“Agli orli della vita”: I Giganti della montagna

Luigi Pirandello (1867-1936) affida alle pagine del suo ultimo dramma, I Giganti della montagna, l’estrema riflessione sul rapporto tra l’esperienza artistica e la vita, attraverso il mito, inteso come possibilità di ricreazione e rinnovamento. Il rapporto tra persona e personaggio costituirà il punto di partenza per l’analisi dello spazio drammatico, luogo emblematico del dialogo tra l’arte e la vita, incarnato nella personalità dei protagonisti: il mago Crotone e la contessa Ilse. Il riconoscimento finale della capacità salvifica e creativa dell’arte rivelerà il confine friabile che separa—ed unisce al contempo—la vita e il palcoscenico.

U-Pb zircon dating of granitoids from the Dora-Maira massif (western Italian Alps)

Among the large number of granitic intrusions within the Dora-Maira massif, several main types can be distinguished. In this study we report field, petrographic and geochemical investigations as well as zircon typology and conventional U-Pb zircon dating of plutons representing these types. The main results are as follows: the Punta Muret augengneiss is a polymetamorphosed peraluminous granite of anatectic origin. It is 457 +/- 2 Ma old and represents one of the numerous Caledonian orthogneisses of the Alpine basement. All other dated granites are of Late Variscan age. The Cavour leucogranite is an evolved granite of probably calc-alkaline affiliation, dated at 304 +/- 2 Ma. The dioritic and granodioritic facies of the Malanaggio diorite (auct.) are typical calc-alkaline rocks, whose respective age of 290 +/- 2 and 288 +/- 2 Ma overlap within errors. The Sangone and Freidour granite types have very similar alkali-calcic characteristics; their ages are poorly constrained between 267-279 and 268-283 Ma, respectively. The new data for the Dora-Maira granites are in keeping with models of the overall evolution of the Late- to Post-Variscan magmatism in the Alpine area in terms of age distribution and progressive geochemical evolution towards alkaline melts. In a first approximation, granitic rocks across the Variscan belt seem to be increasingly younger towards the internal (southern) parts of the orogen. A Carboniferous, distensive Basin and Range situation is thought to be responsible for the magmatic activity. This tectonic context is comparable to the back-are opening of an active continental margin. The observed southward migration of the magmatism could be linked to the roll-back of the subducting Paleotethyan oceanic plate along the Variscan cordillera.

Mito, tragedia y metateatro en el teatro espanol del siglo XX : ensayo sobre el cuerpo y la conciencia en el drama

RÉSUMÉMythe, tragédie et méta-théâtre sont des termes techniques provenant de disciplines comme l'anthropologie, l'histoire, la théorie et la critique littéraires. Malgré le fait que l'on puisse les assigner à des périodes historiques déterminées, ce sont des notions qui ont encore un sens à la fois actuel (elles sont indispensables pour comprendre le théâtre contemporain) et concret (à travers les différentes poétiques qui les reconfigurent, elles affectent le spectateur d'une certaine façon, ont un effet déterminé sur son corps et sa conscience). Je propose donc de les définir synthétiquement en fonction de l'effet qu'ils produisent sur le spectateur qui est conçu comme une unité de corps et de conscience. Le corps étant défini comme le lieu des émotions, la conscience sera la connaissance que le sujet acquiert de soi et du monde en fonction de ces émotions. Or, le mûthos génère des émotions que la tragédie purge à travers le phénomène de la catharsis. En revanche, le méta-théâtre interrompt le processus émotif de la conscience. Tout en appuyant mes définitions sur des notions de psychologie, neurologie et physique quantique, j'oppose tragédie et méta-théâtre de la façon suivante: la tragédie produit une forme de conscience incarnée chez le spectateur, alors que le méta-théâtre n'aboutit qu'à une forme de conscience cartésienne ou vision désincarnée. J'applique ensuite cette conception à une série de pièces importantes de l'histoire du théâtre espagnol au XXe siècle qui comportent toutes une part de réécriture d'un ou de plusieurs mythes. Je constate une généralisation du traitement méta-théâtral de la réécriture, au détriment non du tragique, mais de la tragédie proprement dite. Par conséquent, je diagnostique un déficit d'incarnation dans le théâtre espagnol au XXe siècle.

