Exploration de la relation entre l’évaluation à l’aide d’examens à la fin du primaire et l’apprentissage par la lecture d’élèves en difficulté d’apprentissage

De nos jours, il ne suffit pas de décoder pour être considéré comme alphabétisé, il faut aussi être capable de comprendre différents types de textes et d'utiliser avec efficience les informations qu'ils présentent (MELS, 2006). Le redoublement et le retard scolaire au primaire étant le plus souvent attribuables aux difficultés en lecture et en écriture et ces faiblesses se répercutant sur la réussite des élèves dans toutes les matières (Stetson et Williams, 1992), l'importance de présenter aux élèves des situations d'apprentissage complexes qui les soutiendront dans leur apprentissage par la lecture est sans équivoque. Surtout que Horton et Lovitt (1994) mentionnent que les échecs scolaires seraient étroitement liés aux difficultés que ces élèves éprouvent lorsqu'ils apprennent en lisant. Cette étude a été réalisée à partir des données collectées dans la recherche menée en 2003-2004 par Chouinard, Bowen, Cartier, Desbiens, Laurier, Plante (2005) intitulée: «L'effet de différentes approches évaluatives sur l'engagement et la persévérance scolaire dans le contexte du passage du primaire au secondaire» (Chouinard et coll., 2005). L’objectif de la présente étude était d’explorer la relation entre l’évaluation à l’aide d’examens d'enseignants de la fin du primaire et l’apprentissage par la lecture d'élèves en difficulté d'apprentissage. Pour ce faire, deux sous-objectifs ont été retenus : (1) Comparer la relation entre les deux types d’élèves (élèves ordinaires et élèves en difficulté d’apprentissage) et le processus d’apprentissage par la lecture et (2) Comparer la relation entre les niveaux d’identification d’évaluation à l’aide d’examens des enseignants et le processus d’apprentissage par la lecture. Les trois principaux concepts de la question de recherche sont la difficulté d'apprentissage, l'apprentissage par la lecture et les pratiques évaluatives, dont l’évaluation à l’aide d’examens. Une analyse des caractéristiques des 22 recherches répertoriées a permis constater que très peu de recherche traitent de la relation entre les pratiques évaluatives et le processus d'apprentissage des élèves du primaire et encore moins impliquent des élèves en difficulté d'apprentissage. ii Afin de répondre à l'objectif de la présente étude, une recherche de type exploratoire dans une approche quantitative a été retenue. Des analyses descriptives (moyennes et écart-type), suivie par une analyse multivariée de la variance (MANOVA) à deux niveaux (2x2) ont été effectuées. Ensuite, des analyses univariées ont été conduites sur les variables qui présentaient des relations significatives afin de mieux cibler ces relations. Cent six enseignants et leurs 1864 élèves ont accepté de répondre à deux questionnaires auto-déclarés : Le questionnaire sur les pratiques évaluatives (Chouinard et coll., 2005) a été utilisé auprès des enseignants. Le questionnaire sur l'apprentissage par la lecture: Lire pour apprendre de Cartier et Butler (version 2004) a été utilisé auprès des élèves. Les résultats en lien avec les objectifs de cette étude indiquent un effet d'interaction significatif entre l’identification des enseignants à l’évaluation à l’aide d’examens (forte ou faible) et les types d'élèves (élèves en difficulté d’apprentissage et élèves ordinaires). Les élèves en difficulté d’apprentissage interprètent davantage les exigences de l’activité que les élèves ordinaires lorsqu’ils sont dans ce contexte. On remarque aussi que les élèves en difficulté d’apprentissage rapportent recourir davantage aux stratégies d’encodage et de rappel que les élèves ordinaires et ce, peu importe l’identification des enseignants à l’évaluation à l’aide d’examens. Les résultats en lien avec le premier sous-objectif ont montré une relation significative entre les types d’élèves (élèves en difficulté d’apprentissage et élèves ordinaires) et le processus d’apprentissage par la lecture. Cette relation significative se situe sur l’engagement périphérique et les stratégies cognitives. Aussi, les résultats en lien avec le deuxième sous-objectif ont révélé une relation significative entre l’évaluation à l’aide d’examens et le processus d’apprentissage par la lecture.

Social skills of children with different disabilities: Assessment and implications for interventions

This study characterizes the differences and similarities in the repertoire of social skills of children from 12 different categories of special educational needs: autism, hearing impairment, mild intellectual disabilities, moderate intellectual disabilities, visual impairment, phonological disorder, learning disabilities, giftedness and talent, externalizing behavior problems, internalizing behavior problems, internalizing and externalizing behavior problems and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Teachers of 120 students in regular and special schools, aged between 6 and 14 years old, from four Brazilian states, responded to the Social Skills Rating System. Children with ADHD, autism, internalizing and externalizing behavior problems and externalizing behavior problems presented comparatively lower frequency of social skills. The intervention needs of each evaluated category are discussed.

