239 resultados para performative


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The Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein famously proposed a style of philosophy that was directed against certain pictures [bild] that tacitly direct our language and forms of life. His aim was to show the fly the way out of the fly bottle and to fight against the bewitchment of our intelligence by means of language: “A picture held us captive. And we could not get outside it, for it lay in our language and language seemed to repeat it to us inexorably” (Wittgenstein 1953, 115). In this context Wittgenstein is talking of philosophical pictures, deep metaphors that have structured our language but he does also use the term picture in other contexts (see Owen 2003, 83). I want to appeal to Wittgenstein in my use of the term ideology to refer to the way in which powerful underlying metaphors in neoclassical economics have a strong rhetorical and constitutive force at the level of public policy. Indeed, I am specifically speaking of the notion of ‘the performative’ in Wittgenstein and Austin. The notion of the knowledge economy has a prehistory in Hayek (1937; 1945) who founded the economics of knowledge in the 1930s, in Machlup (1962; 1970), who mapped the emerging employment shift to the US service economy in the early 1960s, and to sociologists Bell (1973) and Touraine (1974) who began to tease out the consequences of these changes for social structure in the post-industrial society in the early 1970s. The term has been taken up since by economists, sociologists, futurists and policy experts recently to explain the transition to the so-called ‘new economy’. It is not just a matter of noting these discursive strands in the genealogy of the ‘knowledge economy’ and related or cognate terms. We can also make a number of observations on the basis of this brief analysis. First, there has been a succession of terms like ‘postindustrial economy’, ‘information economy’, ‘knowledge economy’, ‘learning economy’, each with a set of related concepts emphasising its social, political, management or educational aspects. Often these literatures are not cross-threading and tend to focus on only one aspect of phenomena leading to classic dichotomies such as that between economy and society, knowledge and information. Second, these terms and their family concepts are discursive, historical and ideological products in the sense that they create their own meanings and often lead to constitutive effects at the level of policy. Third, while there is some empirical evidence to support claims concerning these terms, at the level of public policy these claims are empirically underdetermined and contain an integrating, visionary or futures component, which necessarily remains untested and is, perhaps, in principle untestable.

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In his pioneering paper on “Performative Subordinate Clauses,” Lakoff (1984) claimed that subordinate clauses expressing a reason or concession allow imperatives conveying statements (i.e. assertive illocutionary force). While this analysis has gone unchallenged to this day, the present paper shows that Lakoff’s analysis is inadequate, in that reason and concessive clauses show a sharp contrast in the kinds of imperative utterances they permit. Contra Lakoff, concessive clauses with although, though and except (that) do allow imperative constructions conveying directive illocutionary forces to occur, whereas by contrast those with even though tend to disallow both types of imperatives. These findings can be explained in terms of compatibility between “component” constructions constituting a complex sentence. It is argued that the compatibility between imperatives (both directive and assertive types) and concessive adverbials (excluding even though) can be attributed to the latter’s loose integration into a matrix clause required by the former. Furthermore, it is argued that the incompatibility of even though with imperatives arises primarily from the incompatibility between the tight integration of even though and the loose integration required by imperatives, together with the associated incompatibility between the non-rectifying function of even though and the rectifying conjunction favored by imperatives.