Drama i espectacle operístic : la dialèctica entre espai i temps en el Parsifal de Herheim i el ritus com a obra d’art del futur

Parsifal és, segons la manera en què es mire, l’excepció dins el llistat de drames musicals wagnerians pel tractament sense precedents que fa de motius catòlics en un lloc i un moment com la recentment unificada Alemanya, on la construcció de la identitat nacional passava per un model social i cultural concret i, per tant, també religiós. Però una òptica diferent ens pot apropar a una ingent quantitat de paral·lelismes entre el model artístic expressat per Wagner en els seus escrits teòrics de joventut i alguns dels elements estètics i ideològics de la seua darrera obra. L’espectacle operístic en l’actualitat continua sent fruit de la societat en què es gesta i per això Stefan Herheim utilitza una visió diacrònica de la recepció d’aquesta obra wagneriana com a un dels motius principals sobre els quals construirà una dramatúrgia densa i meditada en què es durà a terme fins a les seues últimes conseqüències una revisió en clau contemporània del concepte d’obra d’art del futur.

Toward validating the Italian version of the "Spanish Burnout Inventory": a preliminary study

AbstractOBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to develop the Italian version of the Spanish Burnout Inventory (SBI) and to examine its psychometric properties within a sample of nursing staff.METHODThe study was cross-sectional and not randomized. The data were gathered using an anonymous, self-report questionnaire. The sample consisted of 391 staff nurses employed in three hospitals in the Northern Region of Italy To evaluate burnout, the SBI and the Maslach Burnout Inventory were administered.RESULTSAn Exploratory Factor Analysis showed a four-factor structure close to the expected one. All Cronbach's alpha values were satisfactory. Furthermore, correlations support the concurrent validity.CONCLUSIONOverall, the results of this study provided evidence that the SBI is an adequate instrument to study burnout in the Italian nursing sample and indicated the feeling of guilt as an important dimension to gauge the structure of this phenomenon.

La heroína trágica en la ópera : personajes femeninos de la tragèdie lyrique y el dramma per musica

El antiguo arte de la tragedia griega volvió a revivir entre las décadas de 1570 y 1580 gracias a la Camerata Florentina, que la convirtió en el punto de partida de un nuevo género: la opera. El gran interés del Renacimiento por revivir el drama del mundo clásico trae como consecuencia el nacimiento de la protagonista de nuestro estudio: la heroína trágica operística. El objetivo del proyecto es el análisis de los personajes femeninos de la tragedia clásica y su posterior conversión en heroínas de las óperas de inspiración clásica. La literatura griega creó una serie de personajes femeninos que adquirieron un protagonismo inusitado en la época y que, posteriormente, cautivaron a los compositores de ópera. A través de esta investigación trataremos de hallar las razones históricas, sociales, políticas o psicológicas que están detrás del origen de la heroína trágica. Igualmente se estudiarán las diversas características que fue desarrollando y que la definirían como personaje hasta que el mundo operístico la convirtió en la protagonista absoluta de la escena lírica.

Italian maksusopimus

Puhe

Banks and development: Jewish communities in the Italian Renaissance and current economic performance

Are differences in local banking development long-lasting? Do they affect long-term economic performance?I answer these questions by relying on an historical development that occurred in Italian cities during the 15thcentury. A sudden change in the Catholic doctrine had driven the Jews toward money lending. Cities thatwere hosting Jewish communities developed complex banking institutions for two reasons: first, the Jews werethe only people in Italy who were allowed to lend for a profit and, second, the Franciscan reaction to Jewishusury led to the creation of charity lending institutions, the Monti di Pietà, that have survived until today andhave become the basis of the Italian banking system. Using Jewish demography in 1500 as an instrument, Iprovide evidence of (1) an extraordinary persistence in the level of banking development across Italian cities (2)large effects of current local banking development on per-capita income. Additional firm-level analyses suggestthat well-functioning local banks exert large effects on aggregate productivity by reallocating resources towardmore efficient firms. I exploit the expulsion of the Jews from the Spanish territories in Italy in 1541 to arguethat my results are not driven by omitted institutional, cultural and geographical characteristics. In particular,I show that, in Central Italy, the difference in current income between cities that hosted Jewish communitiesand cities that did not exists only in those regions that were not Spanish territories in the 16th century.

The economic tragedy of the XXth Century: Growth in Africa

The dismal growth performance of Africa is the worst economic tragedy ofthe XXth century. We document the evolution of per capita GDP for thecontinent as a whole and for subset of countries south of the Saharadesert. We document the worsening of various income inequality indexesand we estimate poverty rates and headcounts. We then analyze some ofthe central robust determinants of economic growth reported bySala-i-Martin, Doppelhofer and Miller (2003) and project the annual growthrates Africa would have enjoyed if these key determinants had taken OECDrather than African values. Expensive investment goods, low levels ofeducation, poor health, adverse geography, closed economies, too muchpublic expenditure and too many military conflicts are seen as keyexplanations of the economic tragedy.

