Dinâmica dos atributos físicos e estoque de carbono de um latossolo em sistemas integrados de produção

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Ciência do Solo) - FCAV

O plantio associado entre banana (Musa acuminata Cultivar Cavendish "Grande Naine") e feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) D. C.): uma avaliação agronômica dos efeitos da competição por água, nitrogênio e energia luminosa

Nas regiões de clima tropical, o monocultivo da banana vem causando conseqüências ambientais desastrosas e, muitas vezes, impedindo uma exploração continuada de uma mesma área. A redução do rendimento é devido principalmente as limitações físico-químicas do solo e a rápida degradação do sistema radicular, agravada pela ação de parasitas do solo (nematóides, fungos, etc.). Em virtude destas limitações, várias iniciativas vem sendo buscadas para a minimização das perdas agronômicas e ambientais, destacando-se o melhoramento e a modificação genética, e a associação deste cultivo com espécies leguminosas. Porém uma das grandes dificuldades de avaliarmos os novos sistemas de cultivo alternativos concentra-se na falta de referenciais agronômicos relacionados principalmente com o funcionamento de sistemas de cultivos associados, especialmente relacionados aos fatores e condições que interferem diretamente na definição do rendimento da espécie principal. O presente estudo testou , em campo experimental, o uso de plantas de serviço associada a bananeira e seus efeitos na produção de biomassa durante seu o ciclo vegetativo. Isto porque é durante esta fase que a bananeira constrói sua capacidade de reservas de fotoassimilados e, consequentemente, define o potencial de produção e enchimento dos frutos. Além do monocultivo, definiu-se mais duas parcelas associadas com o feijão-de- porco: 1) o plantio simultâneo das duas espécies e; 2) o plantio de feijão-de-porco e, após 2 meses, a introdução da banana. Além de acompanhamento semanal das parcelas, realizou-se, bimensalmente, coletas destrutivas de dados sobre produção de matéria seca, superfície foliar e análise nutricional das plantas. Após a análise agronômica da fase vegetativa, aplicou-se a modelização dos sistemas de cultivo estudados e comparou-se os possíveis cenários sobre o rendimento final da bananeira, além de outros indicadores sobre os fatores de crescimento das plantas. Após o acompanhamento dos 7 primeiros meses do ciclo vegetativo, concluiu-se que a data de estabelecimento da associação foi determinante para o sucesso do cultivo associado. Podemos destacar que a associação entre a bananeira e o feijão-de-porco não causou limitações na produção de biomassa (4,2 ton/ha), quando comparada com o monocultivo (4,5 ton/ha). A redução do número de capinas também foi um indicador animador deste sistema de cultivo alternativo. Por outro lado, quando a bananeira foi plantada 60 dias após a leguminosa, a mesma representou uma séria limitação na produção de biomassa (2,7 ton/ha). Esta limitação deveu-se ao estado de forte competição devido a agressividade com que o feijão-de-porco recobria toda a parcela e alcançando uma altura (74 cm) superior que a muda de banana (29 cm). Em relação a primeira parte da metodologia aplicada - o diagnóstico agronômico -, a mesma foi eficiente para a avaliação do ciclo vegetativo da associação estudada, ficando a necessidade da continuidade do acompanhamento do ciclo reprodutivo, para a confirmação dos resultados em termos de formação e produção de frutos. Na fase de modelização, chegou-se a uma leitura dos resultados próxima dos resultados obtidos no campo. Em termos de rendimento em frutos, o monocultivo com adubação (400 kg/ha de nitrogênio) e irrigação (133 mm) teve um aumento na ordem de 50% no rendimento final (28 ton/ha) Quando comparada com a parcela nas condições reais do experimento (19,6 ton/ha). Já o rendimento em frutos da associação, apresentou o mesmo resultado com e sem adubação e irrigação (16 ton/ha). No tocante a contrução dos cenários, confirmou-se novamente algumas das vantagens da associação, principalmente na redução da adubação nitrogenada aplicada nos sistemas convencionais de cultivo. Finalmente, podemos imaginar a construção de várias formas de testar e otimizar o uso destes sistemas associados (cenários). Porém, confirma-se que a construção de novos referenciais agronômicos sobre sistemas de cultivo mais complexos (os cultivos associados) torna-se ainda muito necessário para a realização de avaliações mais precisas sobre estas alternativas. E, com estes novos referenciais técnicos, podemos imaginar, a médio e longo prazo, alguns dos benefícios das leguminosas sobre as propriedades físico-químicas do solo cultivado (cobertura viva, adubo verde, redução de adventícias, etc) e sobre a manutenção do rendimento dos cultivos (adubação verde).