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Blindversuch ist eine dreiwöchige performative Arbeit im Rahmen meiner plastisch-künstlerischen Arbeit, die ich im Februar 2007 durchgeführt habe. Über einen Zeitraum von drei Wochen habe ich meine Augen verschlossen und das physische Sehen eingestellt. Damit verzichtete ich freiwillig auf mein wichtigstes künstlerisches Werkzeug. Ich gab vor, blind zu sein und trug die Zeichen des Blindseins: Brille, Armbinde und einen weißen Stock. Unter der Bedingung des Nicht-Sehens und in der Begleitung von Assistenten führte ich mein Leben und Arbeiten weiter. Während dieser Zeit ersetzte ich meine visuelle Wahrnehmung durch technische Mittel. Ohne zu sehen produzierte ich mit Fotoapparat und Videokamera visuelles Material. Diese Aufnahmen entstanden infolge motorisch-akustisch-haptischer Eindrücke und situativer Reflexionen. Ergänzt werden meine Aufnahmen durch visuelles Fremdmaterial. Verschiedene Personen wurden beauftragt, mich filmisch und fotografisch zu begleiten. Auch ich selbst erstellte eine Audiodokumentation meiner Erfahrungen und Reflexionen als Nicht-Sehende: Wahrnehmung, Untersuchung und Notierung der veränderten rezeptiven Bedingungen. Es fand eine bewusste Aneignung des Raums als Nicht-Sehende statt. Dazu habe ich meine Fähigkeiten sowohl im Atelier als auch im Außenraum trainiert. Darüber hinaus wurde der Blindversuch durch das Max-Planck-Institut für Hirnforschung in Frankfurt am Main wissenschaftlich begleitet.

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The Nigerian video film industry known as Nollywood forms one of the world’s biggest entertainment industries today. In its stories, Nollywood reflects the values, desires and fears of African viewers and shows them new postcolonial forms of performative self-expression. In that way, it has become a point of reference for a wide range of people. As such, it not only excites a large number of viewers inside and outside Nigeria but also inspires some of them to make their own films. This nascent phenomenon of Nollywood inspired filmmaking is the starting point of my doctoral thesis and this article. By applying the methods of shared anthropology and performance ethnography I study a group of African migrants making their own film in Switzerland.

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The paper will focus on basic ways of communication between the actors in the house and home and their direct social environments (esp. neighbourhood) during the early modern period. Such ways of communication were established in and through work relations, sociability, social control and certain liminal rites. So far underestimated, the neighbourhood was both helpful and inevitable to keep house and household running. A typical aspect of the practice of communication was the importance of repetitive performative events in everyday life. In order to establish and maintain social relations, the honour of the ‘house’ as such and fundamental roles like housefather and housemother had to be performed under the eyes of neighbours and other actors. Thus, empirical evidence reveals the house and home as a specific kind of stage. In contrast to the outdated concept of ‘das ganze Haus’ (the whole house) by Otto Brunner and also a reduced socioeconomic understanding of household, the openness of the house proves to be a highly relevant feature of early modern society. This openness refers to accessibility, visibility and control. The paper will explain the proposed concept and analyse concrete examples from work and wedding.

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Many technological developments of the past two decades come with the promise of greater IT flexi-bility, i.e. greater capacity to adapt IT. These technologies are increasingly used to improve organiza-tional routines that are not affected by large, hard-to-change IT such as ERP. Yet, most findings on the interaction of routines and IT stem from contexts where IT is hard to change. Our research ex-plores how routines and IT co-evolve when IT is flexible. We review the literatures on routines to sug-gest that IT may act as a boundary object that mediates the learning process unfolding between the ostensive and the performative aspect of the routine. Although prior work has concluded from such conceptualizations that IT stabilizes routines, we qualify that flexible IT can also stimulate change because it enables learning in short feedback cycles. We suggest that, however, such change might not always materialize because it is contingent on governance choices and technical knowledge. We de-scribe the case-study method to explore how routines and flexible IT co-evolve and how governance and technical knowledge influence this process. We expect to contribute towards stronger theory of routines and to develop recommendations for the effective implementation of flexible IT in loosely coupled routines.

