998 resultados para 736


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依据定位观测数据,对紫色土丘陵区农用地土壤水分的动态变化规律进行了初步研究。结果表明,该区农用地土壤水分的季节变化主要受降水、蒸发和土地利用状况的影响,呈现出明显的三峰三谷型;垂直梯度变化由于受降雨入渗分布与土壤水分向上蒸发的综合作用,基本表现为增长型。并利用标准差和变异系数对土壤水分的垂直梯度变化进行了具体描述和层次划分。最后,通过分析该地区典型农作物及其不同栽培方式对农用地土壤水分的影响,认为优化农作物栽培方式是提高紫色土丘陵区农用地土壤水分利用效率和减少水土流失的有效途径。

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人工湿地去除有机氮主要由于氨化细菌的作用。为了了解人工湿地中氨化细菌去除有机氮的效果,对人工湿地基质中5株氨化细菌进行了初步鉴定,比较了不同氨化细菌去除有机氮的效果,氨化细菌去除有机氮的量通过其生成的NH4+-N来衡量。结果表明,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudom onas)为人工湿地中氨化细菌的优势菌属;氨化细菌-1、氨化细菌-2及氨化细菌-5对有机氮的去除效果相对较好,分别达到46.2%、49.4%和52.6%。添加沸石对去除氨氮有明显效果,从而能够提高有机氮的去除率。

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该工作对手性化合物的构效关系进行了研究,其内容包括:(1)对二维拓扑指数A_(mi)进行了扩展,即在指数的衍生中加入手性碳原子的因素,使之成功地应用于14个手性化合物活性的预测;(2)描述了构象独立的手性指数(CICC法)和构象依赖的手性指数(CDCC法),采用CDCC和CICC预测了80个二级醇的~1H NMR化学位移差的符号,并由此可以确定该类化合物的绝对构型;(3)描述了原子构象依赖的手性指数(aCDCC),并将这种方法用于手性仲醇的α-碳原子的~(13)C NMR在不同手性溶剂中的化学位移差的预测,获得了满意的结果.

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A series of cost-effective, proton-conducting composite membranes, comprising of Nafion (R) ionomer, chitosan (CS). and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), is successfully prepared. By taking advantage of the strong electrostatic interactions between Nafion (R) ionomer and CS component, Nafion ionomer is effectively implanted into the PVA/CS composite membranes, and improves proton conductivity of the PVA/CS composite membranes. Furthermore, this effect dramatically depends on the composition ratio of PVA/CS, and the optimum conductivity is obtained at the PVA/CS ratio of 1:1. The developed composite membranes exhibit much lower methanol permeability compared with the widely used Nafion (R) membrane, indicating that these novel membranes have great potential for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs).

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Stabilization effect on metastable phase II of isotactic polybutene-1 (iPB-1) by coated carbon has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron diffraction (ED) techniques. The results indicate that after evaporating carbon, the phase II-I crystal transformation time is greatly prolonged from 9 days for carbon-uncoated samples to 120 days for carbon-coated ones under atmospheric pressure, while under high pressure (50 bar), the phase transformation time increases from 5 min for the former to 20 min for the latter. The stabilization effect on metastable phase II of carbon coated iPB-1 is attributed to a surface fixing effect of the evaporated carbon.

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简要介绍EPDM基复合多功能胶粘带的研制情况.基材以EPDM/CPE为主体材料,轻质碳酸钙用量为60~80份,聚异丁烯用量为15~25份;胶层采用IIR为主体材料.采用双辊开炼机和三辊压延机制得复合胶粘带,其主要性能满足预定指标并达到参比产品水平.

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The microregion approximation explicit finite difference method is used to simulate cyclic voltammetry of an electrochemical reversible system in a three-dimensional thin layer cell with minigrid platinum electrode. The simulated CV curve and potential scan-absorbance curve were in very good accordance with the experimental results, which differed from those at a plate electrode. The influences of sweep rate, thickness of the thin layer, and mesh size on the peak current and peak separation were also studied by numerical analysis, which give some instruction for choosing experimental conditions or designing a thin layer cell. The critical ratio (1.33) of the diffusion path inside the mesh hole and across the thin layer was also obtained. If the ratio is greater than 1.33 by means of reducing the thickness of a thin layer, the electrochemical property will be far away from the thin layer property.

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Using a low angle laser light scattering photometer (LALLS) the second virial coefficients(A_2) of ring-shaped and linear polystyrene (RPS and LPS) samples were determined in both toluene and butanone solutions. The A_2 of RPS in the good solvent (toluene) is smaller than that of LPS with the same molecular weight, but in the poor solvent (butanone) these two are very close. For RPS in the molecular weight range of 4×10~4——2.2×10~5, we haveA_(2r)=1.28×10~(-2)M_w~(-0.283) (Toluene 25℃) and A_(2r)=5.06×10~(-2...

