云南大红山层状铜矿床地球化学及成矿机制研究

云南省大红山铁铜矿床位于康滇地轴南端西缘，介于红河深断裂与绿汁江深断裂所夹持的滇中台坳内，赋存于中元古代大红山群海相火山喷流-沉积岩系中，是我国典型的火山岩型块状硫化物（VHMS）矿床之一。该矿床包括一系列与火山喷发-岩浆侵入活动相关但成因有一定差别的矿床，被统称为“大红山式”铁铜矿床。该矿床经济价值巨大，铁、铜储量均达超大型矿床规模，但其研究程度较低，多停留在矿区地质特征层面上，地球化学研究较为薄弱。本次工作系统地研究了大红山层状铜矿床中各类岩石的岩相学特征，对特征矿物做了电子探针定性和定量分析，挑选火山质岩石中锆石做定年分析，系统分析了岩石的主量元素和微量元素，测定了硫化物的硫和铅同位素，并选取了与富集型硫化物相关的石英脉矿物和碳酸盐矿物分别做流体包裹体和碳、氧同位素研究。论文取得的主要认识如下： 1．红山群曼岗河组火山喷流-沉积年代约为1687±8Ma，即形成于早-中元古代，因此不可能遭受如前人所说的吕梁运动改造作用。在700 ~ 800Ma左右，即晋宁运动期本区遭受了强烈的变质变形以及流体蚀变改造作用。 2．层状铜矿中岩石类型主要为黑云母片岩、白云石钠长石岩和白云石大理岩。黑云母片岩中主要矿物为黑云母、钠长石、铁白云石和石榴子石；白云石钠长石岩中主要矿物为钠长石、铁白云石、石榴子石及少量的黑云母；白云石大理岩中主要矿物为铁白云石，含少量的钠长石和黑云母。岩石原岩恢复表明，三类岩石原岩为火山物质、泥质沉积物和喷流热水沉积混合组成，其中黑云母片岩以泥质为主，包含火山质物质和喷流热水沉积物质；白云石钠长石岩以火山物质和喷流热水为主，含少量的泥质；白云石大理岩以热水喷流沉积为主。 3．本区至少遭受过三期变质作用：区域高温变质作用、流体蚀变改造作用和变形变质作用。区域高温变质作用变质温度最高可达可达660℃，主要集中在600 ~ 630℃之间，形成压力约为4.9 ~ 5.0Kbar。三期变质改造使原岩发生了绿帘-角闪岩相的变质作用，变质过程中，稀土元素（特别是轻稀土元素）和部分高场强元素发生了迁移；流体蚀变改造富集了早期的贫铜矿胚，使之形成工业矿床。 4．硫化物硫同位素研究显示，其δ34S值为-0.6 ~ +10.9‰，主要集中在+5.0 ~ +10.9‰之间。这一组成表明富集型硫化物大体继承了早期硫化物硫源特征，并在改造过程中富集重硫。早期硫化物硫源主要来自岩浆硫和海水无机还原硫。硫化物铅同位素范围为：206Pb/204Pb＝ 18.985 ~ 23.318，均值为21.222；207Pb/204Pb＝15.581 ~ 15.904，均值为15.747；208Pb/204Pb＝39.803 ~ 45.652，均值为42.540。显然，本区硫化物具有极高含量的放射性成因铅，部分放射性成因铅含量稍低的样品与前人所圈定的改造型矿床的硫化物铅同位素范围较为吻合。分析认为，本区硫化物铅同位素代表了两种不同铅源的混合，即早期硫化物的普通铅和围岩中的放射性成因铅。硫铅同位素示踪以及矿相学研究表明，本区早期铜质来源于海底火山喷流-沉积，而晚期富集型铜矿铜质继承了早期铜质，同时也不排除晚期流体中所带来的铜质。 5．流体包裹体研究表明，本区改造型流体中包括三种流体体系：①中-低盐度H2O-NaCl±KCl±FeCl3 ±CaCl2流体，盐度范围为0.53 ~ 24.59 % NaCl equiv.，密度为0.80 ~ 1.16 g/cm3；②高盐度高密度H2O-NaCl±CaCl2流体，盐度为31.2 ~ >59.76% NaCl equiv，密度为1.14 ~ 1.45 g/cm3；③纯液相CO2流体，流体密度为0.77 ~ 1.09 g/cm3。流体包裹体均一温度在100 ~ 456℃之间，主要集中在150 ~ 260℃和260 ~ 456℃两个温度区间。方解石碳、氧同位素范围分别为-5.6 ~ -3.1‰和12.4 ~ 15.5‰。综合分析表明，流体主要来自海底下伏岩浆房的出溶或喷流的高温高盐度流体，部分与海水混合。流体在热液改造过程中活化富集了早期硫化物，经过短距搬运而沉积形成了晚期富集型硫化物。 6．本次研究确定该矿床的成矿机制为：早-中元古代，本区的陆内裂谷作用为火山喷发提供了构造条件，海底火山喷流-沉积形成了早期的贫铜矿胚。元古代末期，本区遭受了强烈的区域变质、变形和流体蚀变改造作用，使原先的贫铜矿胚得到活化富集，形成了工业矿床。

Coronica general de la Orden de San Benito, Patriarca de Religiosos

Colofón en v.1, v.2, v.5, v.6, y v.7.

