Absolute neutrino mass from helicity measurements

The possibility to access the absolute neutrino mass scale through the measurement of the wrong helicity contribution of charged leptons is investigated in pion decay. Through this method, one may have access to the same effective mass m 2β extractable from the tritium beta decay experiments for electron neutrinos as well as the analogous effective mass $(m 2nuμ}){eff} for muon neutrinos. In the channel π-→ ē-v̄, the relative probability of producing an antineutrino with left helicity is enhanced if compared with the naive expectation (m ν/2E ν) 2. The possibility to constrain new interactions in the context of two-Higgs-Doublet models is also investigated. © 2009 World Scientific Publishing Company.

Organização e espontaneidade: a autonomia das massas no pensamento dialético de Rosa Luxemburg

Pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais - FFC

The quest for an intermediate-scale accidental axion and further ALPs

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Study of vector boson scattering and search for new physics in events with two same-sign leptons and two jets

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Spin Orbit Effects in the Electronic Transport Properties of Adsorbed Graphene Nanoribbons

Graphene has received great attention due to its exceptional properties, which include corners with zero effective mass, extremely large mobilities, this could render it the new template for the next generation of electronic devices. Furthermore it has weak spin orbit interaction because of the low atomic number of carbon atom in turn results in long spin coherence lengths. Therefore, graphene is also a promising material for future applications in spintronic devices - the use of electronic spin degrees of freedom instead of the electron charge. Graphene can be engineered to form a number of different structures. In particular, by appropriately cutting it one can obtain 1-D system -with only a few nanometers in width - known as graphene nanoribbon, which strongly owe their properties to the width of the ribbons and to the atomic structure along the edges. Those GNR-based systems have been shown to have great potential applications specially as connectors for integrated circuits. Impurities and defects might play an important role to the coherence of these systems. In particular, the presence of transition metal atoms can lead to significant spin-flip processes of conduction electrons. Understanding this effect is of utmost importance for spintronics applied design. In this work, we focus on electronic transport properties of armchair graphene nanoribbons with adsorbed transition metal atoms as impurities and taking into account the spin-orbit effect. Our calculations were performed using a combination of density functional theory and non-equilibrium Greens functions. Also, employing a recursive method we consider a large number of impurities randomly distributed along the nanoribbon in order to infer, for different concentrations of defects, the spin-coherence length.

Analisi sperimentale e modellazione della conducibilità termica in materiali per la protezione passiva da incendio esterno

