Structural Insight into the Mode of Action of a Direct Inhibitor of Coregulator Binding to the Thyroid Hormone Receptor.

The development of nuclear hormone receptor antagonists that directly inhibit the association of the receptor with its essential coactivators would allow useful manipulation of nuclear hormone receptor signaling. We previously identified 3-(dibutylamino)-1-(4-hexylphenyl)-propan-1-one (DHPPA), an aromatic β-amino ketone that inhibits coactivator recruitment to thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ), in a high-throughput screen. Initial evidence suggested that the aromatic β-enone 1-(4-hexylphenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one (HPPE), which alkylates a specific cysteine residue on the TRβ surface, is liberated from DHPPA. Nevertheless, aspects of the mechanism and specificity of action of DHPPA remained unclear. Here, we report an x-ray structure of TRβ with the inhibitor HPPE at 2.3-Å resolution. Unreacted HPPE is located at the interface that normally mediates binding between TRβ and its coactivator. Several lines of evidence, including experiments with TRβ mutants and mass spectroscopic analysis, showed that HPPE specifically alkylates cysteine residue 298 of TRβ, which is located near the activation function-2 pocket. We propose that this covalent adduct formation proceeds through a two-step mechanism: 1) β-elimination to form HPPE; and 2) a covalent bond slowly forms between HPPE and TRβ. DHPPA represents a novel class of potent TRβ antagonist, and its crystal structure suggests new ways to design antagonists that target the assembly of nuclear hormone receptor gene-regulatory complexes and block transcription.

Modifier Genes as Therapeutics: The Nuclear Hormone Receptor Rev Erb Alpha (Nr1d1) Rescues Nr2e3 Associated Retinal Disease

Nuclear hormone receptors play a major role in many important biological processes. Most nuclear hormone receptors are ubiquitously expressed and regulate processes such as metabolism, circadian function, and development. They function in these processes to maintain homeostasis through modulation of transcriptional gene networks. In this study we evaluate the effectiveness of a nuclear hormone receptor gene to modulate retinal degeneration and restore the integrity of the retina. Currently, there are no effective treatment options for retinal degenerative diseases leading to progressive and irreversible blindness. In this study we demonstrate that the nuclear hormone receptor gene Nr1d1 (Rev-Erba) rescues Nr2e3- associated retinal degeneration in the rd7 mouse, which lacks a functional Nr2e3 gene. Mutations in human NR2E3 are associated with several retinal degenerations including enhanced S cone syndrome and retinitis pigmentosa. The rd7 mouse, lacking Nr2e3, exhibits an increase in S cones and slow, progressive retinal degeneration. A traditional genetic mapping approach previously identified candidate modifier loci. Here, we demonstrate that in vivo delivery of the candidate modifier gene, Nr1d1 rescues Nr2e3 associated retinal degeneration. We observed clinical, histological, functional, and molecular restoration of the rd7 retina. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the mechanism of rescue at the molecular and functional level is through the re-regulation of key genes within the Nr2e3-directed transcriptional network. Together, these findings reveal the potency of nuclear receptors as modulators of disease and specifically of NR1D1 as a novel therapeutic for retinal degenerations.

Prototypical Arthropod Gene Content and Genome Organisation in the Centipede Strigamia maritima

Myriapods (e.g., centipedes and millipedes) display a simple homonomous body plan relative to other arthropods. All members of the class are terrestrial, but they attained terrestriality independently of insects. Myriapoda is the only arthropod class not represented by a sequenced genome. We present an analysis of the genome of the centipede Strigamia maritima. It retains a compact genome that has undergone less gene loss and shuffling than previously sequenced arthropods, and many orthologues of genes conserved from the bilaterian ancestor that have been lost in insects. Our analysis locates many genes in conserved macro-synteny contexts, and many small-scale examples of gene clustering. We describe several examples where S. maritima shows different solutions from insects to similar problems. The insect olfactory receptor gene family is absent from S. maritima, and olfaction in air is likely effected by expansion of other receptor gene families. For some genes S. maritima has evolved paralogues to generate coding sequence diversity, where insects use alternate splicing. This is most striking for the Dscam gene, which in Drosophila generates more than 100,000 alternate splice forms, but in S. maritima is encoded by over 100 paralogues. We see an intriguing linkage between the absence of any known photosensory proteins in a blind organism and the additional absence of canonical circadian clock genes. The phylogenetic position of myriapods allows us to identify where in arthropod phylogeny several particular molecular mechanisms and traits emerged. For example, we conclude that juvenile hormone signalling evolved with the emergence of the exoskeleton in the arthropods and that RR-1 containing cuticle proteins evolved in the lineage leading to Mandibulata. We also identify when various gene expansions and losses occurred. The genome of S. maritima offers us a unique glimpse into the ancestral arthropod genome, while also displaying many adaptations to its specific life history.

