Meän tapa puhua : Tornionlaakso pellolaisnuorten subjektiivisena paikkana ja murrealueena

This folk linguistic and human geographic study deals with dialect awareness, dialect use and place attachment. The study discusses theoretical and methodological issues current in sociolinguistics suggesting that the study of attitudes should be regarded as a core area in the study of variation and change. Furthermore, it is suggested that instead of putting effort into improving mental mapping methodology (adopted into folk linguistics from behavioural geography of the 1960 s), the more up-to-date thinking of space in geography should be adopted. The region and the dialect are treated as perceptual constructs in the study. The dialect perceptions of high school seniors in the Finnish Tornio Valley are examined trough a triangulation method involving a questionnaire, interviews and dialect recognition test as the research methods. The h in non-initial syllables (e.g. lähethä(ä)n, saunhaan ~ sauhnaan let s go into sauna ) turns out, expectedly, as the most salient feature in the dialect awareness of the locals and in terms of local identity construction. This feature is no longer heard in most of the present dialects of Finnish but is still thriving in the Tornio Valley in the cross-border dialect area. The metathetic variant (saunhaan > sauhnaan into sauna , käymhään > käyhmään to go ) is a characteristic feature of the Tornio Valley dialect. However, individual differences have long been found in the use of the h. This study challenges the essentialist variationist view of social categories (gender) by analysing variation from a quantitative but emic and human geographic point of view. The study shows that the variation of the h is statistically significantly patterned in terms of the degree of feeling of insideness vs. outsideness. New light is shed on the gender differences found in earlier sociolinguistic studies: differences in dialect use between and inside gender groups are illuminated by the fact that, in this case, it is young women who are generally less attached to the local community than young men, but this does not hold for all the individuals. The ideological motivation for preservation of the h seems to be based on the imagined community of Tornio Valley covering both the Swedish and the Finnish valley area. The general image of the dialect area and it s speakers, the shared cognitive dialect boundaries of the locals and the particularly deep level of awaress of the linguistic variation of the h are notable resources of the Tornio valley identity. Hyperdialectic forms analogical to the most frequently attested metathetic forms are found in the interview data, predicting that in this dialect the h will be maintained also in the future.

Borta bra men hemma bäst? : En enkätundersökning av tre finska översättningar av en svensk tecknad serie.

Tutkielmassa on analysoitu lukijoiden lukukokemuksia ja sitä, millainen kieli koetaan sopivaksi, hauskaksi, vieraaksi ja läheiseksi nuorille ja nuorille aikuisille suunnatussa käännössarjakuvassa. Tutkimusaineistona on ruotsalaisen Martin Kellermanin Rocky-sarjakuva, joka kertoo nuorten aikuisten elämästä Tukholmassa. Sarjakuva on suunnattu nuorille ja nuorille aikuisille ja se on tyyliltään humoristinen. Tutkimusmenetelminä on käytetty tekstianalyysiä, käännösanalyysiä ja tutkimuskyselyä. Tutkielman teoriaosuudessa on käsitelty globaaleja ja paikallisia käännösstrategioita ja keskitytty erityisesti kolmeen globaaliin käännösstrategiaan: normalisoimiseen, vieraannuttamiseen ja kotouttamiseen. Lähtötekstin analyysissä kuvaillaan sarjakuvan yleistä kielimuotoa ja tyyliä. Analyysissä on perehdytty erityisesti puhekielisyyteen ja kulttuurisidonnaisiin elementteihin. Lähtötekstin analyysi keskittyy pääosin neljään sarjakuvastrippiin, jotka on valittu käännettäväksi aineistoksi. Käännösanalyysissa kuvataan käännösaineistosta tehtyä kolmea suomenkielistä käännöstä. Yksi käännöksistä on tehty normalisoivan käännösstrategian mukaan: se sijoittuu neutraaliin ympäristöön ja sen kieli on neutraalia yleiskieltä. Toinen käännöksistä on tehty vieraannuttavan käännösstrategian mukaan: se sijoittuu Tukholmaan ja kieli on yleispuhekieltä. Kolmas käännös on tehty kotouttavan käännösstrategian mukaan: se sijoittuu Helsinkiin ja kieli on helsinkiläistä puhekieltä. Tutkimuskysely toteutettiin käännöksen laatututkimuksena neljässä suomalaisessa lukiossa. Tutkimukseen osallistui yhteensä 102 lukiolaista Helsingistä, Iisalmesta, Tampereelta ja Turusta, joista 59 oli tyttöjä ja 43 poikia. Laatutututkimuksessa keskityttiin erityisesti lukiolaisten kokemuksiin hyvästä, hauskasta vieraasta ja omaa puhetyyliä lähellä olevasta käännöksestä. Tutkimuksessa käy ilmi, että maantieteelliset erot vaikuttavat odotettua vähemmän nuorten vastauksiin, mutta sukupuolella on jossain määrin merkitystä käännöksiä arvioitaessa. Kotouttavaa (helsinkiläistä) käännöstä pidettiin ehdottomasti hauskimpana joka paikkakunnalla (74 % kaikista vastanneista) ja sitä pidettiin myös parhaimpana käännöksenä (45,10 % kaikista vastanneista) Iisalmea lukuun ottamatta. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että normalisoiva käännös tuntuu nuorille vieraimmalta (43,63 % kaikista vastanneista), vaikka turkulaisista kotouttava käännös tuntui hieman vieraammalta ja iisalmelaisistakin yhtä oudolta kuin normalisoiva käännös. Vieraannuttava käännös oli lähimpänä nuorten omaa puhetyyliä (58,33 % kaikista vastanneista) joka paikkakunnalla. Tutkimustulos puhuu kotouttavan käännöksen puolesta tätä sarjakuvaa käännettäessä, jos kohderyhmän halutaan pysyvän samana. Tutkimustulosta ei kuitenkaan voida pitää yleispätevänä, niin että se koskisi kaikkea sarjakuvakääntämistä. Avainsanat: kääntäminen, reseptiotutkimus, laatututkimus, puhekieli, slangi, sarjakuvat, normalisointi, vieraannuttaminen, kotouttaminen

