Otimização de injeção sobre tecidos pré-impregnados

A otimização é aplicada constantemente como método de aperfeiçoamento, desde os problemas quotidianos, aos problemas mais complexos de matemática e engenharia. A Natureza há milhões de anos que aplica eficazmente otimização em todos os seus ínfimos sistemas de forma a manter o equilíbrio. Estes processos naturais de aperfeiçoamento serviram de inspiração a diversos autores para o desenvolvimento de algoritmos de otimização. Quatro algoritmos bio-inspirados, na sua forma de otimização mono-objetivo e um algoritmo multi-objetivo são utilizados para efetuar otimização do problema do ciclo de injeção. A indústria dos moldes como conhecida pioneira no desenvolvimento tecnológico, necessita de constante aperfeiçoamento e otimização dos seus processos. A redução do tempo de ciclo é um dos principais focos de otimização pois determina fortemente o custo da peça a produzir. A procura de novos conceitos de injeção, em que se pretende produzir peças com gradientes funcionais, levaram à criação de uma nova ferramenta molde para o processamento de tecidos pré impregnados com polímero (prepreg). A introdução de novas etapas no ciclo de injeção, criaram a necessidade de uma nova formulação, de forma a modelar o processamento dos prepregs. A otimização efetuada pelos algoritmos bio-inspirados à nova formulação pretende minimizar o tempo de ciclo e obter parâmetros de processamento ideais, tais como as dimensões ideais dos canais de alimentação temperaturas e pressões de processamento. A otimização mono-objetivo tem um único objetivo, a minimização do tempo de ciclo. A otimização multi-objetivo tem como objetivos a minimização do tempo de ciclo, da queda de pressão e volume de abastecimento. Para que o princípio da sobre moldação fosse aplicado a esta nova técnica de processamento, são apresentados os métodos existentes, para que se possa criar um paralelismo e prever a adesão do polímero ao tecido. Da mesma forma é apresentado o estudo efetuado sobre a compatibilidade de materiais e as suas condições de processamento. Como resultado final, surge a ferramenta que permite a sobre-moldação, ou seja, o molde projetado, respeitando as dimensões e parâmetros obtidos pelo melhor resultado dos algoritmos mono-objetivo.

ESTUDO COMPARATIVO ENTRE A ANÁLISE FACIAL SUBJETIVA E ANÁLISE CEFALOMÉTRICA DE TECIDOS MOLES NO DIAGNÓSTICO ORTODÔNTICO

O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar a concordância entre a Análise facial subjetiva, proposta por CAPELOZZA FILHO e a Análise Cefalométrica de Tecidos Moles, de ARNETT; McLAUGHLIN. Fotografias de frente e de perfil e telerradiografias em norma lateral padronizadas, de 50 indivíduos, com média de idade de 24 anos e 1 mês foram utilizadas para a avaliação. Verificou-se também nos indivíduos classificados como Padrão I, a correspondência dos valores médios e dos desvios-padrão das medidas obtidas, com os valores normativos da Análise Cefalométrica dos Tecidos Moles para os indivíd uos com harmonia facial. Constatou-se em indivíduos do Padrão I que os lábios sempre se encontram à frente da Linha Vertical Verdadeira, e que apesar de grandes variações do ponto pogônio, ainda é mantido o equilíbrio facial. Os resultados demonstraram que a Análise facial subjetiva eficiente na classificação do padrão facial.

Análise imunoistoquímica após terapia fotodinâmica com cloro-alumínio ftalocianina em tecidos gengivais de humanos