Genetic Factors in the Regulation of Striatal and Extrastriatal Dopamine D2 Receptor Expression

Positron emission tomography (PET) studies on healthy individuals have revealed a marked interindividual variability in striatal dopamine D2 receptor density that can be partly accounted for by genetic factors. The examination of the extrastriatal lowdensity D2 receptor populations has been impeded by the lack of suitable tracers. However, the quantification of these D2 receptor populations is now feasible with recently developed PET radioligands. The objective of this thesis was to study brain neurobiological correlates of common functional genetic variants residing in candidate genes relevant for D2 receptor functioning. For this purpose, healthy subjects were studied with PET imaging using [₁₁C]raclopride and [₁₁C]FLB457 as radioligands. The candidate genes examined in this work were the human D2 receptor gene (DRD2) and the catechol-Omethyltransferase gene (COMT). The region-specific genotypic influences were explored by comparing D2 receptor binding properties in the striatum, the cortex and the thalamus. As an additional study objective, the relationship between cortical D2 receptor density and a cognitive phenotype i.e. verbal memory and learning was assessed. The main finding of this study was that DRD2 C957T genotype altered markedly D2 receptor density in the cortex and the thalamus whereas in the striatum the C957T genotype affected D2 receptor affinity, but not density. Furthermore, the A1 allele of the DRD2-related TaqIA polymorphism showed increased cortical and thalamic D2 receptor density, but had the opposite effect on striatal D2 receptor density. The DRD2 –141C Ins/Del or the COMT Val158Met genotypes did not change D2 receptor binding properties. Finally, unlike previously reported, cortical D2 receptor density did not show any significant correlation with verbal memory function. The results of this study suggest that the C957T and the TaqIA genotypes have region-specific neurobiological correlates in brain dopamine D2 receptor availability in vivo. The biological mechanisms underlying these findings are unclear, but they may be related to the region-specific regulation of dopamine neurotranssion, gene/receptor expression and epigenesis. These findings contribute to the understanding of the genetic regulation of dopamine and D2 receptor-related brain functions in vivo in man. In addition, the results provide potentially useful endophenotypes for genetic research on psychiatric and neurological disorders.

Gene expression in IFN-gamma-activated murine macrophages

Macrophages are critical for natural immunity and play a central role in specific acquired immunity. The IFN-gamma activation of macrophages derived from A/J or BALB/c mice yielded two different patterns of antiviral state in murine hepatitis virus 3 infection, which were related to a down-regulation of the main virus receptor. Using cDNA hybridization to evaluate mRNA accumulation in the cells, we were able to identify several genes that are differently up- or down-regulated by IFN-gamma in A/J (267 and 266 genes, respectively, up- and down-regulated) or BALB/c (297 and 58 genes, respectively, up- and down-regulated) mouse macrophages. Macrophages from mice with different genetic backgrounds behave differently at the molecular level and comparison of the patterns of non-activated and IFN-gamma-activated A/J or BALB/c mouse macrophages revealed, for instance, an up-regulation and a down-regulation of genes coding for biological functions such as enzymatic reactions, nucleic acid synthesis and transport, protein synthesis, transport and metabolism, cytoskeleton arrangement and extracellular matrix, phagocytosis, resistance and susceptibility to infection and tumors, inflammation, and cell differentiation or activation. The present data are reported in order to facilitate future correlation of proteomic/transcriptomic findings as well as of results obtained from a classical approach for the understanding of biological phenomena. The possible implication of the role of some of the gene products relevant to macrophage biology can now be further scrutinized. In this respect, a down-regulation of the main murine hepatitis virus 3 receptor gene was detected only in IFN-gamma-activated macrophages of resistant mice.

