Thermal properties and release of Lippia sidoides essential oil from gum arabic/maltodextrin microparticles

Microencapsulation of Lippia sidoides essential oil was carried out by spray drying. Blends of maltodextrin and gum arabic were used as carrier. Spray dried microparticles were characterized using conventional (thermogravimetry, evolved gas analysis) and combined (thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry analysis) thermal analysis techniques in order to evaluate the abilities of carriers with different compositions in retaining and in releasing the core vs. dynamic heating. Thermal analysis was useful to evaluate the physico-chemical interactions between the core and carriers and to determine the protective effect of the carriers on the evaporation of essential oil.

Encapsulation of lemon oil by paste method using beta-cyclodextrin: Encapsulation efficiency and profile of oil volatiles

Microencapsulation of lemon oil was undertaken by kneading with beta-cyclodextrin, at a beta-cyclodextrin to lemon oil ratio of 88:12 (w/w). The resulting paste samples of the complex were vacuum- or spray-dried. Ten selected lemon oil flavor volatiles (alpha-pinene, sabinene, beta-pinene, beta-myrcene, limonene, gamma-terpinene, terpinolene, linalool, neral, and geranial) in the complex were analyzed periodically after 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 min of kneading time. The results indicated that the levels of these volatiles were not significantly different (P > 0.05) irrespective of mixing time or type of the drying (vacuum- or spray-drying) used. An optimum mixing time was found to be 15 min, at which time the maximum encapsulation of lemon oil (97.7 mg/g of beta-cyclodextrin) was obtained in the complex powder.

Synthesis and spectral investigation of Al(III) catechin/beta-cyclodextrin and Al(III) quercetin/beta-cyclodextrin inclusion compounds

Al-catechin/beta-cyclodextrin and Al-quercetin/beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) inclusion compounds were synthesized and characterized by IR, UV-vis, H-1 and C-13 NMR and TG and DTA analyses. Because quercetin is sparingly soluble in water, the stability constants of the Al-quercetin/beta-CD and Al-catechin/beta-CD compounds were determined by phase solubility studies. The A(L)-type diagrams indicated the formation of 1:1 inclusion compounds and allowed calculation of the stability constants. The thermodynamic parameters were obtained from the dependence of the stability constants on temperature and results indicated that the formation of the inclusion compounds is an enthalpically driven process. The thermal decomposition of the solid Al-quercetin/beta-CD and Al-catcchin/beta-CD inclusion compounds took place at different stages, compared with the respective precursors, proving that an inclusion complexation process really occurred. (C) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Dextrin-microencapsulated porphyrin - Luminescent properties

Photophysical properties of porphyrins in aqueous solutions are strongly affected by aggregation. One possible solution to this problem is to encapsulate the porphyrin into polymeric spheres, to provide an environment where the photosensitizer can be administered in its monomeric form in such treatments as photodynamic therapy. Here we report the microencapsulation of the meso-tetrakis(4-sulphonatophenyl) porphyrin (TPPS4) photosensitizer by the ultrasonic spray-drying technique. The encapsulated TPPS4 was morphologically characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and its photophysical properties were studied and compared with those of a physical blend of dextrin and TPPS4. We Successfully encapsulated TPPS4 into dextrin microspheres, and the encapsulated photosensitizer displays higher luminescence intensity than that of the prepared physical blends.

Preservation of catechin antioxidant properties loaded in carbohydrate nanoparticles

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), an antioxidant with several pharmacological and biological activities, was encapsulated in carbohydrate particles to preserve its antioxidant properties and improve its bioavailability. Gum arabic–maltodextrin particles loaded with EGCG (EGCG/P) were successfully produced by homogenization and spray-drying, with an EGCG loading efficiency of 96 ± 3%. Spray-dried particles are spherical or corrugated and polydisperse with diameters less than 20 m. The particles in aqueous suspension revealed two main populations, with mean average diameters of 40 nm and 400 nm. Attenuated total reflection-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) confirmed that EGCG was incorporated in the carbohydrate matrix by intermolecular interactions, maintaining its chemical integrity. Atomic force microscopy imaging proved the particle spherical shape and size. The present study demonstrates that the carbohydrate matrix is able to preserve EGCG antioxidant properties, as proof of concept to be used as polymeric drug carrier.

