基于TM影像的黑土区表层土壤有机碳空间格局研究

土壤有机碳是陆地生态系统的一个动态组成部分，其储量、分布及其转化在陆地碳循环中起着重要的作用，是土壤肥力的核心指标之一。土壤有机碳含量的多少及其空间分布特性受气候、母质、地形等结构性因子以及施肥、耕作等随机性因子的影响。作为陆地生态系统中的一个区域化随机变量，土壤有机碳在系统内部垂直和水平方向上发生变化的同时，参与大气圈和生物圈这两个碳库之间的循环。为了揭示土壤有机碳的空间分布特性，传统统计学、地统计学、遥感与地理信息系统等方法被相继引入且逐渐走向成熟，其中，利用遥感与地理信息系统相结合的方法来反演土壤有机碳库储量及其空间分布格局为越来越多的专家学者所重视。本文在对不同方法基本理论进行简单阐述的基础上，对利用Landsat TM影像分析表层土壤有机碳格局的可行性进行了分析，并就遥感技术在反演表层土壤有机碳的空间分布格局中的应用前景进行了展望。 以黑龙江省部分黑土地区为研究对象，在不同时空尺度下分析了表层土壤有机碳与Landsat TM影像的TM1－TM5、TM7六个波段以及由其计算出的NDVI、NDTI、NDI5、NDI7、NDSVI、SAVI、RDVI和MSAVI 8个遥感指数之间的相关性。结果表明当Landsat TM影像的成像时间为2002年9月份时：(1)小尺度下表层土壤有机碳与TM1极显著相关(r=0.32, p<0.01)，与TM2、TM3和NDSVI显著相关(p<0.05)，相关系数分别为r=0.27，r=-0.29，r=0.26。(2)大尺度下，表层土壤有机碳与TM1、TM2、TM5和NDI5存在极显著的正相关(p<0.01)，相关系数分别为r=0.30，r=0.34，r=0.35，r=0.32；而与NDI7之间存在显著相关性(r=0.27, p=0.02)。(3)当空间尺度一定时，在不同的时间尺度下与表层土壤有机碳具有显著相关性的遥感指标不同。(4)在大尺度下利用遥感技术测定法得到的回归模型对表层土壤有机碳空间分布格局具有较好的预测效果(R2=0.7097, p<0.05)；(5)在大尺度下海拔高于200 m的地区表层土壤有机碳浓度显著高于海拔低于200 m的地区(p<0.05)。 通过分别利用地统计方法和遥感技术测定法分析海伦市表层土壤有机碳的空间分布格局，以步长为6170m时球状模型对表层土壤有机碳进行了拟合并利用Kriging插值方法得到了海伦市表层土壤有机碳分布格局；将这一结果与我们利用Landsat TM影像通过遥感技术测定方法得到表层土壤有机碳空间格局进行比较发现：在精度一致的前提下，遥感技术测定法在所需样本数量约为地统计方法的一半，同时在所消耗的人力、物力以及在时间上的循环周期等方面，遥感技术测定方法与地统计方法相比也有着明显的优势。

TM数字图像处理中应用专家系统方法辅助土壤分类的研究——以吉林省农安县波罗泡窗口为例

本研究从探索新的、更有效的卫星遥感影像计算机辅助分类方法着眼，从在TM影像上识别土壤类型着手，将专家系统方法应用于到卫星遥感影像计算机辅助分类领域，并作了研究的尝试。通过RSCES在试验窗口区的初步工作结果可以看出，将专家系统方法引入到计算机辅助分类领域是可行的、实用的、有价值的，同时也代表了本领域的发展方向。在研究过程中可以得出以下几点认识。（1）目视判读经验表明，计算机对遥感影像的判读将从过去的单纯利用每个像元的光谱特征，发展到一个新的阶段，即对像元的空间关系以及多种辅助信息的综合应用；分析方法也将从精确的数学模型发展到应用判断性知识不确定性知识的专家系统分析。这代表了遥感图像计算机判读的发展方向。（2）在使用专家知识的基础上，各种辅助数据，包括地形图和原有专题力数据，寻于改善判读精度可以发挥重要的作用。（3）将专家系统应用于计算机辅助判读，目前国内外虽然做了一些工作，但还处于初期阶段，正处于发展完善之中，因此，专家系统的设计和建造没有现成的方法和严格的途径可资遵循。专家系统是一门多学科的交叉科目，在系统的建造过程中，尤其需要领域专家与系统设计人员的密切配合，相互合作。