Colaboração entre Agentes Educativos num caso de dificuldades de Aprendizagem Específicas no 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico

Nowadays we live in a literate society in which reading and writing skills are highly valued. Currently, the educational interventions seek to involve people from different backgrounds to form multidisciplinary teams. The present case study aimed to analyze the collaboration process between the different members of the context involved in educational intervention regarding the oral language disorders and learning disabilities in reading and writing. Concerning psychological evaluation we used different instruments for data collection. Firstly interview and clinical history where carried out afterwards a semi-structured interviews were prepared in order to obtain information about the performance of the special education team, the special education and children with special needs and learning difficulties in pre-primary and 1st cycle of basic education. The implementation of educational policies at the school where also considered in the case study which revealed difficulties in achieving the educational support for students with these problems.

Aprender a ler, aprender a conviver: aprendizagem da leitura como veículo para a socialização

O trabalho apresentado é decorrente do Projeto de Intervenção realizado no âmbito do Curso de 2º Ciclo em Educação Especial – domínio cognitivo e motor, da Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias. Resumo A referida intervenção contempla a minimização das dificuldades apresentadas por uma menina a nível da leitura e escrita e da sua socialização, numa perspetiva inclusiva. M. é o nome fictício da aluna alvo da intervenção. Atualmente, frequenta o 3º ano de escolaridade numa escola pública, em Lisboa área da sua residência. A revisão da literatura vai sustentar e facilitar a compreensão clara e concisa da intervenção realizada e das posições defendidas sobre esta matéria. Deste modo, são tratados temas no âmbito da exclusão social e escolar, da escola Inclusiva e dos obstáculos que ainda encontramos nas escolas, dos preconceitos, dos alunos com necessidades educativas especiais, das adaptações curriculares, da aprendizagem cooperativa e diferenciação pedagógica, referimo-nos ainda às dificuldades de aprendizagem e, por último, à comunicação e à linguagem oral e escrita. Para obter informações sobre a M. e sobre o contexto da intervenção, bem como sobre todo o seu processo de inclusão escolar, utilizamos como suporte metodológico, a pesquisa documental, as entrevistas semi-diretivas à professora titular de turma e à professora de ensino especial, a observação naturalista, a sociometria e as notas de campo para se poder complementar as informações. A planificação global da intervenção foi elaborada a partir do relacionamento/ cruzamento dos dados que resultaram da análise da informação recolhida. Para uma intervenção fundamentada caracterizamos inicialmente o seu contexto escolar e familiar e posteriormente a M. Os princípios orientadores da intervenção realizada, assentam numa perspetiva de investigação para a ação, e tiveram presentes os objetivos definidos para a M. As atividades foram realizadas, numa perspetiva de aprendizagem muito estruturada, muito refletida e avaliada durante todo o processo, implicando todos os intervenientes. Esta intervenção, levou-nos a estimular práticas educativas, diferenciadas e inclusivas na turma, com a professora titular dessa turma e com a professora do ensino especial com os colegas da M.

Valorizar as diferenças na sala do 1º ciclo, abrir janelas de oportunidades para uma escola rica em aprendizagens e em humanidade

O presente relatório recapitula as diversas etapas de um trabalho de projeto de investigação-ação, no âmbito do Mestrado em Educação Especial - Domínio Cognitivo e Motor. Com ele pretendeu-se elaborar uma investigação-ação numa turma do 1º ciclo de escolaridade onde dois alunos sentiam grandes dificuldades de integração. A rejeição e a indiferença em que viviam provocavam, consequentemente, grandes dificuldades de aprendizagens académicas. O foco principal deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento da interação dos alunos, promovendo a troca de saberes pela entreajuda. Daí resultaram os sucessos escolares esperados dos dois alunos visados a que se juntou a dinamização de todos os alunos da turma e dos restantes intervenientes educativos, professores, técnicos, encarregados de educação e comunidade escolar na construção efetiva de uma verdadeira escola inclusiva. Valorizaram-se as diferenças como património comum. Na fundamentação teórica deste projeto abordam-se a educação inclusiva e suas respetivas estratégias, a aprendizagem cooperativa, as dificuldades específicas de aprendizagem, a inter/multiculturalidade e o modelo pedagógico do Movimento da Escola Moderna como estrutura organizativa da intervenção. De seguida, é caracterizado o projeto e a situação inicial onde se interveio, referenciando o plano de ação implementado. As reflexões conclusivas evidenciam que trabalhar em cooperação permite progressos por parte de todos, tanto a nível das aprendizagens académicas como a nível da interação social.

