Hispanic orientalism: The literary development of a cultural paradigm, from medieval Spain to modern Latin America

This dissertation offers a novel approach to Hispanic Orientalism, developing a dynamic paradigm from its origins in medieval and Renaissance Iberia during the process of the Christian Reconquest, to its transatlantic migration and establishment in the early years of the Colony, from where it changed in late colonial and post-Independence Latin America, and onto modernity. ^ The study argues that Hispanic Orientalism does not necessarily imply a negative depiction of the Other, a quality associated with the traditional critique of Saidian Orientalism. Neither, does it entirely comply with the positivist approach suggested in the theoretical research of Said’s opponents, like Julia Kushigian. This dissertation also argues that sociopolitical changes and the shift in the discourse of powers, from imperial to non-imperial, had a significant impact of the development of Hispanic Orientalism, shaping the relationship with the Other. The methodology involves close reading of representative texts depicting the interactions of the dominant and dominated societies from each of the four historic periods that coincided with significant sociopolitical transformations in Hispanic society. Through an intercultural approach to literary studies, social history, and religious studies, this project develops an original paradigm of Hispanic Orientalism, derived from the image of the reinvented Semitic Other portrayed in the literary works depicting the relationship between the hegemonic and the subaltern cultures during the Reconquest period in Spain. Then, it traces the turn of the original paradigm towards reinterpretation during its transatlantic migration to Latin America through the analysis of the chronicles and travelogs of the first colonizers and explorers. During the transitional late colonial and early Independence periods Latin America sees a significant change in the discourse of powers, and Hispanic Orientalism reflects this oscillation between the past and the present therough the works of the Latin American authors from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries. Finally, once the non-imperial discourse of power established itself in the former Colony, a new modern stage in the development of Hispanic Orientalist paradigm takes place. It is marked by the desire to differentiate itself from the O(o)thers, as manifested in the works of the representatives of Modernism and the Boom.^

Hispanic Orientalism: The Literary Development of a Cultural Paradigm, from Medieval Spain to Modern Latin America

This dissertation offers a novel approach to Hispanic Orientalism, developing a dynamic paradigm from its origins in medieval and Renaissance Iberia during the process of the Christian Reconquest, to its transatlantic migration and establishment in the early years of the Colony, from where it changed in late colonial and post-Independence Latin America, and onto modernity. The study argues that Hispanic Orientalism does not necessarily imply a negative depiction of the Other, a quality associated with the traditional critique of Saidian Orientalism. Neither, does it entirely comply with the positivist approach suggested in the theoretical research of Said’s opponents, like Julia Kushigian. This dissertation also argues that sociopolitical changes and the shift in the discourse of powers, from imperial to non-imperial, had a significant impact of the development of Hispanic Orientalism, shaping the relationship with the Other. The methodology involves close reading of representative texts depicting the interactions of the dominant and dominated societies from each of the four historic periods that coincided with significant sociopolitical transformations in Hispanic society. Through an intercultural approach to literary studies, social history, and religious studies, this project develops an original paradigm of Hispanic Orientalism, derived from the image of the reinvented Semitic Other portrayed in the literary works depicting the relationship between the hegemonic and the subaltern cultures during the Reconquest period in Spain. Then, it traces the turn of the original paradigm towards reinterpretation during its transatlantic migration to Latin America through the analysis of the chronicles and travelogs of the first colonizers and explorers. During the transitional late colonial and early Independence periods Latin America sees a significant change in the discourse of powers, and Hispanic Orientalism reflects this oscillation between the past and the present therough the works of the Latin American authors from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries. Finally, once the non-imperial discourse of power established itself in the former Colony, a new modern stage in the development of Hispanic Orientalist paradigm takes place. It is marked by the desire to differentiate itself from the O(o)thers, as manifested in the works of the representatives of Modernism and the Boom.