Microencapsulation of herbicide MCPA with native beta-cyclodextrin and its methyl and hydroxypropyl derivatives: An experimental and theoretical investigation

When a pesticide is released into the environment, most of it is lost before it reaches its target. An effective way to reduce environmental losses of pesticides is by using controlled release technology. Microencapsulation becomes a promising technique for the production of controlled release agricultural formulations. In this work, the microencapsulation of chlorophenoxy herbicide MCPA with native b-cyclodextrin and its methyl and hydroxypropyl derivatives was investigated. The phase solubility study showed that both native and b-CD derivatives increased the water solubility of the herbicide and inclusion complexes are formed in a stoichiometric ratio of 1:1. The stability constants describing the extent of formation of the complexes have been determined by phase solubility studies. 1H NMR experiments were also accomplished for the prepared solid systems and the data gathered confirm the formation of the inclusion complexes. 1H NMR data obtained for the MCPA/CDs complexes disclosed noticeable proton shift displacements for OCH2 group and H6 aromatic proton of MCPA provided clear evidence of inclusion complexation process, suggesting that the phenyl moiety of the herbicide was included in the hydrophobic cavity of CDs. Free energy molecular mechanics calculations confirm all these findings. The gathered results can be regarded as an essential step to the development of controlled release agricultural formulations containing herbicide MCPA.

Preparação e caracterização de micropartículas de polissacarídeos produzidas por secagem por atomização para libertação controlada de fármacos

Neste trabalho trabalho produziram-se micropartículas de polissacarídeos contendo um fármaco anticancerígeno, o 5-Fluorouracil, ou um anti-inflamatório, a Prednisolona, utilizando como matrizes encapsulantes o quitosano e o FucoPol. As micropartículas foram produzidas pelo método de secagem por atomização (spray-drying). Foram estudados vários reticulantes biocompatíveis: o ácido glutâmico; o ácido cítrico e a lisina. As micropartículas produzidas foram caracterizadas em termos de morfologia, tamanho, propriedades químicas, propriedades térmicas, cristalinidade e eficiência de encapsulamento recorrendo a técnicas como microscopia electrónica de varrimento (SEM), Espectro de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FT-IR), calorimetria diferencial de varrimento (DSC), difracção de raios-X (XRD) e espectroscopia UV. Os perfis de concentração foram obtidos realizando ensaios de libertação em dois meios distintos, em Suco Gástrico Simulado (pH=1,2) e Suco Intestinal Simulado (pH=6,8) e foram calculadas as velocidades de libertação para cada ensaio. Verificou-se que os ensaios com o fármaco modelo Prednisolona em matrizes de quitosano em meio ácido, pH=1,2, apresentam uma libertação mais lenta. Os reticulantes mais adequados para o quitosano são o ácido glutâmico para a libertação no estômago, a pH=1,2, e o ácido cítrico para a libertação no intestino, a pH=6,8. Em relação ao FucoPol, a concentração de reticulante mais adequada para ambos os meios de libertação revelou ser a de 50% em massa de lisina relativamente à massa de FucoPol.

Development of nanohydrogels as a vehicle for the release of bioactive compounds in food matrices

PhD in Chemical and Biological Engineering

Caracterización de Compuestos Bioactivos Microencapsulados en Biopolímeros para su Aplicación en la Preservación de Alimentos y en la Formulación de Productos Nutracéuticos.

