas redes no solo no respondían al rol de dependencia atribuido a las personas con discapacidad, sino que se halló un nuevo tipo y cuatro sub-categorías: compulsivas, electivas, omitidas e ignoradas. Principalmente en las redes electivas fue donde las entrevistadas manifestaron hallar nichos, en los que expresaron (descubrieron) roles y funciones (simultáneas y cambiantes) complementarias y cooperativas con otras personas, manteniendo al mismo tiempo, cierto grado de independencia interna (límites). El peso de las redes (importancia atribuida) fue variable tanto sincrónica como diacrónicamente, permitiendo que algunas deportistas se destacaran en más de una red en distintos momentos temporales

Historias de vida de deportistas paralímpicas argentinas : Redes de Relaciones

El creciente interés por los estudios de género manifiesta un vacío respecto de las mujeres con discapacidad que han desarrollado trayectorias exitosas en algún campo. Este trabajo, forma parte de dos investigaciones junto a mujeres deportistas con discapacidad motora que han alcanzado el más alto símbolo deportivo: la medalla paralímpica. Con el objetivo de develar sus Trayectorias Biográficas se diseñó un estudio flexible y multivocal, con un enfoque no estándar (cualitativo) centrado en el método biográfico. Se recolectaron trece relatos de vida con entrevistas en profundidad analizadas con el método Comparativo Constante de la Teoría Fundamentada de los Datos.
Las Trayectorias Biográficas constituyen los "grandes ámbitos de la experiencia social" que aportan testimonios de vivencias individuales dentro de un mismo objeto social (Bertaux, 2005: 41). Pero debido a las características del diseño, emergió una categoría imprevista: las redes de relaciones, constituidas por las influencias mutuas de las interacciones entre las personas, motivo de esta presentación. Lo interesante fue que estas redes no solo no respondían al rol de dependencia atribuido a las personas con discapacidad, sino que se halló un nuevo tipo y cuatro sub-categorías: compulsivas, electivas, omitidas e ignoradas. Principalmente en las redes electivas fue donde las entrevistadas manifestaron hallar nichos, en los que expresaron (descubrieron) roles y funciones (simultáneas y cambiantes) complementarias y cooperativas con otras personas, manteniendo al mismo tiempo, cierto grado de independencia interna (límites). El peso de las redes (importancia atribuida) fue variable tanto sincrónica como diacrónicamente, permitiendo que algunas deportistas se destacaran en más de una red en distintos momentos temporales

Secchi depth maps for the Baltic Sea, 2003-2012, with links to GeoTIFs

Secchi depth is a measure of water transparency. In the Baltic Sea region, Secchi depth maps are used to assess eutrophication and as input for habitat models. Due to their spatial and temporal coverage, satellite data would be the most suitable data source for such maps. But the Baltic Sea's optical properties are so different from the open ocean that globally calibrated standard models suffer from large errors. Regional predictive models that take the Baltic Sea's special optical properties into account are thus needed. This paper tests how accurately generalized linear models (GLMs) and generalized additive models (GAMs) with MODIS/Aqua and auxiliary data as inputs can predict Secchi depth at a regional scale. It uses cross-validation to test the prediction accuracy of hundreds of GAMs and GLMs with up to 5 input variables. A GAM with 3 input variables (chlorophyll a, remote sensing reflectance at 678 nm, and long-term mean salinity) made the most accurate predictions. Tested against field observations not used for model selection and calibration, the best model's mean absolute error (MAE) for daily predictions was 1.07 m (22%), more than 50% lower than for other publicly available Baltic Sea Secchi depth maps. The MAE for predicting monthly averages was 0.86 m (15%). Thus, the proposed model selection process was able to find a regional model with good prediction accuracy. It could be useful to find predictive models for environmental variables other than Secchi depth, using data from other satellite sensors, and for other regions where non-standard remote sensing models are needed for prediction and mapping. Annual and monthly mean Secchi depth maps for 2003-2012 come with this paper as Supplementary materials.

A parametric, experimental analysis of conical vortices on curved roofs of low-rise buildings

Different methods to reduce the high suction caused by conical vortices have been reported in the literature: vertical parapets, either solid or porous, placed at the roof edges being the most analysed configuration. Another method for alleviating the high suction peaks due to conical vortices is the use of some non-standard parapet configuration like cantilever parapets. In this paper the influence of roof curvature on the conical vortex pattern appearing on a curved roof (Fig. 1) when subject to oblique winds is experimentally analysed by testing the mean pressure distribution on the curved roofs of low-rise building models in a wind tunnel. Also, the efficiency of cantilever parapets to reduce mean suction loads on curved roofs is experimentally checked. Very high suction loads have been measured on curved roofs, the magnitude of these high suction loads being significantly decreased when cantilever parapets are used. Thus, the suitability of these parapets to reduce wind pressure loads on curved roofs is demonstrated.

Wind tunnel analysis on the influence of cantilever parapets on the wind loads on curved roofs

Different methods to reduce the high suction caused by conical vortices have been reported in the literature: vertical parapets, either solids or porous, placed at the roof edges being the most analysed configuration. Another method for alleviating the high suction peaks due to conical vortices is to round the roof edges. Very recently, the use of some non-standard parapet configurations, like cantilever parapets, has been suggested. In this paper, its efficiency to reduce suction loads on curved roofs is experimentally checked by testing the pressure distribution on the curved roof of a low-rise building model in a wind tunnel. Very high suction loads have been measured on this model, the magnitude of these high suction loads being significantly decreased when cantilever...

Mechanical characterisation of tungsten-1wt.% yttrium oxide as a function of temperature and atmosphere

This study evaluates the mechanical behaviour of an Y2O3-dispersed tungsten (W) alloy and compares it to a pure W reference material. Both materials were processed via mechanical alloying (MA) and subsequent hot isostatic pressing (HIP). We performed non-standard three-point bending (TPB) tests in both an oxidising atmosphere and vacuum across a temperature range from 77 K, obtained via immersion in liquid nitrogen, to 1473 K to determine the mechanical strength, yield strength and fracture toughness. This research aims to evaluate how the mechanical behaviour of the alloy is affected by oxides formed within the material at high temperatures, primarily from 873 K, when the materials undergo a massive thermal degradation. The results indicate that the alloy is brittle to a high temperature (1473 K) under both atmospheres and that the mechanical properties degrade significantly above 873 K. We also used Vickers microhardness tests and the dynamic modulus by impulse excitation technique (IET) to determine the elastic modulus at room temperature. Moreover, we performed nanoindentation tests to determine the effect of size on the hardness and elastic modulus; however, no significant differences were found. Additionally, we calculated the relative density of the samples to assess the porosity of the alloy. Finally, we analysed the microstructure and fracture surfaces of the tested materials via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In this way, the relationship between the macroscopic mechanical properties and micromechanisms of failure could be determined based on the temperature and oxides formed