La Real Academia Española en 2010.

La Real Academia de la Lengua inició su andadura en 1713 por iniciativa de Don Juan Manuel Fernández Pacheco, Marqués de Villena y Duque de Escalona. Se trata de una institución cultural española dedicada a trabajar al servicio del idioma nacional. Felipe V aprueba su constitución el 3 de octubre de 1714. Esta institución nace con el objetivo de fijar las voces y vocablos de la lengua castellana en su mayor propiedad, elegancia y pureza. Se plasmó su finalidad con el emblema: `Limpia, fija y da esplendor´. La institución se actualiza en función de las diferentes épocas que le toca vivir. La Academia, según sus estatutos, tiene como misión principal velar porque los cambios que experimente la Lengua Española no quiebren la esencial unidad. En 2010 se presenta la nueva edición de la `Ortografía de la lengua española´. Por otro lado, Soledad Puértolas, novelista y ensayista, entra en la Real Academia y ocupa el sillón `g´. Y el Premio de la Real Academia Española de 2010 fue para el escritor y profesor mexicano Don Hernán Lara Zavala.

La Academia Española y su historia.

Ensayo dedicado a la fundación y evolución de la Real Academia Española. Fue fundada por Felipe V, en 1714, bajo el lema 'limpia, fija y da esplendor', a imagen de la establecida en París y por iniciativa del Marqués de Villena, Juan Manuel Fernández Pacheco. En un principio se situó en un palacete de la calle Moreto de Madrid. En 1949 su presidente era Ramón Menéndez Pidal. Se caracterizaba su salón de actos por los asientos alrededor de una gran mesa. Cada uno de estos estaba marcados por una letra del alfabeto, mayúscula o minúscula. La misión de la Academia era velar por la pureza, propiedad y esplendor de la lengua castellana. Los académicos tenían por misión realizar el Diccionario Etimológico, revisar la Gramática y convocar certámenes para fomentar las letras españolas. Junto a la Real Academia trabajaban otros dos organismos en investigar la lengua española y completar el Diccionario Histórico de la Lengua Española: el Instituto Miguel de Cervantes y el Seminario de Lexicografía.

La instauraci??n de la monarqu??a borb??nica en Espa??a

Se aborda la instauraci??n borb??nica en Espa??a bajo la consideraci??n del proyecto de Monarqu??a de Felipe V como una voluntad de continuidad del programa de Monarqu??a Hisp??nica y, muy concretamente, de su redefinici??n durante el reinado de Carlos II. La Guerra de Sucesi??n a la corona de Espa??a, la tendencia centralizadora de las dinast??as continentales, los Decretos de Nueva Planta y la definici??n italiana del programa borb??nico de Espa??a como potencia mediterr??nea son algunos de los temas ampliamente analizados

Electrophysiological effects of guanosine and MK-801 in a quinolinic acid-induced seizure model

TORRES, F ; FILHO, M.S. ; ANTUNES, C. ; KALININE, E. ; ANTONIOLLI, E. ; PORTELA, Luis Valmor ; SOUZA, Diogo Onofre ; TORT, A. B. L. . Electrophysiological effects of guanosine and MK-801 in a quinolinic acid-induced seizure model. Experimental Neurology , v. 221, p. 296-306, 2010

Efeito da concentração de nitrogênio na solução nutritiva e do número de frutos por planta sobre a produção do meloeiro

O trabalho foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, na UNESP em Jaboticabal (SP), de junho a novembro de 2001, com o objetivo de avaliar a produção do melão (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus), híbrido Bônus nº2, cultivado em sistema hidropônico NFT, em função da concentração de nitrogênio na solução nutritiva (80, 140, 200 e 300 mg L-1) e número de frutos por planta (2, 3, 4 e livre). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, com seis repetições. Aos 80 dias após o transplantio, foram observados 2, 3, 4 e 5,1 frutos por planta e, posteriormente na colheita, 2, 2,9, 3,0 e 3,4 frutos por planta, respectivamente para os tratamentos com 2, 3, 4 e fixação livre, sendo esta redução atribuída ao abortamento de frutos. Houve redução no peso médio do 1º, 2º e 3º fruto colhido, com o aumento da concentração de nitrogênio. Plantas com o menor número de frutos, apresentaram maior peso médio dos mesmos, porém com menor produção por planta. A maior produção (2.474 g/planta) foi obtida com 80 mg L-1 de nitrogênio na solução nutritiva.