Numerosi incidenti verificatisi negli ultimi dieci anni in campo chimico e petrolchimico sono dovuti all’innesco di sostanze infiammabili rilasciate accidentalmente: per questo motivo gli scenari incidentali legati ad incendi esterni rivestono oggigiorno un interesse crescente, in particolar modo nell’industria di processo, in quanto possono essere causa di ingenti danni sia ai lavoratori ed alla popolazione, sia alle strutture. Gli incendi, come mostrato da alcuni studi, sono uno dei più frequenti scenari incidentali nell’industria di processo, secondi solo alla perdita di contenimento di sostanze pericolose. Questi eventi primari possono, a loro volta, determinare eventi secondari, con conseguenze catastrofiche dovute alla propagazione delle fiamme ad apparecchiature e tubazioni non direttamente coinvolte nell’incidente primario; tale fenomeno prende il nome di effetto domino. La necessità di ridurre le probabilità di effetto domino rende la mitigazione delle conseguenze un aspetto fondamentale nella progettazione dell’impianto. A questo scopo si impiegano i materiali per la protezione passiva da fuoco (Passive Fire Protection o PFP); essi sono sistemi isolanti impiegati per proteggere efficacemente apparecchiature e tubazioni industriali da scenari di incendio esterno. L’applicazione dei materiali per PFP limita l’incremento di temperatura degli elementi protetti; questo scopo viene raggiunto tramite l’impiego di differenti tipologie di prodotti e materiali. Tuttavia l’applicazione dei suddetti materiali fireproofing non può prescindere da una caratterizzazione delle proprietà termiche, in particolar modo della conducibilità termica, in condizioni che simulino l’esposizione a fuoco. Nel presente elaborato di tesi si è scelto di analizzare tre materiali coibenti, tutti appartenenti, pur con diversità di composizione e struttura, alla classe dei materiali inorganici fibrosi: Fibercon Silica Needled Blanket 1200, Pyrogel®XT, Rockwool Marine Firebatt 100. I tre materiali sono costituiti da una fase solida inorganica, differente per ciascuno di essi e da una fase gassosa, preponderante come frazione volumetrica. I materiali inorganici fibrosi rivestono una notevole importanza rispetto ad altri materiali fireproofing in quanto possono resistere a temperature estremamente elevate, talvolta superiori a 1000 °C, senza particolari modifiche chimico-fisiche. Questo vantaggio, unito alla versatilità ed alla semplicità di applicazione, li rende leader a livello europeo nei materiali isolanti, con una fetta di mercato pari circa al 60%. Nonostante l’impiego dei suddetti materiali sia ormai una realtà consolidata nell’industria di processo, allo stato attuale sono disponibili pochi studi relativi alle loro proprietà termiche, in particolare in condizioni di fuoco. L’analisi sperimentale svolta ha consentito di identificare e modellare il comportamento termico di tali materiali in caso di esposizione a fuoco, impiegando nei test, a pressione atmosferica, un campo di temperatura compreso tra 20°C e 700°C, di interesse per applicazioni fireproofing. Per lo studio delle caratteristiche e la valutazione delle proprietà termiche dei tre materiali è stata impiegata principalmente la tecnica Transient Plane Source (TPS), che ha consentito la determinazione non solo della conducibilità termica, ma anche della diffusività termica e della capacità termica volumetrica, seppure con un grado di accuratezza inferiore. I test sono stati svolti su scala di laboratorio, creando un set-up sperimentale che integrasse opportunamente lo strumento Hot Disk Thermal Constants Analyzer TPS 1500 con una fornace a camera ed un sistema di acquisizione dati. Sono state realizzate alcune prove preliminari a temperatura ambiente sui tre materiali in esame, per individuare i parametri operativi (dimensione sensori, tempi di acquisizione, etc.) maggiormente idonei alla misura della conducibilità termica. Le informazioni acquisite sono state utilizzate per lo sviluppo di adeguati protocolli sperimentali e per effettuare prove ad alta temperatura. Ulteriori significative informazioni circa la morfologia, la porosità e la densità dei tre materiali sono state ottenute attraverso stereo-microscopia e picnometria a liquido. La porosità, o grado di vuoto, assume nei tre materiali un ruolo fondamentale, in quanto presenta valori compresi tra 85% e 95%, mentre la frazione solida ne costituisce la restante parte. Inoltre i risultati sperimentali hanno consentito di valutare, con prove a temperatura ambiente, l’isotropia rispetto alla trasmissione del calore per la classe di materiali coibenti analizzati, l’effetto della temperatura e della variazione del grado di vuoto (nel caso di materiali che durante l’applicazione possano essere soggetti a fenomeni di “schiacciamento”, ovvero riduzione del grado di vuoto) sulla conducibilità termica effettiva dei tre materiali analizzati. Analoghi risultati, seppure con grado di accuratezza lievemente inferiore, sono stati ottenuti per la diffusività termica e la capacità termica volumetrica. Poiché è nota la densità apparente di ciascun materiale si è scelto di calcolarne anche il calore specifico in funzione della temperatura, di cui si è proposto una correlazione