Seeking To Understand, Aspiring to Teach: Exploring How Life Shapes Emotional and Personal Development in Global Health Leaders

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Moving together – conditions for intercultural development at a highly diverse Swedish school

This thesis is a case study of a primary school in a highly diverse urban neighbourhood in Sweden. Basic pre-conditions for intercultural school development are studied by examining the overall organisation of teaching, learning and opportunities for collaboration in the investigated case. The study focuses on the targeted support measures to enhance learning for students with an immigrant background: Mother tongue instruction, Swedish as a Second Language, and tutoring in the mother tongue, as well as looking at pedagogical support provided by the school library. The latter has a mission to promote learning and inclusion, where non-native speakers of Swedish are a prioritised group. Communities of practice linked to the work organisation at a meso-level are investigated, and the collaborative relationships between professional groups at the school involved in the various support measures. Teacher relationships and categorisations implied by support measures impact the learning spaces that are shaped for students and the teaching spaces within which teachers work. Collaborative opportunities and convergence of concerns in the teaching spaces combine to shape the overall space for intercultural development. The raw data for the case study consists of interviews, national policy documents and additional information on local work organisation gained through documents and observations. Four articles resulted from the case study, each focusing a specific support measure. An overarching analysis is then made of findings from these articles and the other dimensions of the investigation. The analysis describes the organisation in terms of monocultural or intercultural school cultures, pointing to significant characteristics of the landscapes of practice, with respect to their overall implications for the spaces of school development. In the discussion, findings are considered in relation to research on professional development in education, collaboration, democracy and inclusive schooling. The relative positioning of languages and cultures is given particular attention, to ascertain if the school culture is monocultural or intercultural in the sense given by Lahdenperä (2008), and to what extent it could enable intercultural development. Such positioning plays a role interms of affordances for identity, participation and engagement discussed by Wenger (1998). This case study should be understood against the wider background of recent social developments in Europe linked to globalisation and technological changes. It is argued that looking at the concrete specifics which facilitate or obstruct school development, and simultaneously reflecting on how the different forms of teaching interrelate in the overall organisation and in policy may provide a useful vantage point from which structural changes can be contemplated.The discussion underlines the importance of the physical localisation of activities, continuity in personal contacts and time available for joint pedagogical reflection, as basic conditions for effective intercultural dialogue in the organisation. Finally, the impact of policy is considered, looking at connections between levels of policy, expressed in official steering documents, and conditions for teaching and learning at the level of an individual school.

"Am I Korean American?": beliefs and practices of parents and children living in two languages and two cultures

The purpose of this study is to explore attitudes and practices regarding their heritage language and the dominant English language among Korean American immigrant families. Using the framework of Language Ideology (Silverstein, 1979), I had three research questions: a) why do parents send their children to a Korean language school, b) what attitudes do immigrant parents and their children show toward Korean and English, and c) how are the parents and children involved in the practices of these two languages? I conducted a survey of parents whose children attended a Korean language school in Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, where the number of Korean sojourners (temporary residents) exceeds that of Korean immigrants. Forty participant parents provided demographic information. They described their children's language-use patterns depending on interlocutors as well as their language proficiency in both Korean and English. The reasons for sending their children to the Korean language school were significantly different depending on the respondents' residential status. In comparison to the sojourners, immigrants tended to give more priority to their children's oral language development and Korean identity construction. I also conducted case studies of three Korean immigrant families with 3- to 5-year-old children, using interviews, observations, and photographs of children's work. The collected data were analyzed according to themes such as daily life, parental beliefs about two languages, practices in two languages, children's attitudes toward two languages, and challenges and needs. Despite individual families' different immigration histories, the three families faced some common challenges. Because of their busy daily routines and different lifestyles, the immigrant families had limited interactions with other Koreans. The parents wanted their children to benefit from two communities and build a combined ethnic identity as Korean Americans. I argue that a Korean language school should expand its role as a comfort zone for all Koreans and Korean Americans. This study explores the heterogeneity among Korean sojourner and immigrant families and their language use and identity construction.

