Dioxouranium(VI) extraction in microchannels using ionic liquids

The extraction of uranium(VI) from aqueous nitric acid solutions by tributylphosphate {TBP; 30%(v/v)} dissolved in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}amide was investigated. The experiments were performed in a Teflon microchannel of 0.5 mm internal diameter, while the dioxouranium(VI) concentrations in the aqueous and the ionic liquid phases were determined by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The effects of initial nitric acid concentration (0.01-3 M), residence time, and phase flow rate ratio were studied. It was found that, with increasing nitric acid concentration, the percentage of dioxouranium(VI) extracted decreased and then increased again, while the extraction efficiency followed a slightly different trend. Overall mass transfer coefficients varied between 0.049 s and 0.312 s . © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Flow patterns and pressure drop of ionic liquid-water two-phase flows in microchannels

The two-phase flow of a hydrophobic ionic liquid and water was studied in capillaries made of three different materials (two types of Teflon, FEP and Tefzel, and glass) with sizes between 200µm and 270µm. The ionic liquid was 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}amide, with density and viscosity of 1420kgm and 0.041kgms, respectively. Flow patterns and pressure drop were measured for two inlet configurations (T- and Y-junction), for total flow rates of 0.065-214.9cmh and ionic liquid volume fractions from 0.05 to 0.8. The continuous phase in the glass capillary depended on the fluid that initially filled the channel. When water was introduced first, it became the continuous phase with the ionic liquid forming plugs or a mixture of plugs and drops within it. In the Teflon microchannels, the order that fluids were introduced did not affect the results and the ionic liquid was always the continuous phase. The main patterns observed were annular, plug, and drop flow. Pressure drop in the Teflon microchannels at a constant ionic liquid flow rate, was found to increase as the ionic liquid volume fraction decreased, and was always higher than the single phase ionic liquid value at the same flow rate as in the two-phase mixture. However, in the glass microchannel during plug flow with water as the continuous phase, pressure drop for a constant ionic liquid flow rate was always lower than the single phase ionic liquid value. A modified plug flow pressure drop model using a correlation for film thickness derived for the current fluids pair showed very good agreement with the experimental data. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

Rheological and heat transfer behaviour of the ionic liquid, [C(4)mim][NTf2]

Systematic experiments have been carried out on the thermal and rheological behaviour of the ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl} imide, [C(4)mim][NTf2], and, for the first time, on the forced convective heat transfer of an ionic liquid under the laminar flow conditions. The results show that the thermal conductivity of the ionic liquid is similar to 0.13 W m(-1) K-1, which is almost independent of temperature between 25 and 40 degrees C. Rheological measurements show that the [C(4)mim][NTf2] liquid is a Newtonian fluid with its shear viscosity decreasing with increasing temperature according to the exponential law over a temperature range of 20-90 degrees C. The convective heat transfer experiments demonstrate that the thermal entrance length of the ionic liquid is very large due to its high viscosity and low thermal conductivity. The convective heat transfer coefficient is observed to be much lower than that of distilled water under the same conditions. The convective heat transfer data are also found to fit well to the convectional Shah's equation under the conditions of this work. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

High pressure CO2 absorption studies on imidazolium-based ionic liquids:Experimental and simulation approaches

A combined experimental-computational study on the CO absorption on 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluophosphate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[trifluoromethylsulfonyl]imide, and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[trifluoromethylsulfonyl]imide ionic liquids is reported. The reported results allowed to infer a detailed nanoscopic vision of the absorption phenomena as a function of pressure and temperature. Absorption isotherms were measured at 318 and 338K for pressures up to 20MPa for ultrapure samples using a state-of-the-art magnetic suspension densimeter, for which measurement procedures are developed. A remarkable swelling effect upon CO absorption was observed for pressures higher than 10MPa, which was corrected using a method based on experimental volumetric data. The experimental data reported in this work are in good agreement with available literature isotherms. Soave-Redlich-Kwong and Peng-Robinson equations of state coupled with bi-parametric van der Waals mixing rule were used for successful correlations of experimental high pressure absorption data. Molecular dynamics results allowed to infer structural, energetic and dynamic properties of the studied CO+ionic liquids mixed fluids, showing the relevant role of the strength of anion-cation interactions on fluid volumetric properties and CO absorption. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.