empirica. I risultati sperimentali, concordi per i tre materiali in esame, hanno mostrato un incremento della conducibilità termica con la temperatura, da valori largamente inferiori a 0,1 W/(m∙K) a temperatura ambiente, fino a 0,3÷0,4 W/(m∙K) a 700°C. La sostanziale similitudine delle proprietà termiche tra i tre materiali, appartenenti alla medesima categoria di materiali isolanti, è stata riscontrata anche per la diffusività termica, la capacità termica volumetrica ed il calore specifico. Queste considerazioni hanno giustificato l’applicazione a tutti i tre materiali in esame dei medesimi modelli per descrivere la conducibilità termica effettiva, ritenuta, tra le proprietà fisiche determinate sperimentalmente, la più significativa nel caso di esposizione a fuoco. Lo sviluppo di un modello per la conducibilità termica effettiva si è reso necessario in quanto i risultati sperimentali ottenuti tramite la tecnica Transient Plane Source non forniscono alcuna informazione sui contributi offerti da ciascun meccanismo di scambio termico al termine complessivo e, pertanto, non consentono una facile generalizzazione della proprietà in funzione delle condizioni di impiego del materiale. La conducibilità termica dei materiali coibenti fibrosi e in generale dei materiali bi-fasici tiene infatti conto in un unico valore di vari contributi dipendenti dai diversi meccanismi di scambio termico presenti: conduzione nella fase gassosa e nel solido, irraggiamento nelle superfici delle cavità del solido e, talvolta, convezione; inoltre essa dipende fortemente dalla temperatura e dalla porosità. Pertanto, a partire dal confronto con i risultati sperimentali, tra cui densità e grado di vuoto, l’obiettivo centrale della seconda fase del progetto è stata la scelta, tra i numerosi modelli a disposizione in letteratura per materiali bi-fasici, di cui si è presentata una rassegna, dei più adatti a descrivere la conducibilità termica effettiva nei materiali in esame e nell’intervallo di temperatura di interesse, fornendo al contempo un significato fisico ai contributi apportati al termine complessivo. Inizialmente la scelta è ricaduta su cinque modelli, chiamati comunemente “modelli strutturali di base” (Serie, Parallelo, Maxwell-Eucken 1, Maxwell-Eucken 2, Effective Medium Theory) [1] per la loro semplicità e versatilità di applicazione. Tali modelli, puramente teorici, hanno mostrato al raffronto con i risultati sperimentali numerosi limiti, in particolar modo nella previsione del termine di irraggiamento, ovvero per temperature superiori a 400°C. Pertanto si è deciso di adottare un approccio semi-empirico: è stato applicato il modello di Krischer [2], ovvero una media pesata su un parametro empirico (f, da determinare) dei modelli Serie e Parallelo, precedentemente applicati. Anch’esso si è rivelato non idoneo alla descrizione dei materiali isolanti fibrosi in esame, per ragioni analoghe. Cercando di impiegare modelli caratterizzati da forte fondamento fisico e grado di complessità limitato, la scelta è caduta sui due recenti modelli, proposti rispettivamente da Karamanos, Papadopoulos, Anastasellos [3] e Daryabeigi, Cunnington, Knutson [4] [5]. Entrambi presentavano il vantaggio di essere stati utilizzati con successo per materiali isolanti fibrosi. Inizialmente i due modelli sono stati applicati con i valori dei parametri e le correlazioni proposte dagli Autori. Visti gli incoraggianti risultati, a questo primo approccio è seguita l’ottimizzazione dei parametri e l’applicazione di correlazioni maggiormente idonee ai materiali in esame, che ha mostrato l’efficacia dei modelli proposti da Karamanos, Papadopoulos, Anastasellos e Daryabeigi, Cunnington, Knutson per i tre materiali analizzati. Pertanto l’obiettivo finale del lavoro è stato raggiunto con successo in quanto sono stati applicati modelli di conducibilità termica con forte fondamento fisico e grado di complessità limitato che, con buon accordo ai risultati sperimentali ottenuti, consentono di ricavare equazioni predittive per la stima del comportamento, durante l’esposizione a fuoco, dei materiali fireproofing in esame. Bologna, Luglio 2013 Riferimenti bibliografici: [1] Wang J., Carson J.K., North M.F., Cleland D.J., A new approach to modelling the effective thermal conductivity of heterogeneous materials. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 49 (2006) 3075-3083. [2] Krischer O., Die wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen der Trocknungstechnik (The Scientific Fundamentals of Drying Technology), Springer-Verlag, Berlino, 1963. [3] Karamanos A., Papadopoulos A., Anastasellos D., Heat Transfer phenomena in fibrous insulating materials. (2004) Geolan.gr http://www.geolan.gr/sappek/docs/publications/article_6.pdf Ultimo accesso: 1 Luglio 2013. [4] Daryabeigi K., Cunnington G. R., and Knutson J. R., Combined Heat Transfer in High-Porosity High-Temperature Fibrous Insulation: Theory and Experimental Validation. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 25 (2011) 536-546. [5] Daryabeigi K., Cunnington G.R., Knutson J.R., Heat Transfer Modeling for Rigid High-Temperature Fibrous Insulation. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer. AIAA Early Edition/1 (2012).