Effects of employment protection and product market regulations on the Italian labor market

Labor market regulations have often being blamed for high and persistentunemployment in Europe, but evidence on their impact remains mixed. Morerecently, attention has turned to the impact of product market regulationson employment growth. This paper analyzes how labor and product marketregulations interact to affect turnover and employment. We present a matchingmodel which illustrates how barriers to entry in the product market mitigatethe impact of labor market deregulation. We, then, use the Italian SocialSecurity employer-employee panel to study the interaction between barriersto entry and dismissal costs. We exploit the fact that costs for unjustdismissals in Italy increased for firms below 15 employees relative to biggerfirms after 1990. We find that the increase in dismissal costs after 1990decreased accessions and separations in small relative to big firms,especially for women. Moreover, consistent with our model, we find evidencethat the increase in dismissal costs had smaller effects on turnover for womenin sectors faced with strict product market regulations.

Italian kansalliskirjasto Firenzessä

Marjo Kuusela

A reflection about the social and technological aspects in flood risk management - the case of the Italian Civil Protection

The right of a person to be protected from natural hazards is a characteristic of the social and economical development of the society. This paper is a contribution to the reflection about the role of Civil Protection organizations in a modern society. The paper is based in the inaugural conference made by the authors on the 9th Plinius Conference on Mediterranean Storms. Two major issues are considered. The first one is sociological; the Civil Protection organizations and the responsible administration of the land use planning should be perceived as reliable as possible, in order to get consensus on the restrictions they pose, temporary or definitely, on the individual free use of the territory as well as in the entire warning system. The second one is technological: in order to be reliable they have to issue timely alert and warning to the population at large, but such alarms should be as "true" as possible. With this aim, the paper summarizes the historical evolution of the risk assessment, starting from the original concept of "hazard", introducing the concepts of "scenario of event" and "scenario of risk" and ending with a discussion about the uncertainties and limits of the most advanced and efficient tools to predict, to forecast and to observe the ground effects affecting people and their properties. The discussion is centred in the case of heavy rains and flood events in the North-West of Mediterranean Region.

The central Sesia-Lanzo zone (Western Italian Alps) - New field observations and lithostratigraphic subdivisions

An extensive study of the central part of the Sesia Lanzo Zone has been undertaken to identify pre-Alpine protoliths and to reconstruct the lithologic and tectonic setting of this part of the Western Alps. Three main complexes have been defined: 1) the Polymetamorphic Basement Complex, corresponding to the lower unit of the Sesia Lanzo Zone after COMPAGNONI et al. (1977), is further subdivided into the three following units: a) an Internal Unit characterized by eo-Alpine high pressure (HP) assemblages (DAL PIAZ et al., 1972) (Eclogitic Micaschists); b) an Intermediate Unit where HP parageneses are partially re-equilibrated under greenschist conditions and c) an External Unit where the main foliation is defined by a greenschist paragenesis (Gneiss Minuti auct.). 2) the Monometamorphic Cover Complex, subdivided into the followings: a) the Bonze Unit, composed of sheared metagabbros, eclogitized metabasalts with MORB geochemical affinity and related metasediments (micaschists, quartzites and Mn-cherts) and b) the Scalaro Unit, containing predominantly metasediments of supposed Permo-Triassic age (yellow dolomitic marbles, calcschists and conglomeratic limestones, micaschists and quartzites with thin levels of basic rocks with within plate basalts [WPB] geochimical affinity). Multiple lithostratigraphic sequences for the Monometamorphic Cover Complex are proposed. The contact between the Bonze and Scalaro Units is defined by repetitions of dolomitic marbles and metabasalts; the ages of the metasediments have been assigned solely by analogy with other sediments of the Western Alps, due to the absence of fossils. The Monometamorphic Cover Complex can be considered as the autochthonous cover of the Sesia Lanzo Zone because of the primary contacts with the basement and because of the presence of preAlpine HT basement blocks in the cover sequences. 3) The pre-Alpine high temperature (HT) Basement Complex (or `'Seconda Zona Diorito-Kinzigitica''), comprises HT Hercynian rocks like kinzigites, amphibolites, granulites and calcite marbles; this Complex is always located between the Internal and the External Units and can be followed continuously for several kilometers south of the Gressoney Valley to the Orco Valley. A schematic evolution for the Sesia Lanzo Zone is proposed; based on available data together with new geochronological data, this study shows that the internal and external parts of the polymetamorphic basement of the Sesia Zone experienced different cooling histories .