Both alpha(1)- and beta(1)-adrenoceptors in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis are involved in the expression of conditioned contextual fear

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Hypothalamic supraoptic but not paraventricular nucleus is involved in cardiovascular responses to carbachol microinjected into the bed nucleus of stria terminalis of unanesthetized rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the cardiovascular responses to chemoreflex activation

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Best site for embryo transfer: the upper or lower half of endometrial cavity?

BACKGROUND: the objective of the present study was to determine the importance of the site of embryo transfer (upper or lower half endometrial cavity) on implantation and clinical pregnancy rates. METHODS: A total of 400 transfers guided by ultrasound were randomly assigned to two groups according to the distance between the uterine fundus and the catheter tip at the time of embryo placement. Group I (n=200) consisted of transfers corresponding to a distance of <50% of the endometrial cavity length (ECL), i.e. transfer in upper half of the cavity; and group II (n=200) consisted of transfers corresponding to a distance of greater than or equal to50%, of the ECL, i.e. transfer in lower half of cavity. The Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney test and Fisher's exact test were used where appropriate. RESULTS: the general characteristics of the study population and the main transfer cycle characteristics had an equal distribution (P>0.05) between groups I and II. No significant difference in implantation or pregnancy rates was observed between groups I and II. CONCLUSION: the implantation or pregnancy rates were similar whether the embryos were deposited in the upper or lower half of the endometrial cavity.

Comparison of the psychological evaluation test and classical psychoanalysis in infertile women

This study aims to compare a psychological evaluation test to classical psychoanalysis in infertile women. Two hundred women were submitted to the Psychological Evaluation Test (PET). The sum of the scores for the responses ranged from 15 to 60 points, with scores 30 points being defined as 'psycho-emotional maladjustment' (cut-off point: median + 25%). For comparison, the patients were simultaneously submitted to a psychological examination by a psychologist, who was unaware of the PET results. of the 200 patients, 66 (33%) presented a test with greater than or equal to30 points ('psycho-emotional maladjustment') and 134 (67%) a test with <30 points (normal). Upon psychological examination, 105 (52.5%) presented an abnormal evaluation and 95 (47.5%) a normal evaluation. For the PET, statistical analysis showed 82% efficiency, 62% sensitivity, 98% positive predictive value, 99% specificity, 70% negative predictive value, likelihood ratio for a positive test result 62, and likelihood ratio for negative test result 0.38. The PET proved to be a useful clinical instrument, being of help in the selection of patients with psychological needs induced by infertility.

Large nuclear vacuoles are indicative of abnormal chromatin packaging in human spermatozoa

The aim of this investigation was to determine the presence of abnormal sperm chromatin packaging in spermatozoa with large nuclear vacuoles (LNV) selected via high magnification by analysing the pattern of chromomycin A3 (CMA3) staining. A prospective observational study was designed to analyse semen samples obtained from 66 men undergoing infertility diagnosis and treatment. The numbers of cells with normal (dull yellow staining of the sperm head/CMA3-negative) and abnormal (bright yellow fluorescence of the sperm head/CMA3-positive) chromatin packaging were determined on slides with normal and LNV spermatozoa. The presence of bright yellow fluorescence (CMA3-positive) was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) in spermatozoa with LNV than in normal spermatozoa (719/1351; 53.2% vs. 337/835; 40.3%, respectively), reflecting a higher percentage of abnormal chromatin packaging in spermatozoa with large LNV. Our data support the hypothesis that the presence of LNV reflects the presence of abnormal chromatin packaging, which may facilitate sperm DNA damage. As sperm nuclear vacuoles are evaluated more precisely at high magnifications using motile sperm organelle morphology examination (MSOME), the present results support the use of high-magnification sperm selection for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).