Transcriptional regulation of bidirectional gene pairs by 17-β-estradiol in MCF-7 breast cancer cells

Using cDNA microarray analysis, we previously identified a set of differentially expressed genes in primary breast tumors based on the status of estrogen and progesterone receptors. In the present study, we performed an integrated computer-assisted and manual search of potential estrogen response element (ERE) binding sites in the promoter region of these genes to characterize their potential to be regulated by estrogen receptors (ER). Publicly available databases were used to annotate the position of these genes in the genome and to extract a 5’flanking region 2 kb upstream to 2 kb downstream of the transcription start site for transcription binding site analysis. The search for EREs and other binding sites was performed using several publicly available programs. Overall, approximately 40% of the genes analyzed were potentially able to be regulated by estrogen via ER. In addition, 17% of these genes are located very close to other genes organized in a head-to-head orientation with less than 1.0 kb between their transcript units, sharing a bidirectional promoter, and could be classified as bidirectional gene pairs. Using quantitative real-time PCR, we further investigated the effects of 17β-estradiol and antiestrogens on the expression of the bidirectional gene pairs in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Our results showed that some of these gene pairs, such as TXNDC9/EIF5B, GALNS/TRAPPC2L, and SERINC1/PKIB, are modulated by 17β-estradiol via ER in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Here, we also characterize the promoter region of potential ER-regulated genes and provide new information on the transcriptional regulation of bidirectional gene pairs.

Análisis del gen adra2a receptor alfa 2a adrenergico en pacientes con trastorno de hiperactividad y déficit de atención

El trastorno de hiperactividad y déficit de atención (THDA), es definido clínicamente como una alteración en el comportamiento, caracterizada por inatención, hiperactividad e impulsividad. Estos aspectos son clasificados en tres subtipos, que son: Inatento, hiperactivo impulsivo y mixto. Clínicamente se describe un espectro amplio que incluye desordenes académicos, trastornos de aprendizaje, déficit cognitivo, trastornos de conducta, personalidad antisocial, pobres relaciones interpersonales y aumento de la ansiedad, que pueden continuar hasta la adultez. A nivel global se ha estimado una prevalencia entre el 1% y el 22%, con amplias variaciones, dadas por la edad, procedencia y características sociales. En Colombia, se han realizado estudios en Bogotá y Antioquia, que han permitido establecer una prevalencia del 5% y 15%, respectivamente. La causa específica no ha sido totalmente esclarecida, sin embargo se ha calculado una heredabilidad cercana al 80% en algunas poblaciones, demostrando el papel fundamental de la genética en la etiología de la enfermedad. Los factores genéticos involucrados se relacionan con cambios neuroquímicos de los sistemas dopaminérgicos, serotoninérgicos y noradrenérgicos, particularmente en los sistemas frontales subcorticales, corteza cerebral prefrontal, en las regiones ventral, medial, dorsolateral y la porción anterior del cíngulo. Basados en los datos de estudios previos que sugieren una herencia poligénica multifactorial, se han realizado esfuerzos continuos en la búsqueda de genes candidatos, a través de diferentes estrategias. Particularmente los receptores Alfa 2 adrenérgicos, se encuentran en la corteza cerebral, cumpliendo funciones de asociación, memoria y es el sitio de acción de fármacos utilizados comúnmente en el tratamiento de este trastorno, siendo esta la principal evidencia de la asociación de este receptor con el desarrollo del THDA. Hasta la fecha se han descrito más de 80 polimorfismos en el gen (ADRA2A), algunos de los cuales se han asociado con la entidad. Sin embargo, los resultados son controversiales y varían según la metodología diagnóstica empleada y la población estudiada, antecedentes y comorbilidades. Este trabajo pretende establecer si las variaciones en la secuencia codificante del gen ADRA2A, podrían relacionarse con el fenotipo del Trastorno de Hiperactividad y el Déficit de Atención.