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Under the name Nollywood a unique video film industry has developed in Nigeria in the last few decades, which now forms one of the world’s biggest entertainment industries. With its focus on stories reflecting „the values, desires and fears” (Haynes 2007: 133) of African viewers and its particular way of production, Nollywood brings „lived practices and its representation together in ways that make the films deeply accessible and entirely familiar to their audience“ (Marston et al. 2007: 57). In doing so, Nollywood shows its spectators new postcolonial forms of performative self‐expression and becomes a point of reference for a wide range of people. However, Nollywood not only excites a large number of viewers inside and outside Nigeria, it also inspires some of them to become active themselves and make their own films. This effect of Nigerian filmmaking can be found in many parts of sub‐Saharan Africa as well as in African diasporas all over the world – including Switzerland (Mooser 2011: 63‐66). As a source of inspiration, Nollywood and its unconventional ways of filmmaking offer African migrants a benchmark that meets their wish to express themselves as minority group in a foreign country. As Appadurai (1996: 53), Ginsburg (2003: 78) and Marks (2000: 21) assume, filmmakers with a migratory background have a specific need to express themselves through media. As minority group members in their country of residence they not only wish to reflect upon their situation within the diaspora and illustrate their everyday struggles as foreigners, but to also express their own views and ideas in order to challenge dominant public opinion (Ginsburg 2003: 78). They attempt to “talk back to the structures of power” (2003: 78) they live in. In this process, their audio-visual works become a means of response and “an answering echo to a previous presentation or representation” (Mitchell 1994: 421). The American art historian Mitchell, therefore, suggests interpreting representation as “the relay mechanism in exchange of power, value, and publicity” (1994: 420). This desire of interacting with the local public has also been expressed during a film project of African, mainly Nigerian, first-generation migrants in Switzerland I am currently partnering in. Several cast and crew members have expressed feelings of being under-represented, even misrepresented, in the dominant Swiss media discourse. In order to create a form of exchange and give themselves a voice, they consequently produce a Nollywood inspired film and wish to present it to the society they live in. My partnership in this on‐going film production (which forms the foundation of my PhD field study) allows me to observe and experience this process. By employing qualitative media anthropological methods and in particular Performance Ethnography, I seek to find out more about the ways African migrants represent themselves as a community through audio‐visual media and the effect the transnational use of Nollywood has on their form of self‐representations as well as the ways they express themselves.

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José Lezama Lima conceptualiza en La expresión americana un ser que tiene características propias, diferenciándose de cualquier otro porque es conformado básicamente por elementos que le son proporcionados en cuanto al contexto geográfico, histórico o cultural. Esto, en principio, ya que lo que nos entorpece el camino para comprender a Lezama, es la complejidad cognoscitiva que se necesita para tratar de decodificar sus ideas. El texto que estudiaremos no es ajeno a este precepto lezameano de complicar lo dicho porque, en palabras de Irlemar Chiampi: “la dificultad en Lezama no es un accidente, sino una estrategia para estimular la intelección del contenido" (1987: 486). De esta manera, nos proponemos sólo un primer acercamiento para desentrañar el laberinto conceptual y metafórico lezameano. Llevaremos a cabo una lectura interpretativa de “la expresión americana" en la línea de Schelling, donde la naturaleza conforma y forma el ser propio, en el caso de Lezama, americano; le da vida, lo llena de significado y también da respuesta a la historia de América toda.

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En este trabajo se plantean algunas aproximaciones a la cuestión del uso del lenguaje y sus representaciones dentro del fantasy, profundizando una investigación anterior sobre el tema (Gagliardi, 2011). En la literatura fantástica se le asigna frecuentemente a la palabra un valor mágico y performativo, en especial dentro de los relatos de la denominada "fantasía heroica". Nuestra hipótesis es que existen al menos dos representaciones diferentes sobre el rol de la palabra en estas ficciones: unas que siguen la tradición de Cratilo ("El que conoce los nombres conoce también las cosas") y otra más reciente que se cuestiona la relación unívoca entre palabra y referente, al mismo tiempo que problematiza cuestiones como la identidad. De este modo, la palabra, su valor y posibilidades dentro de las obras literarias que proponemos explorar participa de la construcción del universo ficcional, su cosmovisión y verosímil. La selección de obras literarias para esta presentación tiene como fin mostrar algunos casos representativos que puedan extenderse luego a un corpus más amplio dado que esta comunicación plantea un estado de la cuestión. Tomaremos las novelas Un mago de Terramar (Le Guin); Harry Potter y la piedra filosofal (Rowling); El nombre del viento (Rothfuss) y El dador de recuerdos (Lowry). De todas ellas analizaremos fragmentos en los cuales aparezcan las representaciones sobre el lenguaje y propondremos una clasificación tentativa al respecto