Mechanical microcontacts of powder particles studied with the quartz crystal microbalance

Within this work, a particle-polymer surface system is studied with respect to the particle-surface interactions. The latter are governed by micromechanics and are an important aspect for a wide range of industrial applications. Here, a new methodology is developed for understanding the adhesion process and measure the relevant forces, based on the quartz crystal microbalance, QCM. rnThe potential of the QCM technique for studying particle-surface interactions and reflect the adhesion process is evaluated by carrying out experiments with a custom-made setup, consisting of the QCM with a 160 nm thick film of polystyrene (PS) spin-coated onto the quartz and of glass particles, of different diameters (5-20µm), deposited onto the polymer surface. Shifts in the QCM resonance frequency are monitored as a function of the oscillation amplitude. The induced frequency shifts of the 3rd overtone are found to decrease or increase, depending on the particle-surface coupling type and the applied oscillation (frequency and amplitude). For strong coupling the 3rd harmonic decreased, corresponding to an “added mass” on the quartz surface. However, positive frequency shifts are observed in some cases and are attributed to weak-coupling between particle and surface. Higher overtones, i.e. the 5th and 7th, were utilized in order to derive additional information about the interactions taking place. For small particles, the shift for specific overtones can increase after annealing, while for large particle diameters annealing causes a negative frequency shift. The lower overtones correspond to a generally strong-coupling regime with mainly negative frequency shifts observed, while the 7th appears to be sensitive to the contact break-down and the recorded shifts are positive.rnDuring oscillation, the motion of the particles and the induced frequency shift of the QCM are governed by a balance between inertial forces and contact forces. The adherence of the particles can be increased by annealing the PS film at 150°C, which led to the formation of a PS meniscus. For the interpretation, the Hertz, Johnson-Kendall-Roberts, Derjaguin-Müller-Toporov and the Mindlin theory of partial slip are considered. The Mindlin approach is utilized to describe partial slip. When partial slip takes place induced by an oscillating load, a part of the contact ruptures. This results in a decrease of the effective contact stiffness. Additionally, there are long-term memory effects due to the consolidation which along with the QCM vibrations induce a coupling increase. However, the latter can also break the contact, lead to detachment and even surface damage and deformation due to inertia. For strong coupling the particles appear to move with the vibrations and simply act as added effective mass leading to a decrease of the resonance frequency, in agreement with the Sauerbrey equation that is commonly used to calculate the added mass on a QCM). When the system enters the weak-coupling regime the particles are not able to follow the fast movement of the QCM surface. Hence, they effectively act as adding a “spring” with an additional coupling constant and increase the resonance frequency. The frequency shift, however, is not a unique function of the coupling constant. Furthermore, the critical oscillation amplitude is determined, above which particle detach. No movement is detected at much lower amplitudes, while for intermediate values, lateral particle displacement is observed. rnIn order to validate the QCM results and study the particle effects on the surface, atomic force microscopy, AFM, is additionally utilized, to image surfaces and measure surface forces. By studying the surface of the polymer film after excitation and particle removal, AFM imaging helped in detecting three different meniscus types for the contact area: the “full contact”, the “asymmetrical” and a third one including a “homocentric smaller meniscus”. The different meniscus forms result in varying bond intensity between particles and polymer film, which could explain the deviation between number of particles per surface area measured by imaging and the values provided by the QCM - frequency shift analysis. The asymmetric and the homocentric contact types are suggested to be responsible for the positive frequency shifts observed for all three measured overtones, i.e. for the weak-coupling regime, while the “full contact” type resulted in a negative frequency shift, by effectively contributing to the mass increase of the quartz..rnThe interplay between inertia and contact forces for the particle-surface system leads to strong- or weak-coupling, with the particle affecting in three mentioned ways the polymer surface. This is manifested in the frequency shifts of the QCM system harmonics which are used to differentiate between the two interaction types and reflect the overall state of adhesion for particles of different size.rn

