Balão único versus balão de Inoue na valvoplastia mitral percutânea por balão. Resultados imediatos e complicações

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados imediatos e complicações da valvoplastia mitral percutânea por balão (VMPB), com o balão de Inoue (BI) e com o balão único (BU). MÉTODOS: Dentre 390 procedimentos utilizaram-se o BI em 29 procedimentos e o BU de baixo perfil em 337. Não houve diferença na idade e sexo nos 2 grupos. O grupo BI era menos sintomático (p=0,0015). Não houve diferença na distribuição do escore ecocardiográfico e da área valvar mitral (AVM) pré-VMPB. RESULTADOS: Quando compararam-se os 2 grupos entre si, os resultados nos grupos BI e BU foram, respectivamente: pré-VMPB para pressão pulmonar média (PPM) 36±15 e 39±14mmHg, p=0,2033, para gradiente (GRAD) mitral médio 17±6 e 20±7mmHg, p=0,0396 e AVM 0,9±0,2 e 0,9±9,2cm², p=0,8043, enquanto os valores pós-VMPB foram PPM 25±8 e 28±10mmHg, p=0,2881, GRAD 5±3 e 5±4mmHg, p=0,2778 e AVM 2,2±0,2 e 2,0±0,4cm², p=0,0362. Pré-VMPB a válvula mitral era competente em 26 procedimentos com o BI e 280 dos com o BU e havia regurgitação mitral de +/4 em 3 do grupo BI e em 57 do BU, p=0,3591 e pós-VMPB tivemos, no grupo BI a valva mitral (VM) competente em 18, +/4 em 7 e 2+/4 em 4 e no grupo BU, a VM era competente em 218, +/4 em 80, 2+/4 em 25, 3+/4 em 5 e 4+/4 em 2, p=0,7439. Só houve complicações no grupo BU. CONCLUSÃO: As duas técnicas foram eficientes. Os resultados hemodinâmicos foram semelhantes, embora a AVM pós-VMPB do grupo do BI foi maior.

Quantificação de insuficiência protética mitral por diferentes métodos de avaliação pela ecocardiografia transesofágica

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os diferentes métodos de quantificação de insuficiência mitral (IM) ao ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE) em pacientes com suspeita clínica de disfunção de prótese mitral. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 15 pacientes, divididos em dois grupos, conforme a presença ou não de IM expressiva (grau importante) ao cateterismo cardíaco (Cate). A IM foi quantificada ao ETE pelos seguintes métodos, habitualmente empregados para IM de valvas nativas: avaliação subjetiva do jato regurgitante ao mapeamento de fluxo a cores, avaliação objetiva com base na área absoluta do jato regurgitante e na sua área relativa (área do jato/área do átrio esquerdo (AE)), e avaliação baseada na presença de fluxo sistólico reverso em veia pulmonar. RESULTADOS: A IM foi predominantemente de origem transprotética (14 pacientes) e de distribuição excêntrica (11 pacientes). Observou-se concordância estatisticamente significante (p<0,05) entre IM expressiva ao Cate (8 pacientes) e ao ETE pela avaliação subjetiva e presença de fluxo sistólico reverso em veia pulmonar. As avaliações pelas áreas absoluta (área de jato >7cm²) e relativa (área de jato >35% da área do AE) não mostraram concordância significante com o Cate, com nítida subestimação ao ETE pela área relativa. Houve, porém, concordância significante, quando considerado como IM expressiva, jato cuja área relativa foi >30% da área do AE. CONCLUSÃO: O ETE identificou adequadamente as IM protéticas angiograficamente expressivas, particularmente pelos métodos subjetivo e de fluxo sistólico reverso em veia pulmonar. É necessário cautela na utilização de critérios baseados na área do jato regurgitante, em virtude da subestimação da área na presença de jato excêntrico, freqüente em disfunção de prótese mitral.

Diagnóstico pela ecocardiografia transesofágica e evolução de 35 pacientes portadores de flail mitral valve

OBJETIVO: Descrever os achados ao ecocardiograma transesofágico e evolução clínica de portadores de flail mitral valve. MÉTODOS: No período de janeiro/93 a março/97, 1675 pacientes foram submetidos, em nossa instituição, a ecocardiograma transesofágico, sendo que em 35 casos foi feito o diagnóstico de flail mitral valve e, posteriormente, obtida sua evolução clínica. RESULTADOS: A idade dos pacientes variou 12 a 87 anos (média 65±15) e 27 (77%) eram do sexo masculino. O folheto posterior foi o mais acometido (25 pacientes, 71%). O mecanismo do flail foi ruptura de cordoalha tendínea em todos os casos, exceto um, que apresentava importante alongamento e redundância de cordoalha. A etiologia foi prolapso e/ou degeneração mixomatosa em 15 pacientes, degenerativa em 9, isquêmica em 5, reumática em 4 e endocardite em 3. Regurgitação mitral de grau importante ocorreu em 25 (71%) pacientes e moderada em 10 (29%). O tempo médio de acompanhamento foi de 375±395 dias (1 a 1380). Foram submetidos a tratamento clínico 19 pacientes e a tratamento cirúrgico 16, sendo que em todos foi confirmado o diagnóstico transesofágico. O número total de óbitos (hospitalar e pós-hospitalar) foi alto (34%), tanto em pacientes submetidos a tratamento clínico quanto cirúrgico. Entre os sobreviventes, 17 estão em classe funcional (CF) I e 6 em CF II da NYHA. CONCLUSÃO: O diagnóstico de flail mitral valve ao ecocardiograma transesofágico é acurado, permitindo a definição de sua etiologia e mecanismo. A alta mortalidade à época do diagnóstico, provavelmente, se relaciona à gravidade da doença subjacente. Embora os pacientes não operados estejam evoluindo bem, a baixa CF observada nestes pacientes pode ser atribuída ao curto período de seguimento.

Percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects. The role of transesophageal echocardiography

PURPOSE: Evaluation of the role of transesophageal echocardiography in percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects (ASD) with the Amplatzer septal occluder. METHODS: Patients were selected for percutaneous closure of ASD by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), which was also used to monitor the procedure, helping to select the appropriate size of the Amplatzer device, to verify its position, and to access the immediate results of the procedure. During the follow-up, TEE was used to evaluate the presence and magnitude of residual shunt (RS), device position, and right cardiac chamber diameters. RESULTS: Twenty-two (40%) of a total of 55 studied patients were selected. Thirteen underwent Amplatzer device implantation, eight are still waiting for it, and one preferred the conventional surgical treatment. All procedures were successful, which was mainly due to proper patient selection. Six (23%) patients acutely developed RS, which spontaneously disapeared at the three-month follow-up examination in three patients. There was a significant reduction in the right ventricle diastolic diameter, from 27mm (average) to 24mm and 20mm, one and three months after the procedure, respectively (p<0.0076). CONCLUSION: With the aid of TEE, percutaneous closure of ASD can be successfully, safely, and effectively performed.

Mitral valve disease with rheumatic appearance in the presence of left ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis

This is a report of a nine-year-old boy with both mitral stenosis and regurgitation and extensive endomyocardial fibrosis of the left ventricle. Focus is given to the singularity of the fibrotic process, with an emphasis on the etiopathogenic aspects.

Mitral restenosis in the early postoperative period of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus

A forty eight year old woman, who had undergone mitral comissurotomy and subsequently developed early restenosis, presented with major comissural fusion and verrucous lesions on the cuspid edges of the mitral valve, with normal subvalvar apparatus. Patient did well for the first six months after surgery when she began to present dyspnea on light exertion. A clinical diagnosis of restenosis was made, which was confirmed by an echocardiogram and cardiac catheterization. She underwent surgery, and a stenotic mitral valve with verrucous lesions suggesting Libman-Sacks' endocarditis was found. Because the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had not been confirmed at that time, a bovine pericardium bioprosthesis (FISICS-INCOR) was implanted. The patient did well in the late follow-up and is now in NYHA Class I .

Cutting balloon angioplasty for intrastent restenosis treatment

We describe here two patients with angiographic diagnosis of intrastent restenosis and regional myocardial ischemia. One stent restenosis was located in a native coronary artery and the other in a vein graft. Both were treated with cutting balloon angioplasty (CBA), inflated at low pressures. Angiographic success was obtained and both patients were discharged in the day after the procedure. Cutting balloon angioplasty using low inflation pressures achieved important luminal gains, in these two cases of intrastent restenosis. Further studies are necessary before the effectiveness of this procedure can be precisely defined.

Myxoma of the mitral valve

Only rarely do myxomas originate from the mitral valve. This is the report of a 49-year-old woman presenting with congestive heart failure. The diagnosis of an intracardiac tumor involving the anterior cuspid of the mitral valve was made by transesophageal echocardiography. The patient underwent surgery for tumor resection and plasty of the valve was made with reconstruction and preservation of the valve. The diagnosis of myxoma was confirmed by histology. This is the 23rd case of myxoma of the mitral valve reported in the literature.

Mitral valve repair. Quadrangular resection of the posterior leaflet in patients with myxomatous degeneration

OBJECTIVE - To analyze the immediate and late results of mitral valve repair with quadrangular resection of the posterior leaflet without the use of a prosthetic ring annuloplasty. METHODS - Using this technique, 118 patients with mitral valve prolapse who underwent mitral repair from January '84 through December '96 were studied. Age ranged from 30 to 86 (mean = 59.1±11.8) years and 62.7% were males. An associated surgery was performed in 22% of the patients, and coronary artery bypass graft was the most frequently performed surgery (15 patients - 12.7%). In 20 (16.9%) patients other associated techniques of mitral valve repair were used and shortening of elongated chordae tendineae was the most frequent one (6 patients). RESULTS - Immediate mortality was 0.9% (one patient). Long-term rates for thromboembolism, endocarditis, re-operation and death in the late postoperative period were 0.4%, 0.4%, 1.7% and 2.2% patients/year, respectively. The actuarial curve of survival was 83.8±8.6% over 12 years; survival free from re-operation was 91.8±4.3%, free from endocarditis was 99.2±0.8% and free from thromboembolism was 99.2±0.8%. In the late postoperative period, 93.8% of the patients were in functional class 1 (NYHA), with a complete follow-up in 89.7% of the patients. CONCLUSION - Patients with mitral valve prolapse who undergo mitral valve repair using this technique have a satisfactory prognosis over 12 years.