Development Of Interpersonal Relationships in Global Virtual Teams

This study investigates the development of relationships in same global virtual team working on different projects. The purpose is to explore how do interpersonal relationships develop in terms of characteristics of virtuality and if there is any influence of project lifespan on the development of these relationships. Since relationships are dynamic in nature and are influenced by multiple levels of variables including individual, group and organizational level, therefore characteristics of virtuality have been considered from all these aspects so as to study their influence on development of relationships. In this study, relationships have been studied at two different levels. At first, dyadic relationships between two members of a GVT have been analyzed and thereafter, focus has been on the development of relationships among the team, based on these dyads. Characteristics having influence on development of relationships include trust, physical distance, time zone difference, cultural and language differences, level of formalization in the organization and means of communication used by team members. Level of formalization and means of communication are two characteristics which emerged after empirical study and are found to have direct influence on development of relationships. Remaining characteristics have been identified through literature review. In order to conduct the study, qualitative methodology has been applied. Empirical data has been collected based on a single case study while using semi-structured interviews as data gathering technique. Data analysis has been performed by applying thematic analysis along with the utilization of company documents such as work sheets, minutes of meetings and recordings of conferences. Findings of the study indicate that development of relationships, both at dyadic level and team level, is influenced by different events taking place among different members of GVT. These events have either positive or negative influence on the characteristics of virtuality, which leads to development of the relationships. It has been found that, trust, among all factors plays a greater role in development of these relations. Contrary to the belief that most conflicts arise among members of different cultures, they are equally likely to happen among the members from same culture in GVT environment. Study suggests that relationship development is not a smooth process but it fluctuates based on different events in teams. For further research, teams within large firms shall be studied along these lines. This study is an early attempt towards bringing different characteristics of virtuality together which previously, have been studied individually. It is therefore plausible to conduct similar studies so as to generalize the findings of this study which has provided a starting point.

Use of Products and Systems for Scientific and Technical College Education and Development for Industrial

Have been less than thirty years since a group of graduate students and computer scientists working on a federal contract performed the first successful connection between two computers located at remote sites. This group known as the NWG Network Working Group, comprised of highly creative geniuses who as soon as they began meeting started talking about things like intellectual graphics, cooperating processes, automation questions, email, and many other interesting possibilities 1 . In 1968, the group's task was to design NWG's first computer network, in October 1969, the first data exchange occurred and by the end of that year a network of four computers was in operation. Since the invention of the telephone in 1876 no other technology has revolutionized the field of communications over the computer network. The number of people who have made great contributions to the creation and development of the Internet are many, the computer network a much more complex than the phone is the result of people of many nationalities and cultures. However, remember that some years later in 19732 two computer scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerft created a more sophisticated communication program called Transmission Control Protocol - Internet Protocol TCP / IP which is still in force in the Internet today.

CHRONOMETRY OF LATE ENEOLITHIC AND ‘EARLY BRONZE’ CULTURES IN THE MIDDLE DNIESTER AREA: INVESTIGATIONS OF THE YAMPIL BARROW COMPLEX

The paper discusses the 2010-2015 studies of the radiocarbon chronology of Podolia ‘barrow cultures’ on the left bank of the middle dniester . The studies have relied on series of 14 C dates for the Klembivka 1, Pidlisivka 1, Porohy 3a and Prydnistryanske 1 sites determined in Kyiv and Poznań laboratories . They are the first attempt to construct a regional (‘Yampil’) radiocarbon scale for ‘Early Bronze’ funerary rites (4th/3rd-2nd millennium BC) as practised by barrow builders – the communities of the Tripolye and Yamnaya cultures – and the secondary barrow users – the designers of necropolises located on barrows – belonging to the Catacomb, Babyno and Noua cultures.

