Efficacy of a cognitive and behavioural psychotherapy applied by primary care psychologists in patients with mixed anxiety-depressive disorder: a research protocol

Background: In contrast with the recommendations of clinical practice guidelines, the most common treatment for anxiety and depressive disorders in primary care is pharmacological. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioural psychological intervention, delivered by primary care psychologists in patients with mixed anxiety-depressive disorder compared to usual care. Methods/Design: This is an open-label, multicentre, randomized, and controlled study with two parallel groups. A random sample of 246 patients will be recruited with mild-to-moderate mixed anxiety-depressive disorder, from the target population on the lists of 41 primary care doctors. Patients will be randomly assigned to the intervention group, who will receive standardised cognitive-behavioural therapy delivered by psychologists together with usual care, or to a control group, who will receive usual care alone. The cognitive-behavioural therapy intervention is composed of eight individual 60-minute face-to face sessions conducted in eight consecutive weeks. A follow-up session will be conducted over the telephone, for reinforcement or referral as appropriate, 6 months after the intervention, as required. The primary outcome variable will be the change in scores on the Short Form-36 General Health Survey. We will also measure the change in the frequency and intensity of anxiety symptoms (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and depression (Beck Depression Inventory) at baseline, and 3, 6 and 12 months later. Additionally, we will collect information on the use of drugs and health care services. Discussion: The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of a primary care-based cognitive-behavioural psychological intervention in patients with mixed anxiety-depressive disorder. The international scientific evidence has demonstrated the need for psychologists in primary care. However, given the differences between health policies and health services, it is important to test the effect of these psychological interventions in our geographical setting.

Ocorrência e ecotoxicidade de desreguladores endócrinos químicos em ambientes aquáticos e em sistemas de tratamento de esgoto

A aplicabilidade de um método selecionado de medição indireta de vitelogenina (Vtg) em plasma sanguíneo de peixe, baseado na quantificação de fosfato álcali-lábil (alkali-labile phosphate-ALP) para acessar estrogenicidade em água, foi investigada na presente tese. O método foi originalmente desenvolvido para a espécie de peixe Carassius carassius (Carpa cruciana) e aplicado pela primeira vez na espécie Oreochromis niloticus (Tilápia do Nilo) no presente estudo. Com o objetivo de acessar a sensibilidade do método, em uma primeira etapa da investigação foram realizados estudos laboratoriais com soluções estoques de 17-ethinylestradiol (EE2), 17-estradiol (E2), e estrona (E1). Os efeitos destes hormônios foram investigados com base tanto na concentração quanto na carga, utilizando-se para tanto, unidades experimentais com volumes distintos (2 L e 130 L). Após a validação do método de ALP, a estrogenicidade foi avaliada nas seguintes águas contaminadas: (i) afluente e efluente de uma grande estação de tratamento de esgotos convencional (ETE) e de uma estação descentralizada de tratamento de esgoto de pequeno porte (Ecossistema Engenheirado-DEE); (ii) água superficial (SW) e água subterrânea (GW) coletadas em uma área de brejo contaminada com gasolina; (iii) água de uma lagoa urbana (LRF) da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com alta densidade populacional e descarte clandestino de esgoto. Na segunda etapa foram analisados em microalgas os efeitos (outros que não disrupção endócrina) causados pelos hormônios EE2, E2 e E1. Os hormônios foram testados individualmente e em misturas, em culturas individuais e combinada (S+) das espécies de microalgas unicelulares P. subcapitata e D. subspicatus. Com base nos níveis de ALP para a espécie de peixe e no EC50 para as espécies de algas, os resultados mostraram que o EE2 e o E2 causaram disrupção endócrina superior e foram mais tóxicos do que o E1 para peixes e microalgas respectivamente. Quando em misturas (E+) de concentrações equivalentes (EE2:E2:E1), os estrogênios resultaram em efeito aditivo para as espécies O. niloticus e P. subcapitata, e menos que aditivo para D. subspicatus e cultivo misto de algas (S+). Culturas contendo ambas as espécies de algas (S+) por um longo período de exposição (96 h) resultaram na atenuação dos efeitos tóxicos causados pela exposição, tanto individual (EE2, E2 ou E1), quanto na mistura (E+) dos estrogênios, medidos em termos de EC50 (T0h 0,07; 0,09; 0,18; e 0,06 g mL-1; e T96h 1,29; 1,87; 5,58; e 4,61 g mL-1, respectivamente). O DEE apresentou uma maior eficiência na remoção dos disrutores endócrinos do que a ETE convencional. Foi detectada estrogenicidade em amostras da LRF, e de água SW e GW em área brejosa contaminada com gasolina. Os resultados dos ensaios sugerem que as interações (efeitos aditivos ou menos que aditivo) causadas pela mistura dos estrogênios assim como, as interações entre as espécies de algas afetaram o resultado final dos ensaios ecotoxicológicos. Um fator raramente abordado em estudos ecotoxicológicos que foi destacado na presente tese refere-se à importância de considerar não somente a concentração e a dosagem, mas também a carga aplicada e o volume das unidades experimentais. Devido à boa sensibilidade do O. niloticus quando exposto às concentrações relativamente baixas dos estrogênios, a combinação do método de ALP com os biomarcadores auxiliares (particularmente MN) pode ser um protocolo adequado para a detecção de estogenicidade e genotoxicidade respectivamente em diferentes ambiente aquáticos contaminados, como parte de um programa de monitoramento ambiental