Mapeando o conhecimento em sistemas de classificação de bibliotecas

This study explores, in 3 steps, how the 3 main library classification systems, the Library of Congress Classification, the Dewey Decimal Classification, and the Universal Decimal Classification, cover human knowledge. First, we mapped the knowledge covered by the 3 systems. We used the “10 Pillars of Knowledge: Map of Human Knowledge”, which comprises 10 pillars, as an evaluative model. We mapped all the subject-based classes and subclasses that are part of the first 2 levels of the 3 hierarchical structures. Then, we zoomed into each of the 10 pillars and analyzed how the three systems cover the 10 knowledge domains. Finally, we focused on the 3 library systems. Based on the way each one of them covers the 10 knowledge domains, it is evident that they failed to adequately and systematically present contemporary human knowledge. They are unsystematic and biased, and, at the top 2 levels of the hierarchical structures, they are incomplete.

Utilização dos sistemas integrados de gestão - ERP: estudo de múltiplos casos em pequenas e médias empresas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A inovação nas bibliotecas universitárias públicas do estado de São Paulo no contributo ao desenvolvimento nacional

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Structural and optical properties of Er3+ doped SiO2-Al2O3-GeO2 compounds prepared by a simple route

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo exploratório da integração de processos em uma instituição pública de ensino superior a partir das funcionalidades de um sistema de gestão de processos de negócio

Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Produção - FEB

Acesso aos níveis de atenção à saúde em um município do Estado de São Paulo: perspectivas de gestores, profissionais e usuários

Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva - FMB

Role of BDNF secretion and signaling in the activity-dependent refinement of synaptic connections

Neuronal networks exhibit diverse types of plasticity, including the activity-dependent regulation of synaptic functions and refinement of synaptic connections. In addition, continuous generation of new neurons in the “adult” brain (adult neurogenesis) represents a powerful form of structural plasticity establishing new connections and possibly implementing pre-existing neuronal circuits (Kempermann et al, 2000; Ming and Song, 2005). Neurotrophins, a family of neuronal growth factors, are crucially involved in the modulation of activity-dependent neuronal plasticity. The first evidence for the physiological importance of this role evolved from the observations that the local administration of neurotrophins has dramatic effects on the activity-dependent refinement of synaptic connections in the visual cortex (McAllister et al, 1999; Berardi et al, 2000; Thoenen, 1995). Moreover, the local availability of critical amounts of neurotrophins appears to be relevant for the ability of hippocampal neurons to undergo long-term potentiation (LTP) of the synaptic transmission (Lu, 2004; Aicardi et al, 2004). To achieve a comprehensive understanding of the modulatory role of neurotrophins in integrated neuronal systems, informations on the mechanisms about local neurotrophins synthesis and secretion as well as ditribution of their cognate receptors are of crucial importance. In the first part of this doctoral thesis I have used electrophysiological approaches and real-time imaging tecniques to investigate additional features about the regulation of neurotrophins secretion, namely the capability of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to undergo synaptic recycling. In cortical and hippocampal slices as well as in dissociated cell cultures, neuronal activity rapidly enhances the neuronal expression and secretion of BDNF which is subsequently taken up by neurons themselves but also by perineuronal astrocytes, through the selective activation of BDNF receptors. Moreover, internalized BDNF becomes part of the releasable source of the neurotrophin, which is promptly recruited for activity-dependent recycling. Thus, we described for the first time that neurons and astrocytes contain an endocytic compartment competent for BDNF recycling, suggesting a specialized form of bidirectional communication between neurons and glia. The mechanism of BDNF recycling is reminiscent of that for neurotransmitters and identifies BDNF as a new modulator implicated in neuro- and glio-transmission. In the second part of this doctoral thesis I addressed the role of BDNF signaling in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. I have generated a transgenic mouse model to specifically investigate the influence of BDNF signaling on the generation, differentiation, survival and connectivity of newborn neurons into the adult hippocampal network. I demonstrated that the survival of newborn neurons critically depends on the activation of the BDNF receptor TrkB. The TrkB-dependent decision regarding life or death in these newborn neurons takes place right at the transition point of their morphological and functional maturation Before newborn neurons start to die, they exhibit a drastic reduction in dendritic complexity and spine density compared to wild-type newborn neurons, indicating that this receptor is required for the connectivity of newborn neurons. Both the failure to become integrated and subsequent dying lead to impaired LTP. Finally, mice lacking a functional TrkB in the restricted population of newborn neurons show behavioral deficits, namely increased anxiety-like behavior. These data suggest that the integration and establishment of proper connections by newly generated neurons into the pre-existing network are relevant features for regulating the emotional state of the animal.