A importância dos conceitos prévios na Aprendizagem da história e da Geografia: as dificuldades de aprendizagem do conceito de qualidade de vida, no 9º ano de escolaridade, num meio psicossocial rural

O presente trabalho de investigação incide na análise e interpretação de uma experiência educativa, desenvolvida em contexto de sala de aula, que teve como referência e critérios de abordagem a teoria construtivista da aprendizagem, mais concretamente a teoria da aprendizagem significativa de Ausubel e partiu da análise das conceções prévias de alunos de uma turma de 9º Ano, do 3º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, sobre o conceito de qualidade de vida, numa escola inserida num dado contexto psicossocial, o meio rural. Trata-se de uma experiência educativa desenvolvida no domínio da cognição histórica e geográfica, relativamente à construção científica do conceito de qualidade de vida, inserido nas disciplinas de História e de Geografia. De modo a concretizar a experiência educativa foram utilizados três instrumentos diferentes, em três momentos distintos da aprendizagem dos alunos, para que no final fosse possível verificar e identificar as principais dificuldades de aprendizagem do conceito de qualidade de vida. A análise e interpretação dos dados recolhidos e as conclusões retiradas remetem para a necessidade de compreensão das conceções prévias dos alunos, em História e em Geografia, no que diz respeito ao conceito de qualidade de vida para que os professores possam melhorar a sua a prática pedagógica e para que a aprendizagem tenha mais significado para os alunos.

Learning disabled and hearing-impaired

This paper discusses learning disabilities in children who are hearing impaired.

Young people with intellectual disabilities attending mainstream and segregated schooling: perceived stigma, social comparison and future aspirations

Mainstream schooling is a key policy in the promotion of social inclusion of young people with learning disabilities. Yet there is limited evidence about the school experience of young people about to leave mainstream as compared with segregated education, and how it impacts on their relative view of self and future aspirations. Sixty young people with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities in their final year of secondary school participated in this study. Twenty-eight individuals came from mainstream schools and 32 attended segregated school. They completed a series of self-report measures on perceptions of stigma, social comparison to a more disabled and non-disabled peer and the likelihood involved in attaining their future goals. The majority of participants from both groups reported experiencing stigmatized treatment in the local area where they lived. The mainstream group reported significant additional stigma at school. In terms of social comparisons, both groups compared themselves positively with a more disabled peer and with a non-disabled peer. While the mainstream pupils had more ambitious work-related aspirations, both groups felt it equally likely that they would attain their future goals. Although the participants from segregated schools came from significantly more deprived areas and had lower scores on tests of cognitive functioning, neither of these factors appeared to have an impact on their experience of stigma, social comparisons or future aspirations. Irrespective of schooling environment, the young people appeared to be able to cope with the threats to their identities and retained a sense of optimism about their future. Nevertheless, negative treatment reported by the children was a serious source of concern and there is a need for schools to promote the emotional well-being of pupils with intellectual disabilities.

Semantic organization to enhance active learning based on distributed multimedia educational resources

In order to organize distributed educational resources efficiently, to provide active learners an integrated, extendible and cohesive interface to share the dynamically growing multimedia learning materials on the Internet, this paper proposes a generic resource organization model with semantic structures to improve expressiveness, scalability and cohesiveness. We developed an active learning system with semantic support for learners to access and navigate through efficient and flexible manner. We learning resources in an efficient and flexible manner. We provide facilities for instructors to manipulate the structured educational resources via a convenient visual interface. We also developed a resource discovering and gathering engine based on complex semantic associations for several specific topics.

Awareness of number in children with severe and profound learning difficulties: three exploratory case studies

This paper reports on exploratory work investigating how children with severe and profound learning difficulties register an awareness of small quantities and how they might use this information to inform their understanding. It draws on studies of typically developing children and investigates their application to pupils whose response to conventional mathematical tasks are often limited because they lack relevance and interest. The responses of the three pupils to individualized learning contexts mirror the progression suggested in the literature, namely from awareness of number to simple actions using number cues to problem-solving behaviour

Interpreting communication of people with profound and severe learning difficulties

The present paper highlights some of the issues involved in interpreting the communication behaviours of people with profound and multiple learning difficulties (PMLDs). Both inference and intention can play an important role in the communication process, and this raises a number of difficulties and dangers where one of the communication partners is not in a position to correct misunderstandings. The present authors discuss the importance of validating communication and pose a number of key questions to ask those who are most significant in the life of a person with PMLDs. A case study is provided that illustrates a number of these issues.