Preliminary observations on the effect of a. c. current on Catla catla and Ophicephalus punctatus

In order to evolve suitable electrical fishing gear for inland waters, preliminary experiments have been conducted to observe effect of a. c. currents on Catla catla at voltages of 30, 90 and 120, pH 7.3 and 8.4, temperature 48°F, 78°F and 105°F, distance between electrodes 25 cm, 50 cm and 75 cm, size range of fish 100 mm, to 235 mm. Apparatus used was a 5 kw; a. c. 60 cycles generator with resistance control. Larger sizes of fish were more prone to electric shock. Higher temperature increases the intensity of the shock, while variation of pH between 7.3 to 8.4 did not materially affect the intensity of the shock. Fishing with a mixed population of Catla catla and Ophicephalus punctatus gave a greater percentage of mortality for the latter.

Effect of microwave pasteurisation on the quality of fish chikuwa

Temperature profile of fish chikuwa was taken during microwave cooking at 100 power level for different durations and subjected to organoleptic evaluation. Moisture content and organoleptic quality of fish chikuwa paste mixed with different levels of moisture and cooked at 100 power levels for 6 minutes were analysed. Microwave cooked fish chikuwa with standardized recipe was heated in microwave oven with hot air at different temperature for different durations. Fish chikuwa microwave cooked at 100 power level for 6 minutes had higher scores for all attributes as compared to those cooked for different durations and also fulfill the condition of pasteurisation of fish chikuwa. Fish chikuwa prepared with 35% moisture had better scores for all attributes unlike those of other levels. Heating of microwave pasteurised fish chikuwa at different temperatures for different durations could not achieve the desired brown colour.

Effect of adrenalectomy and corticosterone replacement on prepulse inhibition and locomotor activity in mice

1 Stress is a risk factor in psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of different circulating levels of the adrenal steroid corticosterone (CORT) on locomotor hyperactivity and prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle, two behavioural animal models of aspects of schizophrenia. 2 Male C57BL/6J mice (n = 10 per group) were anaesthetised with isoflurane and sham-operated or adrenalectomised (ADX). ADX mice were implanted with 50 mg pellets consisting of 100% cholesterol, or 2, 10 or 50 mg of CORT mixed with cholesterol. CORT pellet implantation dose dependently increased plasma CORT levels 3 weeks after surgery. Starting 1 week after surgery, mice were tested for prepulse inhibition after injection of saline or 5 mg kg(-1) of haloperidol. 3 In intact mice and in mice implanted with 10 mg of CORT, haloperidol treatment significantly increased prepulse inhibition (average values from 38 - 42 to 52%). Similar results were observed when testing the mice for amphetamine-induced locomotor hyperactivity (5 mg kg(-1)). In contrast, there was no significant effect of haloperidol in mice implanted either with cholesterol or 2 or 50 mg of CORT. 4 These results in behavioural animal models of schizophrenia suggest an important role of the stress hormone CORT in modulating dopaminergic activity in this illness.

Effect of microbial activities on the mobility of copper in stabilised contaminated soil

Stabilisation, using a wide range of binders including wastes, is most effective for heavy metal soil contamination. Bioremediation techniques, including bioaugmentation to enhance soil microbial population, are most effective for organic contaminants in the soil. For mixed contaminant scenarios a combination of these two techniques is currently being investigated. An essential issue in this combined remediation system is the effect of microbial processes on the leachability of the heavy metals. This paper considers the use of zeolite and compost as binder additives combined with bioaugmentation treatments and their effect on copper leachability in a model contaminated soil. Different leaching test conditions are considered including both NRA and TCLP batch leaching tests as well as flow-through column tests. Two flow rates are applied in the flow-through tests and the two leaching tests are compared. Recommendations are given as to the effectiveness of this combined remediation technique in the immobilisation of copper. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group.

