Maize leaf development under climate change scenarios

The objective of this work was to simulate maize leaf development in climate change scenarios at Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, considering symmetric and asymmetric increases in air temperature. The model of Wang & Engel for leaf appearance rate (LAR), with genotype-specific coefficients for the maize variety BRS Missões, was used to simulate tip and expanded leaf accumulated number from emergence to flag leaf appearance and expansion, for nine emergence dates from August 15 to April 15. LAR model was run for each emergence date in 100-year climate scenarios: current climate, and +1, +2, +3, +4 and +5°C increase in mean air temperature, with symmetric and asymmetric increase in daily minimum and maximum air temperature. Maize crop failure due to frost decreased in elevated temperature scenarios, in the very early and very late emergence dates, indicating a lengthening in the maize growing season in warmer climates. The leaf development period in maize was shorter in elevated temperature scenarios, with greater shortening in asymmetric temperature increases, indicating that warmer nights accelerate vegetative development in maize.

Diversidade metabólica e atividade microbiana no solo em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária sob intensidades de pastejo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade metabólica e a atividade microbiana, em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária em plantio direto, sob diferentes intensidades de pastejo e produção de soja. O experimento foi realizado em São Miguel das Missões, RS, em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico argiloso, submetido ao pastejo a 10, 20, 30 e 40 cm de altura de azevém + aveia-preta, e sem pastejo, no inverno. A diversidade metabólica foi avaliada com microplacas Biolog EcoPlate pelo índice de diversidade de Shannon, e a atividade microbiana pelo método de hidrólise do diacetato de fluoresceína. Houve maior diversidade funcional a intensidades moderadas de pastejo (20 a 40 cm). A maior atividade microbiológica no solo ocorreu no tratamento sem pastejo, em consequência da grande quantidade de resíduos vegetais remanescentes. A diversidade funcional da microbiota e a atividade microbiana tiveram alterações causadas pelas intensidades de pastejo, que podem ser utilizadas como indicadores de qualidade do solo, em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária em plantio direto.

Corpus Oral de Registres (COR). REL3. Missa

Aquest document conté el text REL3, una "missa" que forma part del Corpus Oral de Registres (COR). El COR és un component del Corpus de Català Contemporani de la Universitat de Barcelona (CCCUB), un arxiu de corpus de llengua catalana oral contemporània que ha estat confegit pel grup de recerca Grup d'Estudi de la Variació (GEV) amb la finalitat de contribuir a l'estudi de la variació dialectal, social i funcional en la llengua catalana. Aquest i altres materials del CCCUB són accessibles directament al Dipòsit Digital de la UB (http://diposit.ub.edu) o a través del web del CCCUB (http://www.ub.edu/cccub).

Corpus Oral de Registres (COR). REL3. Missa

Aquest document conté el text REL3, una "missa" que forma part del Corpus Oral de Registres (COR). El COR és un component del Corpus de Català Contemporani de la Universitat de Barcelona (CCCUB), un arxiu de corpus de llengua catalana oral contemporània que ha estat confegit pel grup de recerca Grup d'Estudi de la Variació (GEV) amb la finalitat de contribuir a l'estudi de la variació dialectal, social i funcional en la llengua catalana. Aquest i altres materials del CCCUB són accessibles directament al Dipòsit Digital de la UB (http://diposit.ub.edu) o a través del web del CCCUB (http://www.ub.edu/cccub).

Inferential Rationality and Internalistic Scarecrows

Abstract In a recent paper, Manuel Pérez Otero attempted to turn the tables on Paul Boghossian's claim that content externalism is incompatible with the 'a priority of our logical abilities'. In reply, Boghossian argued that Pérez Otero's criticism misses the main point of his argument through concentrating on the semantics of singular (as opposed to general) terms. I elaborate on Boghossian's reply by showing that even taken on its own terms Pérez Otero's paper fails to engage with internalism through systematically misrepresenting what a truly internalistic account of the semantics of singular terms should be.