基于TM影像的表层土壤有机碳空间格局

土壤有机碳是土壤肥力的核心指标之一,理解其空间分布格局对促进精准农业的发展和科学施肥具有重要意义。本研究旨在检验TM影像结合地面采样数据分析黑龙江省黑土分布区表层土壤有机碳空间分布格局的可行性。结果表明:1)表层土壤有机碳浓度与TM5波段呈显著正相关(r=0.553,P<0.01),与TM4、TM5波段影像像素值之间满足二次多项式回归关系(R2=0.6791,P<0.05);2)回归模型对表层土壤有机碳空间分布格局具有较好的预测效果(R2=0.7097,P<0.05);3)海拔高于200m的地区表层土壤有机碳浓度显著高于海拔低于200m的地区(P<0.05)。

基于TM影像和统计分析的林分参数估测研究(英文)

林业研究中的主要兴趣点之一在于通过经验或半经验模型建立林分参数与遥感影像数据间的相互关系来估测林分参数。基于覆盖美国佛罗里达州东北Duval县的遥感数据和两块样地清查数据,论文探讨了所选林分参数与TM影像光谱DN值间的相关性。相关性分析结果表明,单波段或植被指数对林分参数的解释能力低于50%,为此构建了林分参数与影像多波段间多元回归模型来估测林分参数。预测结果通过另一组数据验证,除林分密度外,其它参数估测可信度达75%以上。论文最后探讨了预测模型不足和需改进的地方,并指出该研究有助于更好地理解影像光谱值和林分参数间的关系。图1表2参9。

Analysis of spatio-temporal dynamic pattern and driving forces of urban land in China in 1990s using TM images and GIS

China has witnessed fast urban growth in the recent decade. This study analyzes spatio-temporal characteristics of urban expansion in China using satellite images and regionalization methods. Landsat TM images at three time periods, 1990/1991, 1995/1996, and 1999/2000, are interpreted to get 1:100000 vector land use datasets. The study calculates the urban land percentage and urban land expansion index of every 1 km(2) cell throughout China. The study divides China into 27 urban regions to conceive dynamic patterns of urban land changes. Urban development was achieving momentum in the western region, expanding more noticeably than in the previous five years, and seeing an increased growth percentage. Land use dynamic changes reflect the strong impacts of economic growth environments and macro-urban development policies. The paper helps to distinguish the influences of newly market-oriented forces from traditional administrative controls on China's urban expansion. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Uncertainties in estimates of cropland area in China: a comparison between an AVHRR-derived dataset and a Landsat TM-derived dataset

The large uncertainties in estimates of cropland area in China may have significant implications for major cross-cutting themes of global environmental change-food production and trade, water resources, and the carbon and nitrogen cycles. Many earlier studies have indicated significant under-reporting of cropland area in China from official agricultural census statistics datasets. Space-borne remote sensing analyses provide an alternative and independent approach for estimating cropland area in China. In this study, we report estimates of cropland area from the National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD-96) at the 1:100,000 scale, which was generated by a multi-year National Land Cover Project in China through visual interpretation and digitization of Landsat TM images acquired mostly in 1995 and 1996. We compared the NLCD-96 dataset to another land cover dataset at I-km spatial resolution (the IGBP DIScover dataset version 2.0), which was generated from monthly Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from April, 1992 to March, 1993. The data comparison highlighted the limitation and uncertainty of cropland area estimates from the DIScover dataset. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Self-Assembled Growth of Agln(MoO4)(2) Submicroplates into Hierarchical Structures and Their Near-Infrared Luminescent Properties

Layer-controlled hierarchical flowerlike AgIn(MoO4)(2) microstructures with "clean" surfaces using submicroplates as building blocks without introducing any template have been fabricated through a low-cost hydrothermal method. The near-infrared luminescence of lanthanide ion (Nd, Er, and Yb) doped AgIn(MoO4)(2) microstructures, in the 1300-1600 nm region, was discussed and is of particular interest for telecommunication applications. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and photoluminescence spectra were used to characterize these materials.

Synthesis and Luminescent Properties of LaAlO3:RE3+ (RE = Tm, Tb) Nanocrystalline Phosphors via a Sol-Gel Process

LaAlO3:Tm3+ and LaAlO3:Tb3+ phosphors were prepared through a Pechini-type sol-gel process. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), photoluminescence, and cathodoluminescence (CL) spectra were utilized to characterize the synthesized phosphors. The XRD results reveal that the fully crystalline pure LaAlO3 Phase can be obtained at 800 degrees C. The FE-SEM image indicates that the phosphor samples are composed of aggregated spherical particles with sizes ranging from 40 to 80 nm. Under the excitation of ultraviolet light (230 nm) and low-voltage electron beams (1-3 kV), the LaAlO3:Tm3+ and LaAlO3:Tb3+ phosphors show the characteristic emissions of Tb3+ (D-1(2)-> H-3(6,4),F-3(4) transitions) and Tm3+ (D-5(3,4)-> F-7(6,5,4,3) transitions) respectively. The CL of the LaAlO3:Tm3+ phosphors have high color purity and comparable intensity to the Y2SiO5:Ce3+ commercial product, and the CL colors of Tb3+-doped LaAlO3 phosphors can be tuned from blue to green by changing the doping concentration of Tb3+ to some extent.