Fatigued driving : prevalence, risk factors and groups, and the law

Fatigue and sleepiness are major causes of road traffic accidents. However, precise data is often lacking because a validated and reliable device for detecting the level of sleepiness (cf. the breathalyzer for alcohol levels) does not exist, nor does criteria for the unambiguous detection of fatigue/sleepiness as a contributing factor in accident causation. Therefore, identification of risk factors and groups might not always be easy. Furthermore, it is extremely difficult to incorporate fatigue in operationalized terms into either traffic or criminal law. The main aims of this thesis were to estimate the prevalence of fatigue problems while driving among the Finnish driving population, to explore how VALT multidisciplinary investigation teams, Finnish police, and courts recognize (and prosecute) fatigue in traffic, to identify risk factors and groups, and finally to explore the application of the Finnish Road Traffic Act (RTA), which explicitly forbids driving while tired in Article 63. Several different sources of data were used: a computerized database and the original folders of multidisciplinary teams investigating fatal accidents (VALT), the driver records database (AKE), prosecutor and court decisions, a survey of young male military conscripts, and a survey of a representative sample of the Finnish active driving population. The results show that 8-15% of fatal accidents during 1991-2001 were fatigue related, that every fifth Finnish driver has fallen asleep while driving at some point during his/her driving career, and that the Finnish police and courts punish on average one driver per day on the basis of fatigued driving (based on the data from the years 2004-2005). The main finding regarding risk factors and risk groups is that during the summer months, especially in the afternoon, the risk of falling asleep while driving is increased. Furthermore, the results indicate that those with a higher risk of falling asleep while driving are men in general, but especially young male drivers including military conscripts and the elderly during the afternoon hours and the summer in particular; professional drivers breaking the rules about duty and rest hours; and drivers with a tendency to fall asleep easily. A time-of-day pattern of sleep-related incidents was repeatedly found. It was found that VALT teams can be considered relatively reliable when assessing the role of fatigue and sleepiness in accident causation; thus, similar experts might be valuable in the court process as expert witnesses when fatigue or sleepiness are suspected to have a role in an accident’s origins. However, the application of Article 63 of the RTA that forbids, among other things, fatigued driving will continue to be an issue that deserves further attention. This should be done in the context of a needed attitude change towards driving while in a state of extreme tiredness (e.g., after being awake for more than 24 hours), which produces performance deterioration comparable to illegal intoxication (BAC around 0.1%). Regarding the well-known interactive effect of increased sleepiness and even small alcohol levels, the relatively high proportion (up to 14.5%) of Finnish drivers owning and using a breathalyzer raises some concern. This concern exists because these drivers are obviously more focused on not breaking the “magic” line of 0.05% BAC than being concerned about driving impairment, which might be much worse than they realize because of the interactive effects of increased sleepiness and even low alcohol consumption. In conclusion, there is no doubt that fatigue and sleepiness problems while driving are common among the Finnish driving population. While we wait for the invention of reliable devices for fatigue/sleepiness detection, we should invest more effort in raising public awareness about the dangerousness of fatigued driving and educate drivers about how to recognize and deal with fatigue and sleepiness when they ultimately occur.

Studio portrait of Uncle Loeb Portraits Men

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Portrait of young Hans Frankenbach seated at a desk Portraits Men

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Portrait of Surgeon Major Dr. Meyer of Dueren (Rhineland) in military uniform Portraits Men

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Portrait of Surgeon Major Dr. Bing of Nuernberg in his military uniform Portraits Men

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Alfred Falk outdoors feeding a dog Portraits Men

Handwritten on verso: fuer Hans Frankenbach

Fenja Rost with two unidentified men on a horse drawn cart working on a farm Portraits Groups

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Studio portrait of Uncle M? and Uncle Isak (seated); Cairo, Illinois Portraits Groups Men

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Kurt Hirschfeld seated in his study Portraits Men

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Kurt Hirschfeld (left) speaking with Thomas Mann Portraits Groups Men

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Paul Blum calling card with photograph Portraits Men

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Portrait of Paul Blum Portraits Men

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