On the scaling behavior of electric conductivity in [C(4)mim][NTf2]

In this work we examine, for the first time, the molar conductivity behavior of the deeply supercooled room temperature ionic liquid [C₄mim][NTf₂] in the temperature, pressure and volume thermodynamic space in terms of density scaling (TV^γ)⁻¹ combined with the equation of state (EOS). The exponent γ_σ determined from the Avramov model analysis is compared with the coefficient obtained from the viscosity studies carried out at moderate temperatures. Therefore, the experimental results presented herein provide the answer to the long-standing question regarding the validity of thermodynamic scaling of ionic liquids over a wide temperature range, i.e. from the normal liquid state to the glass transition point. Finally, we investigate the relationship between the dynamic and thermodynamic properties of [C₄mim][NTf₂] represented by scaling exponent γ and Grüneisen constant γ_G, respectively.

Acoustic and Volumetric Properties of Diluted Solutions of Water in Ionic Liquids

Herein, we report the densities and speeds of sound in binary mixtures of three hydrophobic and one hydrophilic ionic liquids: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide, [C4mim][NTf2], 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide, [C4mpyr][NTf2], 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide, [C3mim][NTf2] and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate, [C2mim][SCN], with water at 298.15 K and 0.1 MPa. The concentration range of water, which encompassed relatively small values well below the saturation point, is often regarded as an impurity for hydrophobic ionic liquids. On the basis of experimental results the molar volume, adiabatic molar compressibility, partial molar volume and apparent molar volume, as well as, partial molar and apparent molar isentropic compressibility properties were then calculated. Interesting results are obtained using the solutions based on the hydrophilic [C2mim][SCN], since these mixtures are characterized by relatively low density and high values of speed of sound. Furthermore, the partial molar volumes and partial molar adiabatic compressibilities of water in solution with [C2mim][SCN] are the lowest among the investigated in mixtures with ionic liquids. However, in the case of the hydrophobic ionic liquid solutions, only small differences are observed for molar adiabatic compressibilities with the change of the cation structure, i.e. for water + [C4mim][NTf2] or + [C4mpyr][NTf2]. A more pronounced difference has been observed for the partial molar compressibility of water in solutions with these two ionic liquids.

Olefin / Paraffin separation using Task-Specific Materials based on Ionic Liquids: Advances in Gas Processing

In this work, 1-hexene was extracted from its mixtures with n-hexane in varying ratios using a task specific ionic liquid. Herein, the ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate, [BMIM][NO3], was used and examined with and without the addition of a metal salt. The impact of water on both selectivity and distribution coefficient was also tested. Four potential metal salts were investigated, the results of which demonstrate that the dissolution of transition-metal salts in the IL improves the separation of 1-hexene from n-hexane through metal-olefin complexation. Additionally, the presence of water in IL solutions containing metal salt enhances this selectivity. Finally, UNIFAC was used to correlate the experimental LLE data with good accuracy.

Process for the preparation of heterocyclyl chalcogenones via reaction of elemental sulfur, selenium, or tellurium with heterocyclic cationic species.

Heterocyclic chalcogenones were prepd. by reaction of S, Se, or Te with ionic liqs. or salts [I; Ra = (substituted) alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkylaryl; Q = (unsatd.) (substituted) linker to form a ring of 5-10 members; X- = anion selected from conjugate bases of HX having a pKa value of >2.5]. Thus, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate was heated with stoichiometric S at 75° for 48 h to give 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole-2-thione. [on SciFinder(R)]