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En la Argentina, el siglo XIX -fundante en cuanto a traducción literaria- resulta también pródigo en reflexiones sobre la praxis traslativa. Entre 1899 y 1900, Matías Calandrelli instaura la polémica acerca de las versiones de Horacio y la enseñanza misma del latín en la Revista de Derecho, Historia y Letras. El análisis focaliza la valoración de la controversia como generadora de traductología, el carácter performativo de las publicaciones periódicas que operan en la construcción de un conocimiento pedagógico y disciplinar de la lengua latina, y, asimismo, la resignificación de la tradición clásica en el campo letrado

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La comunidad poética Estación Pringles entabla un diálogo intrigante con el formato libro. Por una parte, su acercamiento teatral a la poesía parecería excluir la posibilidad de ver este medio como un modelo para el proyecto. Sin embargo, en su diálogo con la línea poética iniciada por Stéphane Mallarmé, esta iniciativa artística propone un concepto del libro como performance. Esta orientación es evidente, además, en la producción impresa de Estación Pringles.

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De las múltiples problemáticas planteadas por la obra trágica de Séneca, una de las que más polémica causa es la cuestión de la representación de sus obras. Numerosos y admirados eruditos han debatido hasta el cansancio sobre este tema, a menudo utilizando los mismos argumentos para tesis encontradas (Pociña, Andrés, 'Una vez más sobre la representación de las tragedias de Séneca', Emerita 41, 1973, 297-308.). En este trabajo intentamos corremos de esta discusión histórico-arqueológica para enfocamos en el entramado textual mismo en busca de pasajes claramente performativos (meso y microdidascalias textuales) que revelan una 'voluntad de representación', al menos primigenia, por parte del autor, más allá de si las obras fueron representadas o no alguna vez. El teatro antiguo tiene por convención la enunciación efectiva de las acciones escénicas y,a la vez, toda acción performativa tiene su correlato en el discurso. Estos pasajes cumplen la función de didascalias internas y responden a una voluntad del autor de influir en la representación (Issacharof, Michael, 'Voix, autorité, didascalies', Poétique 96, 1993, 463-474). La presencia de meso y microdidascalias, relevantes y fundamentales para el desarrollo dramático y trágico, son la huella rastreable de que existió una 'voluntad de representación' por parte de Séneca, al menos en el momento de creación y concepción poética de sus tragedias

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Este trabajo tiene como objetivo desarrollar una reflexión sobre cómo los llamados "problemas de género" pueden contribuir a la investigación sobre el tema en la Educación Física brasileña. Para llevar a cabo esta tarea, se produjo un diálogo entre las definiciones epistemológicas que permean este campo de estudio. En conclusión, el estudio muestra que se puede trabajar con lo acto performativo y con el binomio sexo - género, especialmente cuando se trabaja con ciertos objetos de investigación en el área de Educación Física

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En la Argentina, el siglo XIX -fundante en cuanto a traducción literaria- resulta también pródigo en reflexiones sobre la praxis traslativa. Entre 1899 y 1900, Matías Calandrelli instaura la polémica acerca de las versiones de Horacio y la enseñanza misma del latín en la Revista de Derecho, Historia y Letras. El análisis focaliza la valoración de la controversia como generadora de traductología, el carácter performativo de las publicaciones periódicas que operan en la construcción de un conocimiento pedagógico y disciplinar de la lengua latina, y, asimismo, la resignificación de la tradición clásica en el campo letrado

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La comunidad poética Estación Pringles entabla un diálogo intrigante con el formato libro. Por una parte, su acercamiento teatral a la poesía parecería excluir la posibilidad de ver este medio como un modelo para el proyecto. Sin embargo, en su diálogo con la línea poética iniciada por Stéphane Mallarmé, esta iniciativa artística propone un concepto del libro como performance. Esta orientación es evidente, además, en la producción impresa de Estación Pringles.