La exposición a la luz, al aire, a elevadas temperaturas y el almacenamiento prolongado produce alteraciones nutricionales y organolépticas en alimentos. Las modificaciones nutricionales pueden ser causadas por especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS), las cuales producen oxidación de proteínas, lípidos, vitaminas, etc. Mientras que las alteraciones organolépticas involucran pérdidas del flavor por la generación de compuesto volátil off-flavor, debido principalmente al desarrollo de microorganismos y a oxidaciones. Compuestos bioactivos (CB) tales como carotenoides (Car) y flavonoides (Fl) cumplen relevantes funciones biológicas, entre las que se pueden destacar la capacidad antioxidante, antimicrobiana y antitumoral, entre otras. El propósito de este proyecto es el estudio de propiedades biológicas en particular capacidad antioxidante y antimicrobiana de CB como Car y Fl microencapsulados en biopolímeros para determinar el efecto de los mismos sobre las alteraciones nutricionales y organolépticas en alimentos durante el almacenamiento. Los CB serán microencapsulados por secado por aspersión spray drying, atrapamiento en liposomas o múltiple emulsificación evaporación de solvente, utilizando goma arábica, lecitina o quitosano como materiales de pared. Se estudiará la capacidad de los compuestos bioactivos y de los materiales de pared para desactivar ROS por espectroscopia de absorción UV-Vis. Se determinará la actividad antimicrobiana de los mismos frente a microorganismos especialmente psicrotrofos, por difusión en discos sobre placa de agar previamente inoculadas, por curvas de crecimiento y por ensayos de viabilidad. Posteriormente se analizarán las alteraciones nutricionales y organolépticas en muestras de leche en condiciones de iluminación y temperatura que simulen las de almacenamiento. Para tal fin, se evaluará la estabilidad de proteínas y vitaminas, por electroforesis capilar, la formación de compuestos volátiles se determinará por cromatografía de gases y el desarrollo de microorganismos por recuento estándar en placa. Finalmente se evaluará el efecto de la adición de carotenoides y flavonoides microencapsulados sobre la degradación de proteínas y vitaminas, la formación de off-flavor y el desarrollo de microorganismos durante el almacenamiento de leche. Con este proyecto se pretende determinar tanto la capacidad antioxidante como antimicrobiana de carotenoides y flavonoides puros y microencapsulados, así como de los biopolímeros usado para la microencapsulación y su potencial aplicación como conservantes en leche en la formulación de productos nutracéuticos.

Inclusion complex of the antiviral drug acyclovir with cyclodextrin in aqueous solution and in solid phase

Complexation between acyclovir (ACV), an antiviral drug used for the treatment of herpes simplex virus infection, and beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) was studied in solution and in solid states. Complexation in solution was evaluated using solubility studies and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-NMR). In the solid state, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and dissolution studies were used. Solubility studies suggested the existence of a 1:1 complex between ACV and beta-CD. ¹H-NMR spectroscopy studies showed that the complex formed occurs with a stoichiometry ratio of 1:1. Powder X-ray diffraction indicated that ACV exists in a semicrystalline state in the complexed form with beta-CD. DSC studies showed the existence of a complex of ACV with beta-CD. The TGA studies confirmed the DSC results of the complex. Solubility of ACV in solid complexes was studied by the dissolution method and it was found to be much more soluble than the uncomplexed drug.

Nanoparticle-coated organic-inorganic microparticles: experimental design and gastrointestinal tolerance evaluation

The influences of the spray-drying parameters and the type of nanoparticles (nanocapsules or nanospheres) on the characteristics of nanoparticle-coated diclofenac-loaded microparticles were investigated by using a factorial design 3². Gastrointestinal tolerance following oral administration in rats was evaluated. Formulations were selected considering the best yields, the best encapsulation efficiencies and the lowest water contents, presenting surfaces completely coated by nanostructures and a decrease in the surface areas in relation to the uncoated core. In vitro drug release demonstrated the influence of the nanoparticle-coating on the dissolution profiles of diclofenac. Nanocapsule-coated microparticles presented a protective effect on the gastrointestinal mucosa.