Anwendungen des Komplexe-Masse-Renormierungsschemas in effektiver Feldtheorie

Der erste Teil der vorliegenden Dissertation befasst sich mit der Untersuchung der perturbativen Unitarität im Komplexe-Masse-Renormierungsschema (CMS). Zu diesem Zweck wird eine Methode zur Berechnung der Imaginärteile von Einschleifenintegralen mit komplexen Massenparametern vorgestellt, die im Grenzfall stabiler Teilchen auf die herkömmlichen Cutkosky-Formeln führt. Anhand einer Modell-Lagrangedichte für die Wechselwirkung eines schweren Vektorbosons mit einem leichten Fermion wird demonstriert, dass durch Anwendung des CMS die Unitarität der zugrunde liegenden S-Matrix im störungstheoretischen Sinne erfüllt bleibt, sofern die renormierte Kopplungskonstante reell gewählt wird. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit verschiedenen Anwendungen des CMS in chiraler effektiver Feldtheorie (EFT). Im Einzelnen werden Masse und Breite der Deltaresonanz, die elastischen elektromagnetischen Formfaktoren der Roperresonanz, die elektromagnetischen Formfaktoren des Übergangs vom Nukleon zur Roperresonanz sowie Pion-Nukleon-Streuung und Photo- und Elektropionproduktion für Schwerpunktsenergien im Bereich der Roperresonanz berechnet. Die Wahl passender Renormierungsbedingungen ermöglicht das Aufstellen eines konsistenten chiralen Zählschemas für EFT in Anwesenheit verschiedener resonanter Freiheitsgrade, so dass die aufgeführten Prozesse in Form einer systematischen Entwicklung nach kleinen Parametern untersucht werden können. Die hier erzielten Resultate können für Extrapolationen von entsprechenden Gitter-QCD-Simulationen zum physikalischen Wert der Pionmasse genutzt werden. Deshalb wird neben der Abhängigkeit der Formfaktoren vom quadrierten Impulsübertrag auch die Pionmassenabhängigkeit des magnetischen Moments und der elektromagnetischen Radien der Roperresonanz untersucht. Im Rahmen der Pion-Nukleon-Streuung und der Photo- und Elektropionproduktion werden eine Partialwellenanalyse und eine Multipolzerlegung durchgeführt, wobei die P11-Partialwelle sowie die Multipole M1- und S1- mittels nichtlinearer Regression an empirische Daten angepasst werden.

Chirale effektive Feldtheorie mit Vektormesonen : vom elektromagnetischen Formfaktor zur virtuellen Compton-Streuung