The effect of floor heat source area on the induced airflow in a room

We examine the role of heat source geometry in determining rates of airflow and thermal stratification in natural displacement ventilation flows. We modify existing models to account for heat sources of finite (non-zero) area, such as formed by a sun patch warming the floor of a room. Our model allows for predictions of the steady stratification and ventilation flow rates that develop in a room due to a circular heat source at floor level. We compare our theoretical predictions with predictions for the limiting cases of a point source of heat (yielding a stratified interior), and a uniformly heated floor (yielding a mixed interior). Our theory shows a smooth transition between these two limits, which themselves result in extremes of ventilation, as the ratio of the heat source radius to the room height increases. Our model for the transition from displacement to mixing ventilation is compared to previous work and demonstrates that the transition can occur for smaller sources than previously thought, particularly for rooms with large floor area compared to ceiling height. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd.

Spin-cluster effect and lattice-deformation-induced Kondo effect, spin-glass freezing, and strong phonon scattering in La 0.7 Ca 0.3Mn 1-xCr xO 3

Besides the Kondo effect observed in dilute magnetic alloys, the Cr-doped perovskite manganate compounds La0.7 Ca0.3 Mn1-x Crx O3 also exhibit Kondo effect and spin-glass freezing in a certain composition range. An extensive investigation for the La0.7 Ca0.3 Mn1-x Crx O3 (x=0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.0) system on the magnetization and ac susceptibility, the resistivity and magnetoresistance, as well as the thermal conductivity is done at low temperature. The spin-glass behavior has been confirmed for these compounds with x=0.05, 0.1, and 0.3. For temperatures above Tf (the spin-glass freezing temperature) a Curie-Weiss law is obeyed. The paramagnetic Curie temperature θ is dependent on Cr doping. Below Tf there exists a Kondo minimum in the resistivity. Colossal magnetoresistance has been observed in this system with Cr concentration up to x=0.6. We suppose that the substitution of Mn with Cr dilutes Mn ions and changes the long-range ferromagnetic order of La0.7 Ca0.3 MnO3. These behaviors demonstrate that short-range ferromagnetic correlation and fluctuation exist among Mn spins far above Tf. Furthermore, these interactions are a precursor of the cooperative freezing at Tf. The "double bumps" feature in the resistivity-temperature curve is observed in compounds with x=0.05 and 0.1. The phonon scattering is enhanced at low temperatures, where the second peak of double bumps comes out. The results indicate that the spin-cluster effect and lattice deformation induce Kondo effect, spin-glass freezing, and strong phonon scattering in mixed perovskite La0.7 Ca0.3 Mn1-x Crx O3. © 2005 American Institute of Physics.

Strength and drying shrinkage of reactive MgO modified alkali-activated slag paste

Conventional alkali-activated slag (AAS) cements suffer from significant drying shrinkage which hinders their widespread application. This paper investigates the potential of using commercial reactive MgO to reduce the drying shrinkage of AAS. Two different reactive MgOs were added at a content of 2.5-7.5 wt% of the slag, which was activated by sodium hydroxide and water-glass. The strength and the drying shrinkage of those reactive MgO modified AAS (MAAS) pastes were measured up to 90 days. It is found that MgO with high reactivity accelerated the early hydration of AAS, while MgO with medium reactivity had little effect. The drying shrinkage was significantly reduced by highly reactive MgO but it also generated severe cracking under the dry condition. On the other hand, medium-reactive MgO only showed observable shrinkage-reducing effect after one month, but the cement soundness was improved. The hydration products, analysed by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy techniques, showed that Mg was mainly incorporated in the hydrotalcite-like phases. It is concluded that the curing conditions and the time of hydrotalcite-like phases formation and their quantity are crucial to the developed strength and shrinkage reduction properties of MAAS, which are highly dependent on the reactivity and content of reactive MgO. Crown Copyright © 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of dietary supplementation of vitamins A, D-3, E, and C on yearling rice field eel, Monopterus albus: Serum indices, gonad development, and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary vitamins A, D-3, E, and C on the gonad development, lipid peroxidation, and immune response of yearling rice field eel, Monopterus albus. A 6-wk feeding trial was designed according to an L-16(4(5)) orthogonal design, in which four vitamins, each at four supplementation levels, were arranged. Sixteen diets were mixed with the different vitamin levels and randomly assigned to 16 groups of fish. Increasing dietary vitamin E supplementation level significantly (P <= 0.05) increased the gonadosomatic index and lowered the serum content of malondialdehyde of rice field eel. Increasing dietary vitamin A and C levels also showed similar effect, but the differences were not statistically significant. Serum immunoglobulin M content increased significantly (P <= 0.01) as dietary vitamin C supplementation levels increased. The concentrations of calcium in bones showed significant (P <= 0.05) trend with vitamin D-3 and A supplementation levels, but the bone phosphorus content was not affected by the dietary vitamin levels.