Percutaneous handling of coronary lesions >20mm through stents. Is there a first choice strategy?

OBJECTIVE - This study compared the early and late results of the use of one single stent with those of the use of multiple stents in patients with lesions longer than 20mm. METHODS - Prospective assessment of patients electively treated with stents, with optimal stent deployment and followed-up for more than 3 months. From February '94 to January '98, 215 patients with lesions >20mm were treated. These patients were divided into 2 groups as follows: Group A - 105 patients (49%) with one stent implanted; Group B - 110 patients (51%) with multiple stents implanted. RESULTS - The mean length of the lesions was 26mm in group A (21-48mm) versus 29mm in group B (21-52mm) (p=0.01). Major complications occurred in one patient (0.9%) in group A (subacute thrombosis, myocardial infarctionand death) and in 2 patients (1.8%) in group B (one emergency surgery and one myocardial infarction) (p=NS). The results of the late follow-up period (>6 months) were similar for both groups (group A = 82% vs group B = 76%; p=NS), and we observed an event-free survical in 89% of the patients in group A and in 91% of the patients in group B (p=NS). Angina (group A = 11% vs group B = 7%) and lesion revascularization (group A = 5% vs group B = 6%; p=NS) also occurred in a similar percentage. No infarction or death was observed in the late follow-up period; restenosis was identified in 33% and 29% of the patients in groups A and B, respectively (p=NS). CONCLUSION - The results obtained using one stent and using multiple stents were similar; the greater cost-effectiveness of one stent implantation, however, seems to make this strategy the first choice.

A new surgical approach for treating dilated cardiomyopathy with mitral regurgitation

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the early outcome of mitral valve prostheses implantation and left ventricular remodeling in 23 patients with end-stage cardiomyopathy and secondary mitral regurgitation (NYHA class III and IV). METHODS: Mitral valvular prosthesis implantation with preservation of papillary muscles and chordae tendinae, and plasty of anteriun cuspid for remodeling of the left ventricle. RESULTS: The surgery was performed in 23 patients, preoperative ejection fraction (echocardiography) varied from 13% to 44% (median: 30%). In 13 patients associated procedures were performed: myocardial revascularization (9), left ventricle plicature repair (3) and aortic prosthese implantation (1). Early deaths (2) occurred on the 4th PO day (cardiogenic shock) and on the 20th PO day (upper gastrointestinal bleeding), and a late death in the second month PO (ventricular arrhythmia). Improvement occurred in NYHA class in 82.6% of the patients (P<0.0001), with a survival rate of 86.9% (mean of 8.9 months of follow-up). CONCLUSION: This technique offers a promising therapeutic alternative for the treatment of patients in refractory heart failure with cardiomyopathy and secondary mitral regurgitation.

Right coronary artery fistula with congestive heart failure in the neonate. Doppler echocardiographic diagnosis and closure with detachable balloon

We report here a case of coronary artery fistula in a neonate with clinical signs of heart failure. The electrocardiogram showed signs of left ventricular hypertrophy and diffuse alterations in ventricular repolarization. Chest X-ray showed an enlargement of the cardiac silhouette with an increase in pulmonary flow. After echocardiographic diagnosis and angiographic confirmation, closure of the fistulous trajectory was performed with a detachable balloon with an early and late successful outcome.

Mitral valve repair with a malleable bovine pericardium ring

OBJECTIVE: To describe a surgical procedure utilizing a malleable bovine pericardium ring in mitral valve repair and clinical and echodopplercadiographic results. METHODS: Thirty-two (25 female and 7 male) patients, aged between 9 and 66 (M=36.4±17.2) years, were studied over a 16-month period, with 100% follow-up. In 23 (72%) of the patients, the mitral approach was the only one applied; 9 patients underwent associated operations. The technique applied consisted of measuring the perimeter of the anterior leaflet and implanting, according to this measurement, a flexible bovine pericardium prosthesis for reinforcement and conformation of the posterior mitral annulus, reducing it to the perimeter of the anterior leaflet with adjustment of the valve apparatus. RESULTS: The patient survival ratio was 93.8%, with 2 (6.2%) fatal outcomes, one from unknown causes, the other due to left ventricular failure. Only one reoperation was performed. On echodopplercardiography, 88% of the patients had functional recovery of the mitral valve (50% without and 38% with mild insufficiency and no hemodynamic repercussions). Of four (12%) of the remaining patients, 6% had moderate and 6% had seigre insufficiency. Twenty-eight percent of class II patients and 72% of class III patients passed into classes I (65%), II (32%), and III (3%), according to NYHA classification criteria. CONCLUSION: Being flexible, the bovine pericardium ring fit perfectly into the valve annulus, taking into account its geometry and contractility. Valve repair was shown to be reproducible, demonstrating significant advantages during patient evolution, which did not require anticoagulation measures.