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Modellierung niederenergetischer elektromagnetischer und hadronischer Prozesse im Rahmen einer manifest lorentzinvarianten, chiralen effektiven Feldtheorie unter expliziter, dynamischer Berücksichtigung resonanter, das heißt vektormesonischer Freiheitsgrade. Diese effektive Theorie kann daher als Approximation der grundlegenden Quantenchromodynamik bei kleinen Energien verstanden werden. Besonderes Augenmerk wird dabei auf das verwendete Zähl- sowie Renormierungschema gelegt, wodurch eine konsistente Beschreibung mesonischer Prozesse bis zu Energien von etwa 1GeV ermöglicht wird. Das verwendete Zählschema beruht dabei im Wesentlichen auf einem Argument für großes N_c (Anzahl der Farbfreiheitsgrade) und lässt eine äquivalente Behandlung von Goldstonebosonen (Pionen) und Resonanzen (Rho- und Omegamesonen) zu. Als Renormierungsschema wird das für (bezüglich der starken Wechselwirkung) instabile Teilchen besonders geeignete complex-mass scheme als Erweiterung des extended on-mass-shell scheme verwendet, welches in Kombination mit dem BPHZ-Renormierungsverfahren (benannt nach Bogoliubov, Parasiuk, Hepp und Zimmermann) ein leistungsfähiges Konzept zur Berechnung von Quantenkorrekturen in dieser chiralen effektiven Feldtheorie darstellt. Sämtliche vorgenommenen Rechnungen schließen Terme der chiralen Ordnung vier sowie einfache Schleifen in Feynman-Diagrammen ein. Betrachtet werden unter anderem der Vektorformfaktor des Pions im zeitartigen Bereich, die reelle Compton-Streuung (beziehungsweise Photonenfusion) im neutralen und geladenen Kanal sowie die virtuelle Compton-Streuung, eingebettet in die Elektron-Positron-Annihilation. Zur Extraktion der Niederenergiekopplungskonstanten der Theorie wird letztendlich eine Reihe experimenteller Datensätze verschiedenartiger Observablen verwendet. Die hier entwickelten Methoden und Prozeduren - und insbesondere deren technische Implementierung - sind sehr allgemeiner Natur und können daher auch an weitere Problemstellungen aus diesem Gebiet der niederenergetischen Quantenchromodynamik angepasst werden.

New Constraints on Dark Matter Effective Theories from Standard Model Loops

We consider an effective field theory for a gauge singlet Dirac dark matter particle interacting with the standard model fields via effective operators suppressed by the scale Λ≳1  TeV. We perform a systematic analysis of the leading loop contributions to spin-independent Dirac dark matter–nucleon scattering using renormalization group evolution between Λ and the low-energy scale probed by direct detection experiments. We find that electroweak interactions induce operator mixings such that operators that are naively velocity suppressed and spin dependent can actually contribute to spin-independent scattering. This allows us to put novel constraints on Wilson coefficients that were so far poorly bounded by direct detection. Constraints from current searches are already significantly stronger than LHC bounds, and will improve in the near future. Interestingly, the loop contribution we find is isospin violating even if the underlying theory is isospin conserving.

Search for new particles in events with one lepton and missing transverse momentum in pp collisions at √s = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This paper presents a search for new particles in events with one lepton (electron or muon) and missing transverse momentum using 20.3 fb−1 of proton-proton collision data at TeX = 8 TeV recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. No significant excess beyond Standard Model expectations is observed. A W ′ with Sequential Standard Model couplings is excluded at the 95% confidence level for masses up to 3.24 TeV. Excited chiral bosons (W *) with equivalent coupling strengths are excluded for masses up to 3.21 TeV. In the framework of an effective field theory limits are also set on the dark matter-nucleon scattering cross-section as well as the mass scale M * of the unknown mediating interaction for dark matter pair production in association with a leptonically decaying W.

Search for dark matter in events with a Z boson and missing transverse momentum in pp collisions at √s=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

search is presented for production of dark-matter particles recoiling against a leptonically decaying Z boson in 20.3 fb−1 of pp collisions at √s=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Events with large missing transverse momentum and two oppositely charged electrons or muons consistent with the decay of a Z boson are analyzed. No excess above the Standard Model prediction is observed. Limits are set on the mass scale of the contact interaction as a function of the dark-matter particle mass using an effective field theory description of the interaction of dark matter with quarks or with Z bosons. Limits are also set on the coupling and mediator mass of a model in which the interaction is mediated by a scalar particle.