Differential crosstalk between estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and ER beta and the thyroid hormone receptor isoforms results in flexible regulation of the consensus ERE

Crosstalk between nuclear receptors is important for conversion of external and internal stimuli to a physiologically meaningful response by cells. Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated crosstalk between the estrogen (ER) and thyroid hormone receptors (TR) on two estrogen responsive physiological promoters, the preproenkephalin and oxytocin receptor gene promoter. Since ERa and ERb are isoforms possessing overlapping and distinct transactivation properties, we hypothesized that the interaction of ERa and b with the various TR isoforms would not be equivalent. To explore this hypothesis, the consensus estrogen response element (ERE)derived from the Xenopus vitellogenin gene is used to investigate the differences in interaction between ERa and b isoforms and the different TR isoforms in fibroblast cells. Both the ER isoforms transactivate from the consensus ERE, though ERa transactivates to a greater extent than ERb. Although neither of the TRb isoforms have an effect on ERa transactivation from the consensus ERE, the liganded TRa1 inhibits the ERa transactivation from the consensus ERE. In contrast, the liganded TRa1 facilitates ERb-mediated transactivation. The crosstalk between the TRb isoforms with the ERa isoform, on the consensus ERE, is different from that with the ERb isoform. The use of a TRa1 mutant, which is unable to bind DNA, abolishes the ability of the TRa1 isoform to interact with either of the ER isoforms. These differences in nuclear receptor crosstalk reveal an important functional difference between isoforms, which provides a novel mechanism for neuroendocrine integration.

Expressão gênica de bcl2, receptor de estradiol e receptores de progesterona A e B em endométrio eutópico e ectópico de pacientes inférteis sem e com endometriose

A endometriose caracteriza-se pela presença de tecido endometriótico – glândulas e estroma – fora da cavidade uterina. A doença acomete superfícies peritoniais da pélvis, ovários e septo rectovaginal, sendo mais comum a endometriose pélvica. Embora os dados sobre a prevalência exata de endometriose sejam incertos, as evidências indicam uma prevalência em torno de 5 a 10% das mulheres em idade reprodutiva. Dor, dismenorréia, dispareunia e infertilidade são sintomas freqüentes da doença. Além de apresentar dependência aos hormônios sexuais, a endometriose está associada a um conjunto de desordens de diferentes etiologias, sendo considerada uma doença multifatorial de caráter genético e imune. Neste sentido, a carência de respostas imunológicas adequadas, aliada a um provável desequilíbrio entre os processos de proliferação e apoptose celular, pode ter um papel importante na instalação e manutenção das lesões endometrióticas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a expressão de genes relacionados aos processos de proliferação e diferenciação celular em implantes endometrióticos e endométrio eutópico de mulheres inférteis sem e com endometriose, através da análise semiquantitativa por RT-PCR. Foram estudadas 34 pacientes consultando por infertilidade e submetidas à laparoscopia diagnóstica. Quinze pacientes (31,7 ± 1,5 anos) apresentavam endometriose e 19 (32,9 ± 0,9 anos) foram consideradas controles inférteis sem endometriose. Os dois grupos apresentaram IMC e SHBG similares. As biópsias de endométrio foram realizadas, em fase folicular, nas pacientes do grupo controle (C) e nas pacientes com endometriose (endométrio eutópico (EUT) e ectópico (ECT)). A presença do mRNA para os receptores de estrogênio e progesterona detectada nos 3 grupos estudados, sustenta a existência de sensibilidade tecidual local aos hormônios sexuais. Nas condições experimentais do presente estudo não foi observada diferença estatística na expressão gênica de bcl2 entre os grupos. A expressão do gene do ER endometrial também foi similar entre os grupos controle, eutópico e ectópico. Contudo, o endométrio ectópico apresentou níveis de mRNA mais elevados para PR-A (0,84  0,02 UA) em relação aos grupos controle e eutópico (0,60  0,04 UA e 0,63  0,04 UA; p < 0,05). A expressão gênica do PR-B não foi estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos do presente trabalho. Porém, houve forte correlação negativa entre a expressão dos genes bcl2 e PR-B nas amostras de endométrio sem e com endometriose (r = - 0,795 e p = 0,018), sugerindo que um papel anti-proliferativo do PR-B possa ser operativo neste modelo de estudo.