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第二维利系数(A_2)是表征高分子链段间和高分子溶剂分子间相互作用的参数。对于环形高分子的第二维利系数,最早Casassa曾做过计算。利用“双接触”模型,Casassa计算了环形高分子的第二维利系数(A_(2r))为A_(2r)=(N_αβN~2/2M~2)[1-C_z+O(z~2)]式中M为聚合物的分子量,N_α为Avogadro常数,N为高分子链段数,β为表征链段对排斥体积的二元集团积分,Z为排斥体积参数。式中系数C对环形或线形分子数值不同。

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扇贝是我国海水养殖的重要品种,但自1994年以来,养殖扇贝陆续爆发的大规模死亡,不但造成了巨大的经济损失,而且直接威胁到现有产业的生存和发展。引起扇贝大规模死亡原因是多方面的,其主要原因是养殖环境恶化、扇贝种质衰退和抗病力下降。因此,深入研究扇贝免疫防御机制,探讨提高机体抗病力的有效途径和方法,改良种质和培育抗病品系,无疑是解决目前困扰扇贝养殖业健康可持续发展的必经之路。 Toll样受体(TLRs)家族是新近发现的模式识别受体(PRRs),参与识别病原体相关的分子模式(PAMPs),在天然免疫系统中起着非常重要的作用。哺乳动物中Toll样受体信号通路还参与诱导树枝状细胞成熟、参与免疫耐受、参与凋亡发生发展、介导非感染性因素的识别等,被视为联系天然免疫和获得性免疫的桥梁。同时果蝇的Toll信号通路也是不具备获得性免疫的果蝇赖以抵御病毒、细菌和真菌感染,介导天然免疫反应的重要信号通路。 本研究采用大规模EST测序方法,结合Genome Walker库的构建和cDNA末端快速扩增技术,从栉孔扇贝克隆得到CfToll-1、CfMyd88、CfTRAF6和CfCactus这四个Toll样受体信号通路基因的全长cDNA,同时用荧光实时定量PCR技术检测了这些基因的组织分布及在脂多糖(LPS)和肽聚糖(PGN)刺激下的表达规律。 栉孔扇贝Toll样受体(CfToll-1)的cDNA序列全长4308 bp,包含5’非翻译区(UTR)211 bp,3597 bp的开放阅读框,500 bp的3’UTR,最后为18个腺嘌呤的ploy A 尾巴。开放阅读框编码1198个氨基酸的多肽,该多肽的估计分子量为137.41kd,估计的等电点为5.62,该多肽有信号肽,具有一个预测的跨膜区,因此是一种跨膜蛋白。经BLAST比对,CfToll-1基因与节肢动物多种Toll蛋白高度的相似性。SMART(Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool)软件分析,CfToll-1包含典型的Toll样受体的结构:富含亮氨酸的重复序列的胞外区(leucine-rich repeats, LRR),一段跨膜结构域,以及胞内区的TIR结构域(Toll/IL-1 receptor homologous region)。利用Real-time RT-PCR发现CfToll-1mRNA在扇贝体内普遍存在于血细胞、肌肉、外套膜、心、性腺和鳃组织中。利用体外培养的原代血细胞系研究不同浓度LPS刺激后CfToll-1的表达变化,结果显示低剂量(100ng.mL-1 )LPS 使CfToll-1 mRNA表达量减小,该变化在1.5h、3h 和9h组差异显著,虽然在6h组表达量稍有恢复,但尚未达到对照水平;用1μg.mL-1LPS处理细胞时, 6h组CfToll-1表达量明显上调,约为对照水平的2倍。证实细菌结构脂多糖对CfToll-1基因的表达有影响,且这种影响有剂量依赖效应。 栉孔扇贝Myd88同源基因(CfMyd88)的cDNA序列全长1554bp,包含5’UTR 427 bp,1101bp的开放阅读框,最后为18个腺嘌呤的ploy A 尾。CfMyd88的开放阅读框可编码367个氨基酸的多肽,该多肽的估计分子量为42.37kD,估计的等电点为5.71。利用SMART程序分析发现CfMyd88编码了Death和TIR结构域, 这两个结构域是Myd88特征结构。BLAST程序发现扇贝的序列与数据库哺乳动物的Myd88基因高度同源。原代培养的扇贝血细胞在受到PGN刺激后,CfMyd88 mRNA表达在1.5小时开始下调,直到9小时下调至对照表达量的1/10,证实肽聚糖结构对CfMyd88基因的表达有影响。 栉孔扇贝TRAF6同源基因(CfTRAF6)的cDNA序列全长2510bp,包含5’UTR 337 bp,1965bp的开放阅读框,3’UTR 208bp,最后为21 个腺嘌呤的ploy A 尾巴。CfTRAF6开放阅读框编码655个氨基酸的多肽,该多肽的估计分子量为74.09kD,估计的等电点为6.01。InterPro Scan在线分析发现CfTRAF6有典型的TRAF蛋白家族的特征结构,包括的一个指环结构,两个锌指结构,一个MATH (the meprin and TRAF homology)结构域以及Coiled-coil区域。CfTRAF6的序列与数据库多物种的TRAF6高度同源,同源性最高的是乌贼序列(Identity=68)和鼠类(Identity=45%)。利用Real-time RT-PCR,发现CfTRAF6在各组织普遍存在,在性腺中的表达最高。原代培养的扇贝血细胞在受到不同浓度PGN刺激后,与CfMyd88的情况一样,CfTRAF6的表达量变化减少,且这种变化随剂量的增加更加明显。 栉孔扇贝Cactus同源基因(CfCactus)的cDNA序列全长2488bp,包含5’UTR 181 bp,840bp的开放阅读框, 3’UTR 1467bp,最后为19个腺嘌呤的ploy A 尾巴。CfCactus的开放阅读框编码279个氨基酸的多肽,该多肽的估计分子量为31.37 kD;估计的等电点为4.74,与果蝇的Cactus基因的等电点相近(4.5)。利用SMART程序分析发现CfCactus主要编码了ANK结构域(ankyrin repeats)。Cactus基因为哺乳动物NF-κB抑制蛋白IκB的同源分子,BLAST 程序发现扇贝的序列与数据库多物种的Cactus或IκB基因高度同源。同源性最高的是太平洋牡蛎(Identity=35%)和圆尾鲎(Identities = 44%)。对CfTCactus mRNA在扇贝的血细胞、性腺、 肠的组织表达进行分析,并同时与CfTRAF6和CfMyd88的表达量进行了对比,发现CfCactus的表达水平明显高于这两个基因,而且CfTRAF6的基因表达量也高于CfMyd88,表现出级联放大效应。正常情况下,三个基因在性腺的表达量最高,推测这条通路可能和发育等功能密切相关。 通过本研究我们首次在双壳类软体动物找得到与果蝇Toll蛋白家族高度同源的CfToll-1基因,同时发现其他三个在Toll样受体信号传递过程中起重要作用的基因,其中包括在软体动物中获得的第一个Toll样受体的接头分子-CfMyd88基因,该结果直接证明软体动物具有与哺乳动物和节肢动物高度类似Myd88依赖的Toll样受体信号通路。同时通过这些基因组织分布的研究以及细菌结构LPS和PGN对这条通路上基因表达的影响,证明扇贝Toll信号通路可能与在果蝇中一样,参与扇贝的发育和免疫防御等多种功能。