Síntese e estudos estruturais de novos materiais luminescentes

A presente dissertação teve como objectivo a síntese, caracterização e estudo das propriedades luminescentes de complexos livres e/ou imobilizados no material mesoporoso MCM-41. Na primeira parte estudaram-se complexos do tipo, Eu(NTA)3L2, onde NTA corresponte ao β-dicetonato 1-(2-naftoil)-3,3,3-trifluoro-acetonato, e L2 aos ligandos bidentados de azoto derivados do pirazolilpiridina e L aos ligandos monodentados (etil-4-piridilacetato, água, piridina e metilfenilsulfóxido). Alguns destes ligandos foram imobilizados e/ou impregnados no MCM-41, tendo-se posteriormente complexado o fragmento Eu(NTA)3. Na segunda parte estudou-se o efeito do contra-ião no complexo C[Eu(NTA)4], usando os catiões (C): tetrabutilamónio [NBu4]+, 1-butil-3-metilimidazolilo [C4mim]+ e 1-butil-3-metilpiridínio [C4mpy]+. O anião [Eu(NTA)4]- foi imobilizado no MCM-41 derivatizado com grupos 1-propil-3-metilimidazolilo. Todos os complexos preparados foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de análise elementar, termogravimetria, espectroscopias vibracionais (Infravermelho e Raman) e de ressonância magnética nuclear, e os materiais preparados foram adicionalmente analisados por difracção de raios-X de pós e ressonância magnética nuclear de estado sólido. Foram também estudadas as propriedades fotoluminescentes dos compostos, e para facilitar a análise dos resultados, nalguns casos foram preparados e caracterizados os compostos análogos de gadolínio.

Integration of geochemical and biological modifications in mining areas: waters, sediments and diatoms

The development of mining activities over thousands of years in the region of Aljustrel is nowadays visible as a vast area of ore tailings, slag and host rocks of sulphides mineralization. The generation of acidic waters by the alteration of pyritic minerals - Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) - causes a significant impact on the river system both in the south of the village (Rib ª. Água Forte) and in the north of it (Rib ª. Água Azeda and Barranco do Farrobo), which is reflected in extremely low pH values (< 3) and high concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn and sulphates. This study aimed to assess the environmental impacts extent, integrating geochemical (surface waters and stream sediments) and biological (diatoms) parameters. Three groups of sites were defined, based on sediments and water analysis, which integration with diatom data showed the same association of groups: Group 1- impacted, with acidic pH (1.9-5.1), high metal contents (0.4-1975 mg L-1) and Fe-Mg-sulphate waters, being metals more bioavailable in waters in cationic form (Me2+); mineralogically the sediments were characterized by phyllosilicates and sulphates/oxy-hydroxysulphate phases, easily solubilized, retaining a high amount of metals when precipitated; dominant taxon was Pinnularia aljustrelica (a new species); Group 2- slightly impacted, weak acid to neutral pH (5.0-6.8), metal contents not so high (0.2-25 mg L-1) and Fe-Mg-sulphate to Mg-chloride waters; dominant taxa were Brachysira neglectissima and Achnanthidium minutissimum; Group 3- unimpacted, alkaline pH (7.0-8.4), low metal contents (0-7 mg L-1) with Mg-chloride waters. In this group, metals were associated to the primary phases (e.g. sulphides), not so easily available; the existence of high chloride contents explained the presence of typical taxa of brackish/marine (e.g. Entomoneis paludosa) waters. Taxonomical aspects of the diatoms were studied (discovery of a new species: Pinnularia aljustrelica Luis, Almeida et Ector sp. nov.), as well as morphometric (size decrease of diatoms valves, as well as the appearance of deformed valves of Eunotia exigua in Group 1 and A. minutissimum in Group 2) and physiological (effective to assess the effects of metals/acidity in the photosynthetic efficiency through PAM Fluorometry) aspects. A study was carried out in an artificial river system (microcosm) that aimed to mimic Aljustrel’s extreme conditions in controlled laboratory conditions. The chronic effects of Fe, SO42- and acidity in field biofilms, inoculated in the artificial rivers, were evaluated as well as their contribution to the communities’ tolerance to metal toxicity, through acute tests with two metals (Cu and Zn). In general, the effects caused by low pH values and high concentrations of Fe and SO42- were reflected at the community level by the decrease in diversity, the predominance of acidophilic species, the decrease in photosynthetic efficiency and the increase of enzymatic (e.g. catalase, superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic activities (e.g. total glutathione and total phytochelatins). However, it was possible to verify that acidity performed a protective effect in the communities, upon Cu and Zn addition. A comparative study between Aljustrel mining area and New Brunswick mining area was carried out, both with similar mining and geological conditions, reflected in similar diatom communities in both mines, but in very different geographic and climatic areas.