Resistência mecânica do solo e força de tração em hastes sulcadoras de semeadoras-adubadoras em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária

A integração lavoura-pecuária, realizada mediante a implantação de pastagens no inverno e a semeadura de milho ou soja no verão, constitui-se numa alternativa para a diversificação de atividades e ampliação dos lucros. Animais em pastejo, principalmente em áreas agrícolas manejadas sob semeadura direta, podem resultar na compactação adicional do solo, diagnosticada geralmente pelo aumento de resistência do solo à penetração (RP). Com o objetivo de avaliar a correlação entre RP e força de tração (FT) medida em hastes sulcadoras de semeadoras-adubadoras, nos anos de 2004 e 2005, foi conduzido um experimento em São Miguel das Missões - RS, em Latossolo Vermelho (0.540 kg kg-1 de argila). Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro intensidades de pastejo, que resultaram em alturas de pastagem de 10; 20; 30 e 40 cm, e de testemunha sem pastejo, organizados em DBC, com três repetições. Avaliou-se a RP, no final do período de pastejo, e na semeadura da soja, obteve-se a FT exigida nas hastes sulcadoras de semeadoras-adubadoras. A RP e a FT aumentaram com o incremento na intensidade de pastejo. A correlação entre essas variáveis foi significativa, comprovando que é possível avaliar o estado de compactação do solo por meio da medição da FT requerida pelas hastes sulcadoras de semeadoras-adubadoras.

Effectiveness of Pilotage

The objective of the pilotage effectiveness study was to come up with a process descrip-tion of the pilotage procedure, to design performance indicators based on this process description, to be used by Finnpilot, and to work out a preliminary plan for the imple-mentation of the indicators within the Finnpilot organisation. The theoretical aspects of pilotage as well as the guidelines and standards used were determined through a literature review. Based on the literature review, a process flow model with the following phases was created: the planning of pilotage, the start of pilo-tage, the act of pilotage, the end of pilotage and the closing of pilotage. The model based on the literature review was tested through interviews and observation of pilotage. At the same time an e-mail survey directed at foreign pilotage organisations, which included a questionnaire concerning their standards and management systems, operations procedures, measurement tools and their attitude to the passage planning, was conducted. The main issues in the observations and interviews were the passage plan and the bridge team co-operation. The phases of the pilotage process model emerged in both the pilotage activities and the interviews whereas bridge team co-operation was relatively marginal. Most of the pilotage organisations, who responded to the query, also use some standard-based management system. All organisations who answered the survey use some sort of a pilotage process model. According to the query, the main measuring tools for pilotage are statistical information concerning pilotage and the organisations, the customer feedback surveys, and financial results. Attitudes to-wards passage planning were mostly positive among the organisations. A workshop with pilotage experts was arranged where the process model constructed on the basis of the literature review was tuned to match practical pilotage. In the workshop it was determined that certain phases and the corresponding tasks, through which pilo-tage can be described as a process, were identifiable in all pilotage. The result of the workshop was a complemented process model, which separates incoming and outgoing traffic, as well as the fairway pilotage and harbour pilotage from each other. Addition-ally indicators divided according to the data gathering method were defined. Data con-cerning safety and traffic flow is gathered in the form of customer feedback. The pilot's own perceptions of the pilotage process are gathered through self-assessment. The measurement data which is connected to the phases of the pilotage process is generated e.g. by gathering statistics of the success of the pilot dispatches, the accuracy of the pi-lotage and the incidents that occurred during the pilotage, near misses, deviations and accidents. The measurement data is collected via the PilotWeb at the closing of the pilo-tage. A separate project and a project group with pilots also participating will be established for the deployment of the performance indicators. The phases of the project are: the definition phase, the implementation phase and the deployment phase. The purpose of the definition phase is to prepare questions for ship commanders concerning the cus-tomer feedback questionnaire and also to work out the self-assessment queries and the queries concerning the process indicators.