O aluno de aprendizagem lenta no âmbito da marginalização cultural

O presenté trabalho estuda o aluno de aprendiza~ gem lenta no âmbito da marginalização cultural, utilizando literatura específica e amostra de educandos da rede escolar oficial do Município do Rio de Janeiro. A literatura específica procurou esclarecer pontos importantes relativos ao desenvolvimento intelectua~ i marginalização cultural, aos distúrbios de aprendizagem, i relação da criança com a família, ã relação do aluno com o professor bem como estudos relativos ao aluno de aprendiz~ gem lenta. Com base na literatura específica foram elaboradas entrevistas com as mães e os professores dos alunos, assim como escolhidos testes objetivos para aferição do ní vel mental e nível de prontidão para a aprendizagem de lei tura, escrita e números .dos alunos. Os resultados da analise confirmaram as hipóteses levantadas de que a carência de estimulação ambiental prejudica o desenvolvimento intelectual e acarreta maior difi culdade de aprendizagem, que a relação professor-aluno tan to pode reforçar como minimizar a problematica apresentada e que a criança oriunda de classe de baixa renda econ~mica tem maiores possibilidades de enquadrar-se na marginalização cultural. Ao final do trabalho, algumas sugestoes foram tra çadas quanto a procedimentos que possam ser adotados tanto com a população estudada como com populações semelhantes.

Concepões e práticas pedagógicas de professoras da educação infantil na inclusão de alunos com deficiência

This research focuses on inclusive in childhood education. Its purpose was to investigate and analyze the conceptions and expectations of teachers of childhood education, childhood education center form Natal/RN, on the inclusion students with disabilities, school and pedagogical practices developed and implications for students learning. Theoric base of the cultural historic perspective, the search took by qualitative analysis of numbers form the case study method. It was used methodological procedures: documentary analysis, participant observation, field journal and semi structures interview.Three teachers participated in the survey of that school had student with disabilities in their classrooms. These teachers were called: Rapunzel, Snow white e Pretty. The teacher s nouns involved the refered kind of education. The data obtained from the observation indicated the regular school of childhood education provides educational practices that promote the participation and participation and development of students with disabilities, live situation that may create barriers to learning and to the development of these children. The analysing data of interview from Bardin content analysis (1994) was based in Cunha s studies (2001) Brun (2006, 2008), Mantoam (2006, 2008), Palacios, Paniagua (2007), among others. The dada showed that correlation and divergence of perceptions and expectations about the issues surrounding inclusion in childhood education. The results shaved that teaching strategies, affective ties, sensitivity and own routine of childhood education are factors that can promote inclusive proposal, but also needs a greater fulfillment individual differences of each child in order to their potentiality. The study also shaved that the negative of pedagogic support to teacher, the ignorance of them as guidelines and strategies that include the student s diversity, the importance having positive conceptions about the learning and development of student with severe learning disabilities and the need for a pedagogic training and of a collective work at school which everybody collaborates : parents, direction, coordination getting inclusive school. Believe that this study pointed relevant issues to be focus new research, since the theme is still lacking in study, therefore emphasize, the importance of conducting research that continuous this job

Surface dental enamel lead levels and antisocial behavior in Brazilian adolescents

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Motor intervention in children with school learning difficulties

This study sought to evaluate motor development in children aged 6 to 11 years with learning difficulties and school characteristics of delayed motor development, before and after application of a motor intervention program. The sample consisted of 28 children with a mean age of 107.21 ± 16.56 months, who were evaluated by the Motor Development Scale and received motor intervention for 6 months, followed by reassessment. We observed a statistically significant difference between the average of the motor activity ratios in all areas of the evaluation and reevaluation. Also verified in the evaluation were the concentration ratios of children with motor activity greater than or equal to 80 and there was a revaluation increase in this concentration on re-evaluation, the areas with the greatest increase in concentration and significant differences being: Body Schema, Space and temporal Organization. In the overall evaluation of MDS, most children presented the classification of low normal. However, in the reassessment most have evolved into the average normal, only 4 of themremaining in the same classification. Therefore, in this study, children with learning disabilities also showed motor deficits and the intervention applied contributed to an increase in the motor ratios with consequent improvement in motor development. Besides psychopedagogical asistance, it is essential to reassess them and if necessary apply the intervention in the motor development of children with learning difficulties.