Getting to the Real Story: What Vietnamese business people wish foreigners understood about doing business in emerging and transition countries like Vietnam – BEFORE they start

Knowledge sharing typically examines organizational transfer of knowledge, often from headquarters to subsidiaries, from developed country sites to emerging country sites, or from host to local employees. Yes, recent research, such as Prahalad’s Bottom of the Pyramid, raises the question of reverse transfer of knowledge, or whether knowledge could and should be transferred from local sites to home country sites within an organization. As several emerging economies build their capabilities in knowledge, research and development, marketing, and the like, it only makes sense to consider what type of knowledge and how to transfer it in reverse or bi-directional manners. This paper takes one step back in the process. Rather than focusing on what knowledge transfer may make sense within an organization, we consider what types of knowledge are important for foreigners to know at the initial stages of engagement abroad as they consider whether to do business in an emerging country.

Use of an insulating mask for controlling anisotropy in multilayer electrospun scaffolds for tissue engineering.

Tissue engineering of various musculoskeletal or cardiovascular tissues requires scaffolds with controllable mechanical anisotropy. However, native tissues also exhibit significant inhomogeneity in their mechanical properties, and the principal axes of anisotropy may vary with site or depth from the tissue surface. Thus, techniques to produce multilayered biomaterial scaffolds with controllable anisotropy may provide improved biomimetic properties for functional tissue replacements. In this study, poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds were electrospun onto a collecting electrode that was partially covered by rectangular or square shaped insulating masks. The use of a rectangular mask resulted in aligned scaffolds that were significantly stiffer in tension in the axial direction than the transverse direction at 0 strain (22.9 ± 1.3 MPa axial, 16.1 ± 0.9 MPa transverse), and at 0.1 strain (4.8 ± 0.3 MPa axial, 3.5 ± 0.2 MPa transverse). The unaligned scaffolds, produced using a square mask, did not show this anisotropy, with similar stiffness in the axial and transverse directions at 0 strain (19.7 ± 1.4 MPa axial, 20.8 ± 1.3 MPa transverse) and 0.1 strain (4.4 ± 0.2 MPa axial, 4.6 ± 0.3 MPa, transverse). Aligned scaffolds also induced alignment of adipose stem cells near the expected axis on aligned scaffolds (0.015 ± 0.056 rad), while on the unaligned scaffolds, their orientation showed more variation and was not along the expected axis (1.005 ± 0.225 rad). This method provides a novel means of creating multilayered electrospun scaffolds with controlled anisotropy for each layer, potentially providing a means to mimic the complex mechanical properties of various native tissues.

Creativity and entrepreneurial efforts in an emerging economy

While much research has focused on entrepreneurship and creativity in developed economies, the notions of both topics are still embryonic in many emerging economies. This paper focuses on entrepreneurs in one such economy, Vietnam, to understand the perceptions of entrepreneurs about the role that innovation and creativity may play in their own entrepreneurial ventures and success. This is important because before reaping benefits from entrepreneurship, entrepreneurs need to decide when and on what conditions they start based on their calculations of required resources and predictions of likely outcomes. The research also sought to understand how "creativity," broadly applied ("innovation" and "creative performance") affects the ways that entrepreneurs think about and anticipate their own success and decisions. In essence, the study suggests that the higher the entrepreur’s creativity is, the more likely she or he is to start a new business and believe success will result. Future research could examine whether history, industry and geographic location matter in entrepreneurs’ perceptions as well as whether transition/emerging economies like Vietnam may have different views altogether about the two key concepts.

Análisis físico agrícola de los sistemas agropecuarios extensivos del partido de Saavedra (Prov. de Buenos Aires)

p.27-33

Incidencia de la suplementación lumínica y el uso de una enmienda de bajo impacto ambiental sobre la producción y calidad de lechuga (Lactuca sativa)

p.63-67

Un método para estimar la radiación global con la amplitud térmica y la precipitación diarias

p.51-56

Aplicación del método electre para la evaluación de alternativas en la realización de un estudio de impacto ambiental

p.69-77

Evaluación del efecto de la fertilización con boro para híbridos de girasol en suelos haplustoles énticos de Gral. Pico, Departamento de Maracó, Prov. de La Pampa

p.45-49

Evaluación de la calidad de canal en cerdos vivos mediante ecografía lineal o real

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Kinetic studies of the effect of varnish on water loss by glass-ionomer cements

OBJECTIVES: This paper reports a study of the water loss behaviour of two commercial glass-ionomer cements coated with varnishes. METHODS: For each cement (Fuji IX Fast or Chemflex), specimens (6mmdiameterx2mm depth) were prepared and cured for 10min at 37 degrees C. They were exposed to a desiccating environment over H(2)SO(4) either uncoated or coated with the appropriate varnish (Fuji Varnish, a solvent-based lacquer, or Fuji Coat, a light-cured varnish). Four specimens were prepared for each material. They were weighed at hourly intervals for 6h, daily for up to 5 days, then weekly thereafter until equilibration. RESULTS: Unlike the uncoated specimens, water loss from varnished cements was not Fickian, but followed the form: mass loss=A/t+B, where t is time, A and B are constants specific to each cement/varnish combination. A varied from 1.22 to 1.30 (mean 1.26, standard deviation 0.04), whereas B varied from 1.54 to 2.09 (mean -1.83, standard deviation 0.29). At equilibrium, varnished specimens lost much less water than unvarnished ones (p>0.01) but there was no significant difference between the solvent-based and the light-cured varnishes. SIGNIFICANCE: Varnishes protect immature glass-ionomer cements from drying out by altering the mechanism of water loss. This slows the rate of drying but does not necessarily change the total amount of water retained. It confirms that, in clinical use, glass-ionomer restoratives should be varnished to allow them to mature satisfactorily.

Theory and practice of manual blood pressure management

This article outlines the process of taking a manual blood pressure measurement. The author suggests that it is a skill that nursing students should be using in clinical practice rather than relying on automated monitors.