Although photodynamic therapy have been used as a useful tool over the past 30 years in oncology, few clinical trials have been conducted in dentistry. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses non - toxic photosensitizers and selective which are administered in target cells followed by local application of visible light, producing reactive oxygen species capable of causing cell death by apoptosis or necrosis, injured the local vasculature, and exert important effects on the im mune system. New generations of photosensitizing agents, such as nanoparticulate phthalocyanines, has shown excellent results in antitumor and antibacterial activity . In this context, the present work constitutes the first clinical protocol of local appli cation of nanoemulsion chloro - aluminum phthalocyanine (AlClFc) followed by irradiation in human gingiva, and analyzed descriptively and comparatively , by means of immunohistochemistry , the expression of RANK , RANKL , OPG and VEGF in a split - mouth model . Eight healthy volunteers with clinical indication for extraction were included in the study . Seven days before the extraction, was injected in the gingiva of participants, 5 μ M of nanoemulsion AlClFc followed by irra diation with diode laser (660nm , 7 J/cm2 ), the contralateral side was used as control. Tissue specimens were removed seven days after the TFD is performed. Tissues sample were divided into two groups (test and con trol groups) for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Patients were monitored at days, 0, 7, 14 and 30 to assess adverse effects of the therapy. Vascular alterations were seen in gingival samples that received PDT. Areas of edema and vascular con gestion, and intense vascularization were viewed . Additionally, dystrophic calcification in subepithelial region were observed in the test group. The results showed a similar pattern of immunostaining scores of RANK, RANKL and VEGF between the test and co ntrol groups, with no statistically significant difference (p = 0.317, p = 0.777, p = 0 .814, respectively). RANK and RANKL exhibited weak or absent immunostaining in most specimens analyzed. There was n o immunostaining for OPG. VEGF showed moderate to stro ng immunostaining in specimens from the test group. In addition, the clinical study showed that therapy was well tolerated by all patients. Adverse effects were short - time and completely reversible. Taken together, the results presented in this study showe d that PDT mediated by nanoemulsion containing AlClPc is safe for clinical application in gingival tissue and suggests that a strong immunostaining for VEGF after therapy .

Avaliação do efeito do liraglutida nos tecidos muscular e adiposo e nos parâmetros bioquímicos em camundongos Swiss submetidos à dieta de cafeteria e a atividade física

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by adipose tissue formation excess leading to an increase in body fat mass, of multifactorial origin, produced mainly by poor eating habits combined with a sedentary lifestyle. Data consider obesity as a serious disease that affects the world's population, ranking fifth in death rates. Faced with this situation, individuals seek, increasingly, means to lose weight with less physical effort and food. In 2009 and 2010 the drug liraglutide was lauched in order to reduce weight in individuals with diabetes mellitus type 2, thus avoiding the emergence of other diseases. The aggravating factor is that obese nondiabetic individuals are making use of this substance, even if its use is not authorized by ANVISA (Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency). Thus the objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of liraglutide for muscle or fat tissues and biochemical parameters in Swiss mice submitted to cafeteria diet and physical activity. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use - CEUA (nº003 Protocol / 2014). For this study 74 animals (Swiss mice) were used, divided as follows: in the initial phase of this study, we carried out a pilot study (n = 10) divided into a control group (PCON) (n = 5) and cafeteria group (PCAF) (n = 5), in order to evaluate a cafeteria diet which was both attractive to the animals and that could provide an increase in adipose tissue. After the induction of the diet, animals were euthanized and as a result, the animals in the PCAF group showed an intra-abdominal adiposity 0.74 ± 0.05 g, taken as the parameter for increasing fat in animals. Subsequently the study base was conducted for this research where animals were used (n = 64) divided into 2 groups: the Cafeteria Study Base Group (EBCAF) divided as follows: cafeteria + exercise + liraglutide (CEL) (n = 8), cafeteria + exercise + saline (CES) (n = 8), cafeteria + liraglutide (CL) (n = 8) and cafeteria + saline (CS) (n = 8). The Chow Study Base group (EBR) was divided into: exercise + liraglutide (EL) (n = 8), exercise + saline + (ES) (n = 8), liraglutide (L) (n = 8) and saline solution (SS) (n = 8). All animals went through the submission process to the cafeteria diet, followed by exercise protocol through swimming and treatment with the test substance intraperitoneally (200 mg / mL / kg). After the treatments, the animals were euthanized and had the following parameters evaluated: the muscle tissue mass, adipose tissue mass and biochemical parameters. It was observed that the processing done with the exercise-associated liraglutide reduced adipose tissue mass significantly (0.32 ± 0.05 g) compared to the saline group (0.53 ± 0.07 g). There were no changes in the muscle tissue of the group which was treated and exercised (1.39 ± 0.03 g) compared to the saline group (1.33 ± 0.03 g). Regarding biochemical parameters it was evident that there were changes in these parameters. Interesting to note that, although blood glucose values have been changed, the animals did not become diabetic. Thus, it appears that physical activity together with liraglutide is eficcient to the loss of intraabdominal adipose tissue and the maintenance of lean body mass thereby generating a satisfactory result in the pursuit of quality of life and disease prevention.