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Ti and Ti alloys can be applied to steels as a protective coating in view of its excellent resistance to corrosive environment. Cold spraying, as a new coating technique, has potential advantages in fabrication of Ti coating in comparison with conventional thermal spraying techniques. In this study, Ti coatings were prepared on carbon steel substrates by cold spraying via controlling the process conditions. The microstructure of coatings was observed by SEM. The porosity of coatings was estimated by image analysis and the bond strength was tested for comparison of the process conditions. Potentiodynamic polarization and open-circuit potential (OCP) measurements were performed to understand the corrosion behavior of the coatings. The SEM examination shows that the coatings become more compact with the increases of pressure and temperature of driving gas. The potentiodynamic polarization curves indicate that the coating which has lower porosity has lower corrosion current. The polarization and OCP measurement reveal that cold-sprayed Ti coating can provide favorable protection to carbon steel substrate. The polishing treatment of coating surface polishes the rough outer layer including the small pores as well as decreases the actual surface area of the coating, leading to the considerable improvement of corrosion resistance.

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通过分析一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)、活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)和干旱胁迫对小麦根氧化还原状态和叶片脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)积累的影响,探讨了干旱胁迫下NO和H2O2调节ABA合成的可能机制。结果表明:干旱胁迫处理初期小麦根还原型谷胱甘肽含量降低、抗氧化酶活性发生振荡变化,细胞氧化还原状态向氧化型转变。NO和H2O2能模拟干旱胁迫的作用使细胞状态向氧化型转变,还可以使小麦叶片ABA积累量上升。干旱胁迫下NO和H2O2对ABA合成的调节作用可能是通过调节细胞氧化还原状态进行。

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2001~2002年从海北高寒草甸生态系统采集土样,用不同方法从中分离放线菌300余株,根据其形态和分类特征,分别归入小单孢菌属(Micromonospora)、诺卡氏菌属(Nocardia)、糖多孢菌属(Saccharopolyspora)、原小单孢菌属(Promicromonospora)和链霉菌属(Streptomyces),并将链霉菌归入7个类群.同时对230株中温菌和110株低温菌的部分酶活性及其对真菌和细菌的拮抗性进行了测定,发现链霉菌不仅具有许多酶活性,而且对真菌和细菌有拮抗性.