Standard Model thermodynamics across the electroweak crossover

Even though the Standard Model with a Higgs mass mH = 125GeV possesses no bulk phase transition, its thermodynamics still experiences a "soft point" at temperatures around T = 160GeV, with a deviation from ideal gas thermodynamics. Such a deviation may have an effect on precision computations of weakly interacting dark matter relic abundances if their mass is in the few TeV range, or on leptogenesis scenarios operating in this temperature range. By making use of results from lattice simulations based on a dimensionally reduced effective field theory, we estimate the relevant thermodynamic functions across the crossover. The results are tabulated in a numerical form permitting for their insertion as a background equation of state into cosmological particle production/decoupling codes. We find that Higgs dynamics induces a non-trivial "structure" visible e.g. in the heat capacity, but that in general the largest radiative corrections originate from QCD effects, reducing the energy density by a couple of percent from the free value even at T > 160GeV.

Finite volume effects in chiral perturbation theory with twisted boundary conditions

We study the effects of a finite cubic volume with twisted boundary conditions on pseudoscalar mesons. We apply Chiral Perturbation Theory in the p-regime and introduce the twist by means of a constant vector field. The corrections of masses, decay constants, pseudoscalar coupling constants and form factors are calculated at next-to-leading order. We detail the derivations and compare with results available in the literature. In some case there is disagreement due to a different treatment of new extra terms generated from the breaking of the cubic invariance. We advocate to treat such terms as renormalization terms of the twisting angles and reabsorb them in the on-shell conditions. We confirm that the corrections of masses, decay constants, pseudoscalar coupling constants are related by means of chiral Ward identities. Furthermore, we show that the matrix elements of the scalar (resp. vector) form factor satisfies the Feynman–Hellman Theorem (resp. the Ward–Takahashi identity). To show the Ward–Takahashi identity we construct an effective field theory for charged pions which is invariant under electromagnetic gauge transformations and which reproduces the results obtained with Chiral Perturbation Theory at a vanishing momentum transfer. This generalizes considerations previously published for periodic boundary conditions to twisted boundary conditions. Another method to estimate the corrections in finite volume are asymptotic formulae. Asymptotic formulae were introduced by Lüscher and relate the corrections of a given physical quantity to an integral of a specific amplitude, evaluated in infinite volume. Here, we revise the original derivation of Lüscher and generalize it to finite volume with twisted boundary conditions. In some cases, the derivation involves complications due to extra terms generated from the breaking of the cubic invariance. We isolate such terms and treat them as renormalization terms just as done before. In that way, we derive asymptotic formulae for masses, decay constants, pseudoscalar coupling constants and scalar form factors. At the same time, we derive also asymptotic formulae for renormalization terms. We apply all these formulae in combination with Chiral Perturbation Theory and estimate the corrections beyond next-to-leading order. We show that asymptotic formulae for masses, decay constants, pseudoscalar coupling constants are related by means of chiral Ward identities. A similar relation connects in an independent way asymptotic formulae for renormalization terms. We check these relations for charged pions through a direct calculation. To conclude, a numerical analysis quantifies the importance of finite volume corrections at next-to-leading order and beyond. We perform a generic Analysis and illustrate two possible applications to real simulations.

Self-consistent relativistic band structure of the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite

The electronic structure and properties of the orthorhombic phase of the CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 perovskite are computed with density functional theory. The structure, optimized using a van der Waals functional, reproduces closely the unit cell volume. The experimental band gap is reproduced accurately by combining spin-orbit effects and a hybrid functional in which the fraction of exact exchange is tuned self-consistently to the optical dielectric constant. Including spin-orbit coupling strongly reduces the anisotropy of the effective mass tensor, predicting a low electron effective mass in all crystal directions. The computed binding energy of the unrelaxed exciton agrees with experimental data, and the values found imply a fast exciton dissociation at ambient temperature. Also polaron masses for the separated carriers are estimated. The values of all these parameters agree with recent indications that fast dynamics and large carrier diffusion lengths are key in the high photovoltaic efficiencies shown by these materials.