Avaliação do efeito do liraglutida nos tecidos muscular e adiposo e nos parâmetros bioquímicos em camundongos Swiss submetidos à dieta de cafeteria e a atividade física

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by adipose tissue formation excess leading to an increase in body fat mass, of multifactorial origin, produced mainly by poor eating habits combined with a sedentary lifestyle. Data consider obesity as a serious disease that affects the world's population, ranking fifth in death rates. Faced with this situation, individuals seek, increasingly, means to lose weight with less physical effort and food. In 2009 and 2010 the drug liraglutide was lauched in order to reduce weight in individuals with diabetes mellitus type 2, thus avoiding the emergence of other diseases. The aggravating factor is that obese nondiabetic individuals are making use of this substance, even if its use is not authorized by ANVISA (Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency). Thus the objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of liraglutide for muscle or fat tissues and biochemical parameters in Swiss mice submitted to cafeteria diet and physical activity. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use - CEUA (nº003 Protocol / 2014). For this study 74 animals (Swiss mice) were used, divided as follows: in the initial phase of this study, we carried out a pilot study (n = 10) divided into a control group (PCON) (n = 5) and cafeteria group (PCAF) (n = 5), in order to evaluate a cafeteria diet which was both attractive to the animals and that could provide an increase in adipose tissue. After the induction of the diet, animals were euthanized and as a result, the animals in the PCAF group showed an intra-abdominal adiposity 0.74 ± 0.05 g, taken as the parameter for increasing fat in animals. Subsequently the study base was conducted for this research where animals were used (n = 64) divided into 2 groups: the Cafeteria Study Base Group (EBCAF) divided as follows: cafeteria + exercise + liraglutide (CEL) (n = 8), cafeteria + exercise + saline (CES) (n = 8), cafeteria + liraglutide (CL) (n = 8) and cafeteria + saline (CS) (n = 8). The Chow Study Base group (EBR) was divided into: exercise + liraglutide (EL) (n = 8), exercise + saline + (ES) (n = 8), liraglutide (L) (n = 8) and saline solution (SS) (n = 8). All animals went through the submission process to the cafeteria diet, followed by exercise protocol through swimming and treatment with the test substance intraperitoneally (200 mg / mL / kg). After the treatments, the animals were euthanized and had the following parameters evaluated: the muscle tissue mass, adipose tissue mass and biochemical parameters. It was observed that the processing done with the exercise-associated liraglutide reduced adipose tissue mass significantly (0.32 ± 0.05 g) compared to the saline group (0.53 ± 0.07 g). There were no changes in the muscle tissue of the group which was treated and exercised (1.39 ± 0.03 g) compared to the saline group (1.33 ± 0.03 g). Regarding biochemical parameters it was evident that there were changes in these parameters. Interesting to note that, although blood glucose values have been changed, the animals did not become diabetic. Thus, it appears that physical activity together with liraglutide is eficcient to the loss of intraabdominal adipose tissue and the maintenance of lean body mass thereby generating a satisfactory result in the pursuit of quality of life and disease prevention.

Epítese gengival removível: alternativa estética e de rápida resolução para repor tecidos periodontais anteriores

The gingiva, part of the masticatory mucosa tissue that covers the alveolar process and surrounds the cervical portion of teeth, has a definitive shape and texture associated with the eruption of teeth. Therefore, it must be included in rehabilitative planning, as the absence of papillae induces problems with esthetics, phonetics and food-impaction. The purpose of the present study was to approach the indications, limitations and techniques for making a removable artificial gingiva made of acrylic resin, by reporting on a clinical case. The patient, a 29-year-old woman, with the sequelae of periodontal disease, presented loss of interdental papilla causing “black holes”. She was dissatisfied with the esthetic appearance of her teeth, and also complained of long teeth and air escaping when she spoke. As treatment, prosthetic reconstruction was proposed, by means of a removable artificial gingiva (gingival epithesis) to simulate the presence of interdental papillae, providing better esthetics and phonetics. Gingival epithesis is an easily made, inserted and hygienically cleaned appliance that provides a simple and safe alternative solution for cases in which surgical techniques are limited.