Novos materiais com polioxotungstatos substituídos com metais d e f

The present work reports studies on the new compounds obtained by the combination of polyoxoanions derived from the Keggin and Lindquist structures with several cations. The studies were first focused on the monolacunary Keggin polyoxoanions [PW11O39M(H2O)]n- (M = FeIII, MnIII and n = 4; M = CoII and n = 5) and its combination with the organic cation 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (Bmim+). The association of Bmim+ cation with the polyoxoanion [PW11O39Fe(H2O)]4- allowed to isolate for the first time both the monomeric and the dimeric [PW11O39Fe)2O]10- anions, with the same cation and using simple bench techniques by pH manipulation. Studies regarding the stability of these inorganic species in solution indicated that both species are present in solution in equilibrium. However, the inability to up until now isolate the dimeric unit through simple bench methods, lead to the hypothesis that the cation had a role to play in the selective precipitation of either the monomer or the dimer. Repetition of the same procedures with the polyoxoanions [SiW11O39Fe(H2O)]5- and [PW11O39M(H2O)]n- (M = FeIII, MnIII and n = 4; M = Co and n = 5), afforded only the corresponding monomeric compounds, (Bmim)5[SiW11O39FeIII(H2O)]· 4H2O (3), (Bmim)5[PW11O39CoII(H2O)]· 0.5 H2O, (4) and (Bmim)5[PW11O39MnIII(H2O)]· 0.5 H2O (5). Moreover, the combination of Bmim+ and the polyoxotungstate [PW11O39Co(H2O)]5- afforded two different crystal structures, depending on the synthetic conditions. Thus, a ratio Bmim+:POM of 5:1 and the presence of K+ cations (due to addition of KOH) led to a formula Na2K(Bmim)2[PW11.2O39Co0.8(H2O)]·7H2O (4a), whilst a ratio Bmim:POM of 7:1 led to the formation of a crystal with the chemical formula Na2(Bmim)8[PW11O39Co(H2O)]2·3H2O (4b). Electrochemical studies were performed with carbon paste electrodes modified with BmimCl to investigate the influence of the Bmim+ cation in the performance of the electrodes. The voltametric measurements obtained from solutions containing the anions [PW11O39]7- and [SiW11O39]8- are presented. Results pointed to an improvement of the acquired voltametric signal with a slight addition of BmimCl (up to 2.5% w/w), specially in the studies regarding pH variation. Additional synthesis were carried out with both the cations Omim+ and THTP+.

Construction and evaluation of cysteine selective electrodes for FIA analysis of pharmaceuticals

A flow injection analysis (FIA) system comprising a cysteine selective electrode as detection system was developed for determination of this amino acid in pharmaceuticals. Several electrodes were constructed for this purpose, having PVC membranes with different ionic exchangers and mediator solvents. Better working characteristics were attained with membranes comprising o-nitrophenyl octyl ether as mediator solvent and a tetraphenylborate based ionic-sensor. Injection of 500 µL standard solutions into an ionic strength adjuster carrier (3x10-3 M) of barium chloride flowing at 2.4mL min-1, showed linearity ranges from 5.0x10-5 to 5.0x10-3 M, with slopes of 76.4±0.6mV decade-1 and R2>0.9935. Slope decreased significantly under the requirement of a pH adjustment, selected at 4.5. Interference of several compounds (sodium, potassium, magnesium, barium, glucose, fructose, and sucrose) was estimated by potentiometric selectivity coefficients and considered negligible. Analysis of real samples were performed and considered accurate, with a relative error to an independent method of +2.7%.