Strength correlations of cement-mixed soils using data mapping

Development of comparisons and correlations between the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and the undrained triaxial compressive strength, qu, is essential for generalising performance and optimising the design of cement-stabilised soils. This paper introduces current work in collecting and collating data from a number of research projects involving both laboratory strength tests performed on identical cement-stabilised soil samples. The research project on cement-stabilised Singapore marine clays at the National University of Singapore has been used as an example to explain the work on comparing and correlating results from both tests by normalising data and constructing contour plots. The effect of variables on strength comparison and correlations was evaluated. The variation in strength correlations was found to be dependent on a number of factors including: soil properties, cement content, curing time and stress, total water/cement ratio, confining stress and strain rate. The results showed that at ~ 100 kPa confining stress, UCS and qu, had similar magnitudes. Correlations between strengths and other design variables are discussed and presented.

Improved performance in organic light emitting diodes with a mixed electron donor-acceptor film involved in hole injection

Organic light emitting diodes using a mixed layer of electron acceptor 3, 4, 9, 10 perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride and electron donor copper phthalocyanine (PTCDA:CuPc) on indium tin oxide (ITO) anodes were fabricated. The device properties were found to be strongly dependent on the thickness of the PTCDA:CuPc film: both the power efficiency and the driving voltage of the device were optimized with a thickness of PTCDA:CuPc ranging from 10 to 20 nm. As compared to the conventional ITO/CuPc hole injection structure, the ITO/PTCDA:CuPc hole injection structure could remarkably enhance both the luminance and the power efficiencies of devices. A mechanism of static-induced, very efficient hole-electron pairs generation in mixed PTCDA:CuPc films was proposed to explain the experimental phenomena. The structural and optical properties of PTCDA:CuPc film were examined as well. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

EFFECT OF A SI LAYER ON THE SUPERCONDUCTIVE PROPERTIES OF A BIPBSRCACUO THIN-FILM

The Pb-doped BiSrCaCuO superconducting films were grown by the single source mixed evaporation technique. The microbridges of dimensions 50 mum x 40 mum were fabricated by standard photolithography technologies. Si films with a thickness of 2500 angstrom were deposited on the microbridge area surfaces of BiPbSrCaCuO superconducting films by rf-magnetron sputtering. A greatly lowered zero resistance temperature of the microbridge area of the BiPbSrCaCuO film after Si sputtering was found. A non-linear effect of the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics at 78 K was shown. The high-frequency capacitance-voltage (C-V) curve of this structure at 78 K was symmetrical with the maximum capacitance at V = 0, and the capacitance decreased with increasing applied bias voltage. Afl experimental results are discussed.

The effect of low temperature GaAs nucleation on the growth of GaN on Silicon (001) during MOVPE process

High quality cubic GaN was grown on Silicon (001) by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) using a GaAs nucleation layer grown at low temperature. The influence of various nucleation conditions on the GaN epilayers' quality was investigated. We found that the GaAs nucleation layer grown by atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) could improve the quality of GaN films by depressing the formation of mixed phase. Photoluminescence (PL) and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the properties of GaN epilayers. High quality GaN epilayers with PL full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 130meV at room temperature and X-ray FWHM of 70 arc-min were obtained by using 10-20nm GaAs nucleation layer grown by ALE.

Improvement of Pt catalyst for soot oxidation using mixed oxide as a support

Catalytic activity of Pt catalysts for soot oxidation was studied using temperature programmed reactions. The activity of Pt loaded over TiO2-SiO2 (Pt/TiO2-SiO2) showed higher activity than other Pt/MOx systems (MOx = TiO2, ZrO2, SiO2, Al2O3. TiO2-ZrO2. TiO2-Al2O3, ZrO2-SiO2, ZrO2-Al2O3, SiO2-Al2O3). The activity was highest when the molar ratio of TiO2/(TiO2 + SiO2) ranged from 0.4 to 0.7. The effect of pretreatment with a gas containing low SO2 concentrations on the activity was compared for Pt/SiO2, Pt/TiO2 and Pt/TiO2-SiO2. In the case of Pt/TiO2-SiO2, the activity was markedly promoted by the pretreatment whereas no variation in the activity was observed for Pt/SiO2. The difference in the behavior towards the SO, pretreatment was attributed to property difference in the supports for sulfate accumulation. The high activity of Pt/TiO2-SiO2 was also confirmed under practical conditions with a diesel engine exhaust using a catalyst-supported diesel particulate filter (DPF). (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.