Epítese gengival removível: alternativa estética e de rápida resolução para repor tecidos periodontais anteriores

The gingiva, part of the masticatory mucosa tissue that covers the alveolar process and surrounds the cervical portion of teeth, has a definitive shape and texture associated with the eruption of teeth. Therefore, it must be included in rehabilitative planning, as the absence of papillae induces problems with esthetics, phonetics and food-impaction. The purpose of the present study was to approach the indications, limitations and techniques for making a removable artificial gingiva made of acrylic resin, by reporting on a clinical case. The patient, a 29-year-old woman, with the sequelae of periodontal disease, presented loss of interdental papilla causing “black holes”. She was dissatisfied with the esthetic appearance of her teeth, and also complained of long teeth and air escaping when she spoke. As treatment, prosthetic reconstruction was proposed, by means of a removable artificial gingiva (gingival epithesis) to simulate the presence of interdental papillae, providing better esthetics and phonetics. Gingival epithesis is an easily made, inserted and hygienically cleaned appliance that provides a simple and safe alternative solution for cases in which surgical techniques are limited.

Efeitos da terapia fotodinâmica com aluminio – cloro ftalocianina sobre a peroxidação lipídica e produtos antioxidantes em tecidos inflamados animais

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) consists of a non-toxic photosensitizing agent (FS) administration followed by a laser source resulting in a sequence of photochemical and photobiological processes that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damaging cells. The present work evaluated the effects of PDT nanoemulsion-aluminum chloride phthalocyanine (AlClFc) mediated on malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels, which represent indicators involved in oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses. For this purpose, this study used 120 female rats of the Rattus norvegicus species, Wistar race, divided into 5 groups: Healthy (H), with periodontal disease (PD), with periodontal disease and treatment with FS (F), with periodontal disease and treatment with the laser (L); and periodontal disease and treatment with PDT (FL). An experimental model for represent periodontal disease (PD) was induced by ligature (split-mouth). Seven days later the induction of PD, the treatments were instituted according to the groups. In the group treated with PDT was applied 40μl FS (5μM) followed by laser irradiation diode InGaAlP (660nm, 100J / cm2). The rats were sacrificed on the 7th and 28th day after treatment and tissue specimens were removed and subjected to histological, immunohistochemical methods and enzymatic colorimetric measurements with detection by UV / VIS spectroscopy. Inflammatory changes, connective tissue disorganization and alveolar bone loss were displaying in groups with PD induced. The enzyme dosages showed that MDA levels were higher in PD induced groups, with no statistically significant differences (p> 0.05). High levels of GSH were found in groups L (p = 0.028) and FL (p = 0.028) compared with PD group, with statistically significant differences. Immunohistochemistry for SOD showed higher immunostaining in L and FL groups, compared to the PD group without statistically significant differences (p> 0.05). GPx showed lower immunoreactivity in the DP group when compared to the other groups and statistically significant differences were observed between the DPxL groups (p <0.05). TFD administered in this experiment did not induce elevation of MDA levels significantly increased the GSH levels and showed intense immunostaining pada SOD and GPx, showing that this therapy does not accentuated lipid peroxidation, however, it was able to induce effects on the antioxidant defenses processes. The LBI therapy appeared to show photomodulatory promoting effects reduction of the MDA levels, increasing GSH levels and with intense immunostaining for SOD and GPx, demonstrating that laser therapy induced antioxidant effects.