Sels d’imidazolium avec des anions catalytiques : vers le développement de nouveaux catalyseurs bio-hybrides actifs en milieu liquide ionique

Les liquides ioniques connaissent depuis quelques décennies un essor particulier en raison de leurs nombreuses propriétés physico-chimiques intéressantes, telles qu’une faible pression de vapeur saturante, une viscosité limitée, une faible miscibilité avec la plupart des solvants communs, ou encore des propriétés d’agencement supramoléculaire, qui en font des outils puissants dans de nombreux domaines de la chimie. Les sels d’imidazolium représentent la plus grande famille de liquides ioniques à ce jour. Leur modulabilité leur permet d’être dérivés pour de nombreuses applications spécifiques, notamment en synthèse organique, où ils sont utilisés majoritairement comme solvants, et plus récemment comme catalyseurs. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse se concentrent sur leur utilisation en synthèse organique, à la fois comme solvants et principalement comme catalyseurs chiraux, catalyseurs pour lesquels l’anion du sel est l’espèce catalytique, permettant d’ajouter de la flexibilité et de la mobilité au système. En tirant parti de la tolérance des liquides ioniques envers la majorité des macromolécules naturelles, l’objectif principal des travaux présentés dans cette thèse est le développement d’un nouveau type de catalyseur bio-hybride reposant sur l’encapsulation d’un sel d’imidazolium dans une protéine. Par le biais de la technologie biotine-avidine, l’inclusion supramoléculaire de sels d’imidazolium biotinylés portant des contre-anions catalytiques dans l’avidine a été réalisée et exploitée en catalyse. Dans un premier temps, le développement et l’étude de deux sels de 1-butyl-3-méthylimidazolium possédant des anions chiraux dérivés de la trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline sont rapportés, ainsi que leur comportement dans des réactions énantiosélectives d’aldol et d’addition de Michael. Ces types de composés se sont révélés actifs et performants en milieu liquide ionique. Dans un second temps, la préparation de sels d’imidazolium dont le cation est biotinylé et portant un contre-anion achiral, a été réalisée. Le comportement de l’avidine en milieu liquide ionique et son apport en termes de chiralité sur le système bio-hybride ont été étudiés. Les résultats montrent le rôle crucial des liquides ioniques sur la conformation de la protéine et l’efficacité du catalyseur pour des réactions d’aldol. Dans un dernier temps, l’influence de la structure du cation et de l’anion sur le système a été étudiée. Différents espaceurs ont été introduits successivement dans les squelettes cationiques et anioniques des sels d’imidazolium biotinylés. Dans le cas du cation, les résultats ne révèlent aucune influence majeure sur l’efficacité du catalyseur. La structure de l’anion se montre cependant beaucoup plus importante : la préparation de différents catalyseurs bio-hybrides possédant des anions aux propriétés physico-chimiques différentes a permis d’obtenir de plus amples informations sur le mode de fonctionnement du système bio-hybride et de la coopérativité entre l’avidine et l’anion du sel d’imidazolium.La nature ionique de la liaison cation-anion offrant une liberté de mouvement accrue à l’anion dans la protéine, la tolérance à différents substrats a également été abordée après optimisation du système.

Three substituted 4-pyrazolylbenzoates: hydrogen-bonded supramolecular structures in one, two and three dimensions

The molecules of ethyl 4-(5-amino-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1yl) benzoate, C13H15N3O2, are linked by two independent N-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds into a chain of edge-fused and alternating R-4(2)(8) and R-2(2)(20) rings. A combination of N-H center dot center dot center dot N and N-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds links the molecules of methyl 4-(5-amino-3-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) benzoate, C15H19N3O2, into sheets of alternating R-2(2)(20) and R-6(6)(32) rings. In 4-(5-amino-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) benzoic acid monohydrate, C11H11N3O2 center dot H2O, the molecular components are linked into a three-dimensional framework structure by a combination of five independent hydrogen bonds, two of O-H center dot center dot center dot N type and one each of O-H center dot center dot center dot O, N-H center dot center dot center dot O and N-H center dot center dot center dot N types