Avaliação da porosidade de microcápsulas contendo proteína bioativa por porosimetria de mercúrio e adsorção de nitrogênio

Microcapsules containing lactoferrin were produced by spray drying using dextrin:octenylsuccinate starch, as wall materials. Porosity characteristics of spray-dried microcapsules were investigated by mercury intrusion porosimetry and nitrogen adsorption. The outer and inner structures of microcapsules were studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy and sizes were determined by Laser Diffraction. Results indicate that all microcapsules presents adsorption isotherm of type II and that micropores on the microcapsules surface will be very few or none. Our results show that microstructure, surface area and size of microcapsules are affected by dextrin: octenylsuccinate starch proportion. Pore characteristics for various microcapsules are found to be different.

Physico-chemical properties of meso-tetrakis(p-methoxyphenyl)porphyrin (TMPP) incorporated into pluronicTM p-123 and f-127 polymeric micelles

The physicochemical properties (solubilization, structural organization and stability) of meso-tetrakis(p-methoxyphenyl)porphyrin (TMPP), a promising photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy, solubilized in polymeric micelles of tri-block copolymers PluronicTM P-123 and F-127, were studied. The formulations obtained by the solid dispersion method led to monomerization of TMPP in these copolymers. Solubility studies showed that P-123 solubilizes double the photosensitizer than F-127. The self-aggregation phenomenon was affected by the [TMPP]/[poloxamer] ratio and medium temperature. The decrease in the temperature of these systems promoted the formation of different kinds of TMPP aggregates intrinsically connected with the structural changes occurring in the micelles.

Avaliação da vida de prateleira do suco de maracujá (Passiflora edullis f. flavicarpa) desidratado

Suco de maracujá desidratado por spray-drying, natural e adicionado de açúcar, foi embalado em embalagens laminadas e armazenado em ambientes de 30 e 40 °C e 84% de umidade relativa. Os sucos embalados tiveram sua vida útil avaliada por determinações físicas e microbiológicas. A adição de açúcar aumentou a solubilidade, a molhabilidade, o tamanho da partícula e os valores de L* luminosidade do produto, e diminuiu os parâmetros de cor a* (intensidade da cor vermelha) e b* (intensidade da cor amarela) do produto. Durante o armazenamento, os produtos se mantiveram microbiologicamente estáveis, mas fisicamente foram alterados em relação aos parâmetros de cor e tamanho da partícula, tornando-se escuros e aglomerados, notadamente aqueles adicionados de açúcar e expostos a 40 °C, não sendo recomendada esta adição. Do ponto de vista físico, o período seguro para armazenamento de suco de maracujá natural desidratado foi de 120 dias a 30 °C e 60 dias a 40 °C.

Influência da temperatura do ar de secagem e da concentração de agente carreador sobre as propriedades físico-químicas do suco de açaí em pó

A influência da temperatura do ar de secagem e da concentração de agente carreador sobre as propriedades físico-químicas do suco de açaí em pó produzido por spray drying foi avaliada. O processo foi realizado em um mini spray dryer de bancada e maltodextrina 10DE foi utilizada como agente carreador. A temperatura do ar de secagem variou de 138 a 202 °C e a concentração de maltodextrina variou de 10 a 30%. As características analisadas foram: umidade, higroscopicidade, retenção de antocianinas, cor, distribuição do tamanho de partículas e morfologia. O aumento da temperatura resultou em partículas maiores, menos úmidas, mais higroscópicas e com menor retenção de antocianinas, além de provocar uma diminuição do parâmetro de cor L* e do ângulo de tom H*. O aumento na concentração de maltodextrina resultou em partículas maiores e menos higroscópicas, com maior luminosidade (L*), menores valores de C* e maiores valores de H*. Em relação à morfologia, o aumento da temperatura levou à formação de uma maior quantidade de partículas com superfície lisa, fato atribuído à maior transferência de calor e, consequentemente, à formação mais rápida de uma membrana ao redor da gota atomizada.