Correção de colapsos da crista alveolar com tecidos duros

Introdução: Uma adequada planificação é condição sine qua non para o êxito do tratamento com implantes. No entanto, nem sempre a colocação dos implantes na posição tridimensional ideal é, logo à partida, viável. Neste contexto, a correção dos colapsos da crista óssea com tecidos duros assume especial importância. Objetivos: O objetivo desta revisão narrativa é avaliar a eficácia dos diversos procedimentos existentes para aumento do rebordo com tecidos duros, de forma a facilitar a escolha do tratamento ideal. Materiais e Métodos: Pesquisou-se nas bases de dados MEDLINE, B-on e Google Académico. As palavras-chave utilizadas foram: “guided bone regeneration”, “ridge augmentation”, “seibert classification”, “alveolar bone splitting”, “horizontal bone augmentation” e “vertical bone augmentation”. Deu-se especial ênfase a revisões sistemáticas e meta-análises. A pesquisa foi limitada a artigos publicados em inglês, espanhol e em português até abril de 2016. Foram ainda consultados os livros “Tratado de Periodontia Clínica e Implantologia Oral” de Lindhe et al. (2005), “Implantes Dentais Contemporâneos” de Misch et al. (2009) e “Reabilitação com implantes endo-ósseos” de Alcoforado et al. (2008). Resultados: De um modo geral, todos os procedimentos analisados obtiveram altas taxas de sobrevivência aquando da reabilitação com implantes. No entanto, não houve diferenças significativas entre as diversas técnicas que possam levar a uma conclusão relevante sobre qual a melhor técnica a utilizar para este tipo de procedimento. Conclusão: Há evidências insuficientes para sugerir qual a técnica que deve ser preferida para o aumento de rebordo com tecidos duros, pelo que mais estudos são necessários.

A aplicação de plasma rico em plaquetas na regeneração dos tecidos periodontais

O periodonto é uma unidade biológica e funcional, constituída pela gengiva, pelo cemento, pelo ligamento periodontal e pelo osso alveolar. O seu processo de cicatrização envolve mecanismos fisiológicos complexos que requerem a ação dos fatores de crescimento, péptidos oriundos da desgranulação das plaquetas. Neste sentido surge o Plasma Rico em Plaquetas como um produto autólogo, obtido a partir da centrifugação do sangue do próprio paciente e que visa melhorar a cicatrização dos tecidos após procedimentos enquadrados na Medicina Dentária. Esta revisão bibliográfica baseou-se numa pesquisa realizada na base de dados MEDLINE, via pubmed. Foram utilizadas as palavras-chave “plasma rich in growth factors”, “platelet-rich plasma”, “oral surgery”, “dental implants”, “sinus lift”, “third molar surgery” e “bone regeneration”. Após leitura de 40 artigos, foram descartados 9 pela sua pouca relevância no contexto. O objetivo é avaliar a efetividade da aplicação de plasma rico em plaquetas na regeneração dos tecidos periodontais em situações clínicas como alvéolos pós-extracionais, cirurgias de implantes, cirurgias de elevação do seio maxilar e na regeneração óssea. A efetividade em tecidos moles parece ser consensual. A efetividade no tecido ósseo é alvo de contradição entre os diversos autores, concluindo-se que há necessidade de mais estudos randomizados e controlados para que se possa responder à questão com evidência científica suficiente.

Efeitos bioquímicos da exposição ao nanomaterial óxido de grafeno em diferentes tecidos do camarão branco (Litopenaeus vannamei; Crustacea, Decapoda), através da suplementação na ração

O desenvolvimento da nanotecnologia vem se intensificando nos últimos anos. Sendo que os NM já estão sendo utilizados em vários produtos disponíveis no mercado. Dentre os NM mais utilizados estão os compostos de carbono que embora sejam compostos somente por este elemento podem ter estruturas diferentes que refletem em suas aplicações e possivelmente em seus efeitos. Dentre os NM de carbono, o grafeno e o óxido de grafeno apresentam promissoras características que ampliam sua utilização em diversos segmentos desde eletrônicos até a distribuição de medicamentos. A intensificação da produção e utilização destes NM é acompanhada pela liberação destes nanomateriais no ambiente que pode afetar os organismos vivos, principalmente os animais aquáticos. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos do óxido de grafeno em crustáceos de importância comercial como é o caso do camarão branco Litopenaeus vannamei. Portanto, a presente dissertação teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos biológicos da exposição ao óxido de grafeno em diferentes tecidos do camarão.

Cuidados de enfermagem à pessoa em situação neurocrítica, potencial dadora de órgãos/tecidos.

Relatório de Trabalho de Projeto apresentado para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Enfermagem Médico-Cirúrgica