Population growth and development of two species of Cladocera, Moina micrura and Diaphanosoma birgei, in laboratory

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi testar a influência de quatro dietas alimentares sobre o crescimento populacional, desenvolvimento, comprimento total, peso seco e valor nutricional de duas espécies zooplanctônicas, Moina micrura and Diaphanosoma birgei, com os seguintes tratamentos alimentares: somente alga (A), alga + vitaminas (AV), alga + ração (AR) e alga + ração + vitaminas (ARV). O pico de crescimento para as duas espécies estudadas ocorreu mais rápido no tratamento AV. em geral, o tratamento AV para M. micrura mostrou melhores resultados para taxa intrínseca, fecundidade, desenvolvimento embrionário e pós-embrionário. Já a longevidade e número total de desovas apresentaram melhores resultados no tratamento AR (p < 0,05). Para D. birgei, os melhores resultados foram obtidos nos tratamentos contendo ração e vitamina (p < 0,05). A maior porcentagem de proteínas e lipídeos para os dois cladóceros ocorreu nos tratamentos contendo ração, já o carboidrato foi maior no tratamento contendo somente alga (p < 0,05). em geral, as dietas contendo ração e vitamina apresentaram os melhores resultados para o desenvolvimento dos cladóceros, com qualidade de água adequada para cultivo, podendo ser utilizadas em culturas com altas concentrações em laboratório.

Études de la réponse du métabolisme énergétique à la carence en fer dans les cultures cellulaires de Solanum tuberosum

Le fer est un micronutriment important pour la croissance et le développement des plantes. Il agit comme cofacteur pour plusieurs enzymes et il est important pour des processus tels que la photosynthèse et la respiration. Souvent, le Fe dans le sol n’est pas bio-disponible pour la plante. Les plantes ont développé des stratégies pour solubiliser le Fe du sol pour le rendre disponible et assimilable pour elles. Il y a deux stratégies, la première est caractéristique des dicotylédones et la seconde est caractéristique des monocotylédones. Le modèle utilisé dans cette étude est une culture cellulaire de Solanum tuberosum. Une partie de la recherche effectuée a permis la mesure d’activité et d’expression relative de certaines enzymes impliquées dans le métabolisme énergétique et la fourniture de précurseurs pour la synthèse d’ADN : la Nucléoside diphosphate kinase, la Ribonucléotide reductase, la Glucose 6-phosphate déshydrogénase et la 6-Phosphogluconate déshydrogénase dans les cellules en présence ou en absence de Fe. Chez certains organismes, la déficience en Fe est associée à une perte de croissance qui est souvent liée à une diminution de la synthèse d’ADN. Chez les cultures de cellules de S. tuberosum, les résultats indiquent que la différence de biomasse observée entre les traitements n’est pas due à une variation de l’activité ou l’expression relative d’une de ces enzymes. En effet, aucune variation significative n’a été détectée entre les traitements (+/- Fe) pour l’activité ni l’expression relative de ces enzymes. Une autre partie de la recherche a permis d’évaluer l’activité des voies métaboliques impliquées dans la stratégie 1 utilisée par S. tuberosum. Cette stratégie consomme des métabolites énergétiques: de l’ATP pour solubiliser le Fe et du pouvoir réducteur (NAD(P)H), pour réduire le Fe3+ en Fe2+. Des études de flux métaboliques ont été faites afin d’étudier les remaniements du métabolisme carboné en déficience en Fe chez S. tuberosum. Ces études ont démontré une baisse du régime dans les différentes voies du métabolisme énergétique dans les cellules déficientes en Fe, notamment dans le flux glycolytique et le flux de C à travers la phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. En déficience de Fe il y aurait donc une dépression du métabolisme chez S. tuberosum qui permettrait à la cellule de ralentir son métabolisme pour maintenir sa vitalité. En plus des flux, les niveaux de pyridines nucléotides ont été mesurés puisque ceux-ci servent à réduire le Fe dans la stratégie 1. Les résultats démontrent des niveaux élevés des formes réduites de ces métabolites en déficience de Fe. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus indiquent qu’en déficience de Fe, il y a une baisse du métabolisme permettant à la cellule de s’adapter et survivre au stress.