Indicent reporting in shipping. Experiences and best practices for the Baltic Sea

Incident and near miss reporting is one of the proactive tools of safety management. By analyzing incidents and near misses and by corrective actions, severe accidents can potentially be avoided. Near miss and incident reporting is widely used in many riskprone industries such as aviation or chemical industry. In shipping incident and near miss reporting is required by the mandatory safety management system International Safety Management Code (ISM Code). However, in several studies the conclusion has been that incidents are reported poorly in the shipping industry. The aim of this report is to highlight the best practices for incident reporting in shipping and to support the shipping industry in the better utilization of incident reporting information. The study consists of three parts: 1) voluntary, shared reporting systems in shipping (international experiences), 2) interview study at four shipping companies in Sweden and in Finland (best practices), 3) expert workshop on incident reporting (problems and solutions). Preconditions for a functional reporting system are an existing no blame culture, commitment of the top management, feedback, good communication, training and an easy-to-use system. Although preconditions are met, problems can still appear, for example due to psychological, interpersonal or nationality-related reasons. In order to keep the reporting system functioning, the shipping company must be committed to maintain and develop the system and to tackle the problems. The whole reporting process from compiling, handling and analyzing a report, creating corrective actions and implementing them has to be handled properly in order to gain benefits from the reporting system. In addition to avoiding accidents, the functional reporting system can also offer other benefits by increasing safety awareness, by improving the overall safety and working conditions onboard, by enhancing team work and communication onboard and between ships and the land-based organization of shipping companies. Voluntary shared reporting systems are supported in the shipping industry in principle, but their development in the Baltic Sea is still in its infancy and the potential benefits of sharing the reports have not been realized. On the basis of this study we recommend that a common reporting system be developed for the Baltic Sea area which all the ships operating in the area could use regardless of their flag. Such a wider system could prevent some of the problems related to the current national systems. There would be more incident cases available in the database and this would support anonymity and thus encourage shipping companies to report to a shared database more frequently. A shared reporting system would contribute to the sharing of experiences and to the wider use of incident information in the shipping industry.

Phytosociological variability of weeds in soybean field

Understanding spatial distribution of weeds in the crop enables to perform localized herbicide applications, increasing the technical and economic efficiency of operations and reducing environmental impacts. This work aimed to characterize the spatial and phytosociological variability of weeds occurring in soybean commercial field. It was conducted in an agricultural area located at the municipality of Boa Vista das Missões - RS, during the 2010/2011 harvest season. The area, that had been managed under no-tillage with soybean monoculture (summer) for five years, was divided in regular squares of 50 x 50 m (0.25 ha), totalizing 356 points. For species identification, 0.5 x 0.5 m sample squares were used. During the survey, 1,739 individuals were identified, distributed in 19 species of 13 families. The weed species Cardiospermum halicacabum, Digitaria horizontalis, Urochloa plantaginea and Raphanus raphanistrum showed the highest population variation in the area; however, only C. halicacabum, U. plantaginea and R. raphanistrum stood out based on the Importance Index Value (IVI). Localized management strategies considering the spatial variability of weed species placed in the Magnoliopsidas and Liliopsidas group show a high potential for use in soybean crop. The results show that the sampling method through regular grid was capable of characterizing the occurrence, population density and spatial variability of weed species in soybean crop.

Indivíduos celestes: cristianismo e parentesco em um grupo nativo da Amazônia

Esse artigo parte da oposição entre sociedades individualistas e relacionais desenvolvida por Joel Robbins para a análise do conflito gerado pela adoção do cristianismo entre os Urapmin da Papua Nova Guiné. No caso dos Wari' amazônicos, a percepção aguda da centralidade da noção de indivíduo no cristianismo a eles apresentado, e do conflito potencial entre esta noção e os valores relacionais de sua sociedade, os levou ao engenhoso descolamento desses indivíduos para o mundo póstumo, situando-os em um céu constituído por hiper-indivíduos, sem qualquer relação entre si.