Development of a field method to assess root parasites of woody plants - ecological analyses of the grapevine-phylloxera interaction

The development and the growth of plants is strongly affected by the interactions between roots, rootrnassociated organisms and rhizosphere communities. Methods to assess such interactions are hardly torndevelop particularly in perennial and woody plants, due to their complex root system structure and theirrntemporal change in physiology patterns. In this respect, grape root systems are not investigated veryrnwell. The aim of the present work was the development of a method to assess and predict interactionsrnat the root system of rootstocks (Vitis berlandieri x Vitis riparia) in field. To achieve this aim, grapernphylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea) was used as a graperoot parasitizingrnmodel.rnTo develop the methodical approach, a longt-term trial (2006-2009) was arranged on a commercial usedrnvineyard in Geisenheim/Rheingau. All 2 to 8 weeks the top most 20 cm of soil under the foliage wallrnwere investigated and root material was extracted (n=8-10). To include temporal, spatial and cultivarrnspecific root system dynamics, the extracted root material was analyzed digitally on the morphologicalrnproperties. The grape phylloxera population was quantified and characterized visually on base of theirrnlarvalstages (oviparous, non oviparous and winged preliminary stages). Infection patches (nodosities)rnwere characterized visually as well, partly supported by digital root color analyses. Due to the knownrneffects of fungal endophytes on the vitality of grape phylloxera infested grapevines, fungal endophytesrnwere isolated from nodosity and root tissue and characterized (morphotypes) afterwards. Further abioticrnand biotic soil conditions of the vineyards were assessed. The temporal, spatial and cultivar specificrnsensitivity of single parameters were analyzed by omnibus tests (ANOVAs) and adjacent post-hoc tests.rnThe relations between different parameters were analyzed by multiple regression models.rnQuantitative parameters to assess the degeneration of nodosity, the development nodosity attachedrnroots and to differentiate between nodosities and other root swellings in field were developed. Significantrndifferences were shown between root dynamic including parameters and root dynamic ignoringrnparameters. Regarding the description of grape phylloxera population and root system dynamic, thernmethod showed a high temporal, spatial and cultivar specific sensitivity. Further, specific differencesrncould be shown in the frequency of endophyte morphotypes between root and nodosity tissue as wellrnas between cultivars. Degeneration of nodosities as well as nodosity occupation rates could be relatedrnto the calculated abundances of grape phylloxera population. Further ecological questions consideringrngrape root development (e.g. relation between moisture and root development) and grape phylloxerarnpopulation development (e.g. relation between temperature and population structure) could be answeredrnfor field conditions.rnGenerally, the presented work provides an approach to evaluate vitality of grape root systems. Thisrnapproach can be useful, considering the development of control strategies against soilborne pests inrnviticulture (e.g. grape phylloxera, Sorospheara viticola, Roesleria subterranea (Weinm.) Redhaed) as well as considering the evaluation of integrated management systems in viticulture.

Massenspektrometrische Wasserdampfmessung in der oberen Troposphäre und unteren Stratosphäre

Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Entwicklung des flugzeuggetragenen Atmosphärischen Ionisations-Massenspektrometers AIMS-H2O zur Messung von Wasserdampf in der oberen Troposphäre und unteren Stratosphäre (UTLS) und erste Flugzeugmessungen mit dem Instrument. Wasserdampf beeinflusst das Klima in der UTLS aufgrund seiner Strahlungseigenschaften und agiert als wichtiger Parameter bei der Bildung von Zirruswolken und Kondensstreifen. Deshalb sind genaue Wasserdampfmessungen für das Verständnis vieler atmosphärischer Prozesse unerlässlich. Instrumentenvergleiche wie sie im SPARC Report No. 2 und dem Bericht der AUQAVIT Kampagne zusammengefasst sind, haben gezeigt, dass große Abweichungen zwischen einzelnen Methoden und Instrumenten bestehen. Diese Unsicherheiten limitieren das Verständnis des Einflusses von Wasserdampf auf die Dynamik und die Strahlungseigenschaften in der UTLS. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellte Entwicklung einer neuen Messmethode für Wasserdampf mit dem Massenspektrometer AIMS-H2O ist deshalb auf die genaue Messung niedriger Wasserdampfkonzentrationen in der UTLS fokussiert. Mit AIMS H2O wird Umgebungsluft in einer neu entwickelten Gasentladungsquelle ionisiert. Durch eine Reihe von Ionen-Molekül-Reaktionen entstehen H3O+(H2O) und H3O+(H2O)2 Ionen. Diese Ionen werden genutzt, um die Wasserdampfkonzentration in der Atmosphäre zu bestimmen. Um die erforderliche hohe Genauigkeit zu erzielen, wird AIMS H2O im Flug kalibriert. In dem zu diesem Zweck aufgebauten Kalibrationsmodul wird die katalytische Reaktion von Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff auf einer Platinoberfläche genutzt, um definierte Wasserdampfkonzentrationen für die Kalibration im Flug zu erzeugen. Bei ersten Messungen auf der Falcon während der Kampagne CONCERT 2011 konnte dabei eine Genauigkeit von 8 bis 15% für die Messung der Wasserdampfkonzentration in einem Messbereich von 0,5 bis 250 ppmv erreicht werden. Die Messfrequenz betrug 4 Hz, was einer räumlichen Auflösung von etwa 50 m entspricht. Der Vergleich der Messung des Massenspektrometers mit dem Laserhygrometer Waran zeigt eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung im Rahmen der Unsicherheiten. Anhand zweier Fallstudien werden die Messungen von AIMS H2O während CONCERT 2011 detailliert analysiert. In der ersten Studie werden zwei Flüge in eine stratosphärische Intrusion über Nordeuropa untersucht. In dieser Situation wurde stratosphärische Luft bis hinunter auf 6 km Höhe transportiert und war dadurch mit der Falcon erreichbar. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass AIMS-H2O sehr gut für die genaue Messung niedriger Wasserdampfkonzentrationen, in diesem Fall bis etwa 3,5 ppmv, geeignet ist. Der Vergleich der Messung mit Analysen des ECMWF Integrated Forecast Systems zeigt eine gute Übereinstimmung der gemessenen Wasserdampfstrukturen mit der dynamischen Tropopause. Unterschiede tauchen dagegen beim Vergleich der Wasserdampfkonzentrationen in der unteren Stratosphäre auf. Hier prognostiziert das Modell deutlich höhere Feuchten. Die zweite Fallstudie beschäftigt sich mit der Verteilung der relativen Feuchte in jungen Kondensstreifen im Vergleich zu ihrer direkten Umgebung. Dabei wurde für drei Messsequenzen im Abgasstrahl von Flugzeugen beobachtet, dass die relative Feuchte innerhalb des Kondensstreifens im Vergleich zur Umgebung sowohl bei unter- als auch übersättigten Umgebungsbedingungen in Richtung Sättigung verschoben ist. Die hohe Anzahl an Eispartikeln und die damit verbundene große Eisoberfläche in jungen Kondensstreifen führt also zu einer schnellen Relaxation von Gasphase und Eis in Richtung Gleichgewicht. In der Zukunft soll AIMS-H2O auch auf HALO für die genaue Messung von Wasserdampf bei ML-CIRRUS und weiteren Kampagnen eingesetzt werden.

Content and English Language Integrated Learning: The use of Moodle in Aircraft Maintenance Training Programs