Études de la réponse du métabolisme énergétique à la carence en fer dans les cultures cellulaires de Solanum tuberosum

Le fer est un micronutriment important pour la croissance et le développement des plantes. Il agit comme cofacteur pour plusieurs enzymes et il est important pour des processus tels que la photosynthèse et la respiration. Souvent, le Fe dans le sol n’est pas bio-disponible pour la plante. Les plantes ont développé des stratégies pour solubiliser le Fe du sol pour le rendre disponible et assimilable pour elles. Il y a deux stratégies, la première est caractéristique des dicotylédones et la seconde est caractéristique des monocotylédones. Le modèle utilisé dans cette étude est une culture cellulaire de Solanum tuberosum. Une partie de la recherche effectuée a permis la mesure d’activité et d’expression relative de certaines enzymes impliquées dans le métabolisme énergétique et la fourniture de précurseurs pour la synthèse d’ADN : la Nucléoside diphosphate kinase, la Ribonucléotide reductase, la Glucose 6-phosphate déshydrogénase et la 6-Phosphogluconate déshydrogénase dans les cellules en présence ou en absence de Fe. Chez certains organismes, la déficience en Fe est associée à une perte de croissance qui est souvent liée à une diminution de la synthèse d’ADN. Chez les cultures de cellules de S. tuberosum, les résultats indiquent que la différence de biomasse observée entre les traitements n’est pas due à une variation de l’activité ou l’expression relative d’une de ces enzymes. En effet, aucune variation significative n’a été détectée entre les traitements (+/- Fe) pour l’activité ni l’expression relative de ces enzymes. Une autre partie de la recherche a permis d’évaluer l’activité des voies métaboliques impliquées dans la stratégie 1 utilisée par S. tuberosum. Cette stratégie consomme des métabolites énergétiques: de l’ATP pour solubiliser le Fe et du pouvoir réducteur (NAD(P)H), pour réduire le Fe3+ en Fe2+. Des études de flux métaboliques ont été faites afin d’étudier les remaniements du métabolisme carboné en déficience en Fe chez S. tuberosum. Ces études ont démontré une baisse du régime dans les différentes voies du métabolisme énergétique dans les cellules déficientes en Fe, notamment dans le flux glycolytique et le flux de C à travers la phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. En déficience de Fe il y aurait donc une dépression du métabolisme chez S. tuberosum qui permettrait à la cellule de ralentir son métabolisme pour maintenir sa vitalité. En plus des flux, les niveaux de pyridines nucléotides ont été mesurés puisque ceux-ci servent à réduire le Fe dans la stratégie 1. Les résultats démontrent des niveaux élevés des formes réduites de ces métabolites en déficience de Fe. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus indiquent qu’en déficience de Fe, il y a une baisse du métabolisme permettant à la cellule de s’adapter et survivre au stress.

From field to fermentation: characterisation and application of non-dairy cultures in dairy foods

This thesis investigates the phenotypic and genotypic diversity of non-dairy L. lactis strains and their application to dairy fermentations. A bank of non-dairy lactococci were isolated from grass, vegetables and the bovine rumen. Subsequent analysis of these L. lactis strains revealed seven strains to possess cremoris genotypes which did not correlate with their observed phenotypes. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) highlighted the genetic diversity of lactis and cremoris subspecies. The application of these non-dairy lactococci to cheese production was also assessed. In milk, non-dairy strains formed diverse volatile profiles and selected strains were used as adjuncts in a mini Gouda-type cheese system. Sensory analysis showed non-dairy strains to be strongly associated with the development of off-flavours and bitterness. However, microfluidisation appeared to reduce bitterness. A novel bacteriophage, ɸL47, was isolated using the grass isolate L. lactis ssp. cremoris DPC6860 as a host. The phage, a member of the Siphoviridae, possessed a long tail fiber, previously unseen in dairy lactococcal phages. Genome sequencing revealed ɸL47 to be the largest sequenced lactococcal phage to date and owing to the high % similarity with ɸ949, a second member of the 949 group. Finally, to identify and characterise specific genes which may be important in niche adaptation and for applications to dairy fermentations, comparative genome sequence analysis was performed on L. lactis from corn (DPC6853), the bovine rumen (DPC6853) and grass (DPC6860). This study highlights the contribution of niche specialisation to the intra-species diversity of L. lactis and the adaptation of this organism to different environments. In summary this thesis describes the genetic diversity of L. lactis strains from outside the dairy environment and their potential application in dairy fermentations.