Peregrinação, turismo e nova era: caminhos de Santiago de Compostela no Brasil

Desde o início dos anos 2000 o panorama das peregrinações realizadas no Brasil vem sendo incrementado com a entrada em cena das novas rotas que têm por inspiração o Caminho de Santiago de Compostela, na Espanha. Entre estas rotas, destacam-se as conhecidas como Caminho da Luz (Minas Gerais), Caminho do Sol (São Paulo), Passos de Anchieta (Espírito Santo), Caminho da Fé (Minas Gerais e São Paulo) e Caminho das Missões (Rio Grande do Sul). Neste artigo analisamos essas cinco rotas que passaram a integrar roteiros turísticos, com intuito comparativo e buscamos compreender tanto os aspectos recorrentes e as tendências gerais desses eventos na atualidade quanto as singularidades e modalidades que adquirem em cada contexto específico.

Lógicas de espacialização missionária e agendas da cooperação internacional: uma perspectiva multissituada a partir de ações junto aos povos indígenas

Resumo O artigo discute processos de espacialização de missões religiosas de origem protestante ecumênica que atuam junto aos índios, entendendo-os como parte dos mecanismos contemporâneos de formação do Estado e de gestão de territórios e populações. Busca complexificar as interpretações sobre a relação das missões com mecanismos coloniais e pós-coloniais de dominação, explorando a pluralidade de motivações, de formação de alianças e de sentidos veiculados por elas em diferentes espaços geográficos e períodos de tempo. Para isso, examina quatro casos, na Coreia do Sul, Noruega, Argentina e Brasil, analisando os nexos das missões com redes locais e transnacionais de apoio, notadamente no campo do desenvolvimento, dialogando com as discussões metodológicas na antropologia sobre as etnografias multissituadas.

Pitfalls in the assessment of murine atherosclerosis

This review provides examples of the fact that different procedures for the measurement of atherosclerosis in mice may lead to interpretation of the extent of atherosclerosis having markedly different biological and clinical significance for humans: 1) aortic cholesterol measurement is highly sensitive for the detection of early and advanced atherosclerosis lesions, but misses the identification of the location and complexity of these lesions that are so critical for humans; 2) the histological analysis of the aortic root lesions in simvastatin-treated and control mice reveals similar lesion morphology in spite of the remarkable simvastatin-induced reduction of the aortic cholesteryl ester content; 3) in histological analyses, chemical fixation and inclusion may extract the tissue fat and also shrink and distort tissue structures. Thus, the method may be less sensitive for the detection of slight differences among the experimental groups, unless a more suitable procedure employing physical fixation with histological sample freezing using optimal cutting temperature and liquid nitrogen is employed. Thus, when measuring experimental atherosclerosis in mice, investigators should be aware of several previously unreported pitfalls regarding the extent, location and complexity of the arterial lesion that may not be suitable for extrapolation to human pathology.

A systematic observation of hostile aggression in Junior B hockey

Aggressive behaviours within the sport of hockey appear to be increasing in both prevalence and consequence (Biasca, Wirth, & Tegner, 2002). Accordingly, this area of inquiry is currently garnering a considerable amount of attention from society and academics alike. The problem however, is that our current understanding of these behaviours has been deemed both incomplete and unreliable. The inconsistencies inherent within this body of knowledge have been traced back to a variety of methodological shortcomings. The purpose of this investigation was to assess hostile aggression using a more ecologically valid and comprehensive research design. Ten Junior B hockey games were tapped and subsequently coded by three independent observers, using a validated operational list. Two hundred and fifty-nine behaviours were extrapolated and examined according to the score differential, period, position of the aggressor, status of the aggressor's team, and whether the aggressor was a member of the home or visiting team. It was concluded that the frequency of aggressive behaviours significantly differed according to the score differential, and status of the aggressor's team (p < .01). However, these hostile acts did not differ according the aggressor's position, period, and the home versus away status of the aggressor's team (p > .01). It was also determined that the majority of aggressive acts (69.1 1%) across these ten games went unsanctioned. This highlights the profound influence that "positive misses" have on penalty measures of aggression, while concurrently highlighting the ecological validity present with observational designs. Consequently, by assessing aggressive behaviour in a more inclusive and ecologically valid manner, a more accurate picture of the frequency and distribution of hostile aggression may be provided.

Letter - E.C. Schmon to Arthur A. Schmon, Friday A.M.

This letter begins with telling Arthur how much she misses him and that she would like to return to see him before Xmas. This letter is undated.