The aim of this work is to develop a prototype of an e-learning environment that can foster Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) for students enrolled in an aircraft maintenance training program, which allows them to obtain a license valid in all EU member states. Background research is conducted to retrace the evolution of the field of educational technology, analyzing different learning theories – behaviorism, cognitivism, and (socio-)constructivism – and reflecting on how technology and its use in educational contexts has changed over time. Particular attention is given to technologies that have been used and proved effective in Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL). Based on the background research and on students’ learning objectives, i.e. learning highly specialized contents and aeronautical technical English, a bilingual approach is chosen, three main tools are identified – a hypertextbook, an exercise creation activity, and a discussion forum – and the learning management system Moodle is chosen as delivery medium. The hypertextbook is based on the technical textbook written in English students already use. In order to foster text comprehension, the hypertextbook is enriched by hyperlinks and tooltips. Hyperlinks redirect students to webpages containing additional information both in English and in Italian, while tooltips show Italian equivalents of English technical terms. The exercise creation activity and the discussion forum foster interaction and collaboration among students, according to socio-constructivist principles. In the exercise creation activity, students collaboratively create a workbook, which allow them to deeply analyze and master the contents of the hypertextbook and at the same time create a learning tool that can help them, as well as future students, to enhance learning. In the discussion forum students can discuss their individual issues, content-related, English-related or e-learning environment-related, helping one other and offering instructors suggestions on how to improve both the hypertextbook and the workbook based on their needs.

Intelligente Hochleistungsförderkette aus Kunststoff

Im folgenden Beitrag wird die Entwicklung einer metallverstärkten Kunststoffgleitkette mit integrierter Sensorik skizziert. Der Focus der Arbeit liegt unter anderem auf Untersuchungen zum Werkstoffverbundverhalten zwischen Metall und Kunststoff, der Adaptierung von Mikroelektronik in einzelne Kettenglieder, einer großserientauglichen Fertigungstechnologie für hybride Leichtbaukomponenten, sowie die Erarbeitung von Gestaltungsgrundsätzen und Logistikkonzepten für die Produktion von Leichtbaukomponenten mittels fusionierter Prozesse.

When to Monitor CD4 Cell Count and HIV RNA to Reduce Mortality and AIDS-Defining Illness in Virologically Suppressed HIV-Positive Persons on Antiretroviral Therapy in High-Income Countries: A Prospective Observational Study.

OBJECTIVE To illustrate an approach to compare CD4 cell count and HIV-RNA monitoring strategies in HIV-positive individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART). DESIGN Prospective studies of HIV-positive individuals in Europe and the USA in the HIV-CAUSAL Collaboration and The Center for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems. METHODS Antiretroviral-naive individuals who initiated ART and became virologically suppressed within 12 months were followed from the date of suppression. We compared 3 CD4 cell count and HIV-RNA monitoring strategies: once every (1) 3 ± 1 months, (2) 6 ± 1 months, and (3) 9-12 ± 1 months. We used inverse-probability weighted models to compare these strategies with respect to clinical, immunologic, and virologic outcomes. RESULTS In 39,029 eligible individuals, there were 265 deaths and 690 AIDS-defining illnesses or deaths. Compared with the 3-month strategy, the mortality hazard ratios (95% CIs) were 0.86 (0.42 to 1.78) for the 6 months and 0.82 (0.46 to 1.47) for the 9-12 month strategy. The respective 18-month risk ratios (95% CIs) of virologic failure (RNA >200) were 0.74 (0.46 to 1.19) and 2.35 (1.56 to 3.54) and 18-month mean CD4 differences (95% CIs) were -5.3 (-18.6 to 7.9) and -31.7 (-52.0 to -11.3). The estimates for the 2-year risk of AIDS-defining illness or death were similar across strategies. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that monitoring frequency of virologically suppressed individuals can be decreased from every 3 months to every 6, 9, or 12 months with respect to clinical outcomes. Because effects of different monitoring strategies could take years to materialize, longer follow-up is needed to fully evaluate this question.

La gestión del conocimiento en las Bibliotecas Universitarias : ¿El qué, cómo y para qué?

El presente artículo tiene como propósito proponer la incorporación de la teoría administrativa denominada Gestión del Conocimiento (GC), en Bibliotecas Universitarias (BU). ¿El qué, el cómo y el para qué? Representa un reto de gestión que conlleva a la implementación de diversas estrategias para el cambio y la innovación (ECI). Hipotéticamente, el diseño de estrategias de gestión posibilita que la BU en los escenarios competitivos de la sociedad de conocimiento y el tercer entorno desarrolle nuevas competencias y directrices para el aprovechamiento de sus diversos recursos con eficiencia y logren alcanzar sus objetivos con eficacia. La innovación es otra de las variables que posibilita la transformación de los servicios que son ofertados a los usuarios, también denominados "socios estratégicos", bajo la visión de creatividad, sustentabilidad y bienestar