Progesterone (PR), Oestrogen (ER-alpha and ER-beta) and Oxytocin (OTR) Gene Expression in the Oviduct and Uterus of Pregnant and Non-pregnant Bitches

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Shorter CAG repeat in the AR gene is associated with atypical hyperplasia and breast carcinoma

Background: Previous reports into the role of [CAG]n repeat lengths in the androgen receptor (AR) gene indicate that these may play an important part in the development and progression of breast cancer, however, knowledge regarding benign breast lesions is limited. Patients and Methods: PCR-based GeneScan analysis was used to investigate the [CAG]n repeat length at exon 1 of the AR gene in 59 benign breast lesions (27 fibroadenomas, 18 atypical hyperplasias, and 14 hyperplasias without atypia) and 54 ductal breast carcinomas. Seventy-two cancer-free women were used as a control group. In addition, [CAG]n repeats were evaluated for the presence of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and microsatellite instability (MSI) in a subset of these samples (27 fibroadenomas, 14 hyperplasias without atypia and 22 breast carcinomas). Results: Shorter [CAG]n repeat lengths were strongly correlated with atypical hyperplasias (p=0.0209) and carcinomas (p<0.0001). LOH was found in 1/12 and 4/20 informative cases of hyperplasias without atypia and breast carcinomas, respectively. Three patients with breast carcinoma who had previously presented atypical hyperplasia showed a reduction in the [CAG]n repeat length in their carcinomas. Conclusion: Short [CAG]n repeat length (≤20) polymorphisms are strongly associated with breast carcinomas and atypical hyperplasias. Although non-significant, a subgroup of patients with breast carcinoma and genotype SS showed an association with parameters of worse outcome.

Expressão dos transcritos do receptor de LH em células da granulosa de fêmeas nelore submetidas ou não à superestimulação ovariana

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FMVZ

Gene and protein expression of oestrogen-beta and progesterone receptors in facial melasma and adjacent healthy skin in women

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the bovine leptin and leptin receptor genes with growth and ultrasound carcass traits in Nellore cattle

Given the important role of leptin in metabolism, we looked for a possible association of leptin and leptin receptor polymorphisms with carcass and growth traits in Nellore cattle. We examined associations of leptin and leptin receptor SNPs with ultrasound carcass (longissimus dorsi muscle area (ribeye area), backfat thickness and rump fat thickness and growth traits (weaning weight adjusted to 210 days of age, yearling weight adjusted to 550 days of age, weight gain of weaning to yearling and scrotal circumference adjusted to 550 days of age) of 2162 Bos primigenius indicus (Nellore) animals. Allele and genotypic frequencies were calculated for each marker. Allele substitution, additive and dominance effects of the polymorphisms were also evaluated. Some alleles of the molecular markers had low frequencies, lower than 1%, in the sample analyzed, although the same polymorphisms described for B. p. taurus cattle were found. Due to very low allelic frequencies, the E2JW, A59V and UASMS2 markers were not included in the analysis, because they were almost fixed. E2FB was found to be significantly associated with weight gain, ribeye area and backfat thickness. The promoter region markers, C963T and UASMS1, were also found to be significantly associated with ribeye area. T945M was significantly associated with weight gain. We conclude that the leptin and receptor gene markers would be useful for marker-assisted selection.

Cannabinoid receptor trafficking in peripheral cells is dynamically regulated by a binary biochemical switch

The cannabinoid G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) CB₁ and CB₂ are expressed in different peripheral cells. Localization of GPCRs in the cell membrane determines signaling via G protein pathways. Here we show that unlike in transfected cells, CB receptors in cell lines and primary human cells are not internalized upon agonist interaction, but move between cytoplasm and cell membranes by ligand-independent trafficking mechanisms. Even though CB receptors are expressed in many cells of peripheral origin they are not always localized in the cell membrane and in most cancer cell lines the ratios between CB₁ and CB₂ receptor gene and surface expression vary significantly. In contrast, CB receptor cell surface expression in HL60 cells is subject to significant oscillations and CB₂ receptors form oligomers and heterodimers with CB₁ receptors, showing synchronized surface expression, localization and trafficking. We show that hydrogen peroxide and other nonspecific protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors (TPIs) such as phenylarsine oxide trigger both CB₂ receptor internalization and externalization, depending on receptor localization. Phorbol ester-mediated internalization of CB receptors can be inhibited via this switch. In primary human immune cells hydrogen peroxide and other TPIs lead to a robust internalization of CB receptors in monocytes and an externalization in T cells. This study describes, for the first time, the dynamic nature of CB receptor trafficking in the context of a biochemical switch, which may have implications for studies on the cell-type specific effects of cannabinoids and our understanding of the regulation of CB receptor cell surface expression.