Four New Lanthanide-Nitronyl Nitroxide (Ln(III)=Pr-III, Sm-III, Eu-III, Tm-III) Complexes and a Tb-III Complex Exhibiting Single-Molecule Magnet Behavior

Five new complexes based on rare-earth-radical [Ln(hfac)(3)(NIT-5-Br-3py)](2) (Ln=Pr (1), Sm (2), Eu (3), Tb (4), Tm (5); hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate; NIT-5-Br-3py = 2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-3-oxylimidazoline-1-oxide)-5-bromo-3-pyridine) have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystal diffraction. The single-crystal structures show that these complexes have similar structures, in which a NIT-5-Br-3py molecule acts as a bridging ligand linking two Ln(III) ions through the oxygen atom of the N-O group and nitrogen atom from the pyridine ring to form a four-spin system. Both static and dynamic magnetic properties were measured for complex 4, which exhibits single-molecule magnetism behavior.

Thermoluminescence studies of LiBa2B5O10 : RE3+ (RE = Dy, Tb and Tm)

LiBa2B5O10:RE3+ (RE = Dy, Tb and Tm) was synthesized by the method of high-temperature solid-state reaction and the thermoluminescence (TL) properties of the samples under the irradiation of the gamma-ray were studied. The result showed that Dy3+ ion was the most efficient activator. When the concentration of Dy3+ was 2 mol%, LiBa2B5O10:Dy3+ exhibited a maximum TL output. The kinetic parameter of LiBa2B5O10:0.02Dy was estimated by the peak shape method, for which the average activation energy was 0.757 eV and the frequency factor was 1.50 x 10(7) s(-1). By the three-dimensional (3D) TL spectrum, the TL of the sample was contributed to the characteristic f-f transition of DY3+. The dose-response of LiBa2B5O10:0.02Dy to gamma-ray was linear in the range from 1 to 1000 mGy. In addition, the decay of the TL intensity of LiBa2B5O10:0.02Dy was also investigated.

Preparation of borates doped with divalent rare earth ions (RE2+) in air and spectroscopy of divalent rare earth ions (RE2+ = Sm, Eu, Tm, Yb)

The spectroscopic feature of divalent Sm2+, Eu2+, Tm2+ and Yb2+ is discussed in this paper. Especially the spectroscopic properties of some berates containing tetrahedral BO4 group such as SrB4O7, SrB6O10 and BaB8O13 doped with these divalent ions are reported. When the divalent alkaline earth ion in these berates is replaced partially by the above trivalent rare earth ion, the charge carried in the produced defects can be used as reductant to reduce the doped rare earth ion into divalent state at high temperature even in air. Therefore, a convenient and safe method is provided to prepared phosphors doped with these divalent rare earths.

Tb~(3+)在YAG中的发光及Tb~(3+)与Tm~(3 +)间的能量传递

采用溶胶 -凝胶方法合成了系列化合物 (Y1 -x- yTbxTmy) 3Al5O1 2 ,研究了Tb3+在该化合物中的发光及其浓度对发光性质的影响 ,以及Tb3+与Tm3+间的能量传递现象。

The reduction of RE3+ in SrB6O10 prepared in air and the luminescence of SrB6O10 : RE2+ (RE=Eu, Sm, Tm)

The reduction of RE3+ to RE2+ (RE=Eu, Sm and Tm) in SrB6O10 prepared in air by high-temperature solid state reaction was observed. The luminescent properties of Eu2+ and Tm2+ show f-d transition and Sm2+ shows f-f transition at room temperature. Three crystallographic sites for Sm2+ in matrix are available. Vibronic transition of D-5(0)-F-7(0) of Sm2+ was studied. The coupled phonon energy about 108 cm(-1), was determined: from the vibronic transition. Due to the thermal population from D-5(0) level, (D1-FJ)-D-5-F-7 (J=0, 1, 2) transitions of Sm2+ were observed at room temperature. A charge compensation mechanism is proposed as a possible explanation.

Bond covalencies in R2BaCuO5 (R = Sm, Gd, Dy, Ho, Y, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu)

Bond covalencies in R2BaCuO5 (R = Sm, Gd, Dy, Ho, Y, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) were calculated by means of a semiempirical method. This method is the generalization of the dielectric description theory of Phillips-Van Vechten-Levine-Tanaka scheme. The present paper presents the formula concerning the decomposing of complex crystals which are usually anisotropic systems into the sum of binary crystals which are isotropic systems. It can be seen that although the bond covalency is related to many physical quantities, it is mainly influenced by bond valence or bond charge, and a higher bond valence will produce higher bond covalency.