A sustentabilidade de iniciativas na gestão do SUS a partir da experiência de Aracaju: entre o instituinte e o instituido

Este trabalho tem como objeto as estratégias de construção de sustentabilidade do Projeto Saúde Todo Dia, no SUS de Aracaju - SE. As dimensões estudadas foram o Projeto de Saúde Municipal, a Política de Educação Permanente, o SAMU e a Política de Saúde Mental, no período de 2001 a meados de 2008. A abordagem do objeto se deu através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com membros das três gestões da saúde no período, ligados às quatro dimensões descritas. Observaram-se diferentes trajetórias nas dimensões estudadas ao longo as gestões, com continuidades e descontinuidades, a partir das quais se construíram eixos de análise baseados nas Relações entre Política de Saúde e Dinâmica da Política Municipal, nas Lógicas e Modos de Operar da Gestão Formal, na Articulação entre Projeto Setorial e sociedade Civil e em Perspectivas de Sustentabilidade. Adotando como referência o conceito de Sustentabilidade Instituinte, produzido no decorrer do trabalho, concluiu-se que no Projeto Saúde Todo Dia foram produzidas inúmeras inovações nos modelos de atenção e de gestão, desencadeadas algumas estratégias de construção de sustentabilidade, em sua maioria de elementos estruturados, sendo mais limitadas, porém, as iniciativas de construção micropolítica junto aos trabalhadores e usuários, bem como as tentativas de constituição de redes de coletivos e de movimentos junto a estes segmentos.

Demographic and temporal trends in out of hospital sudden cardiac death in belfast

Objective: To determine the epidemiology of out of hospital sudden cardiac death (OHSCD) in Belfast from 1 August 2003 to 31 July 2004.

Design: Prospective examination of out of hospital cardiac arrests by using the Utstein style and necropsy reports. World Health Organization criteria were applied to determine the number of sudden cardiac deaths.

Results: Of 300 OHSCDs, 197 (66%) in men, mean age (SD) 68 (14) years, 234 (78%) occurred at home. The emergency medical services (EMS) attended 279 (93%). Rhythm on EMS arrival was ventricular fibrillation (VF) in 75 (27%). The call to response interval (CRI) was mean (SD) 8 (3) minutes. Among patients attended by the EMS, 9.7% were resuscitated and 7.2% survived to leave hospital alive. The CRI for survivors was mean (SD) 5 (2) minutes and for non-survivors, 8 (3) minutes (p < 0.001). Ninety one (30%) OHSCDs were witnessed; of these 91 patients 48 (53%) had VF on EMS arrival. The survival rate for witnessed VF arrests was 20 of 48 (41.7%): all 20 survivors had VF as the presenting rhythm and CRI ? 7 minutes. The European age standardised incidence for OHSCD was 122/100 000 (95% confidence interval 111 to 133) for men and 41/100 000 (95% confidence interval 36 to 46) for women.

Conclusion: Despite a 37% reduction in heart attack mortality in Ireland over the past 20 years, the incidence of OHSCD in Belfast has not fallen. In this study, 78% of OHSCDs occurred at home.

Using simulation to assess cardiac first-responder schemes exhibiting stochastic and spatial complexities

A Monte-Carlo simulation-based model has been constructed to assess a public health scheme involving mobile-volunteer cardiac First-Responders. The scheme being assessed aims to improve survival of Sudden-Cardiac-Arrest (SCA) patients, through reducing the time until administration of life-saving defibrillation treatment, with volunteers being paged to respond to possible SCA incidents alongside the Emergency Medical Services. The need for a model, for example, to assess the impact of the scheme in different geographical regions, was apparent upon collection of observational trial data (given it exhibited stochastic and spatial complexities). The simulation-based model developed has been validated and then used to assess the scheme's benefits in an alternative rural region (not a part of the original trial). These illustrative results conclude that the scheme may not be the most efficient use of National Health Service resources in this geographical region, thus demonstrating the importance and usefulness of simulation modelling in aiding decision making.

Comparing the experiences of rural and urban family caregivers of the terminally ill

Introduction: There are many challenges in delivering rural health services; this is particularly true for the delivery of palliative care. Previous work has identified consistent themes around end-of-life care, including caregiver burden in providing care, the importance of informal care networks and barriers imposed by geography. Despite these well-known barriers, few studies have explored the experience of palliative care in rural settings. The purpose of the present study was to compare the experiences of rural family caregivers actively providing end-of-life care to the experiences of their urban counterparts. Methods: Caregivers' perceived health status, the experience of burden in caregiving, assessment of social supports and the pattern of formal care used by the terminally ill were explored using a consistent and standardized measurement approach. A cross-sectional survey study was conducted with 100 informal caregivers (44 rural, 56 urban) actively providing care to a terminally ill patient recruited from a publicly funded community agency located in northeastern Ontario, Canada. The telephone-based survey included questions assessing: (i) caregiver perceived burden (14-item instrument based on the Caregiver's Burden Scale in End-of-Life Care [CBS-EOLC]); (ii) perceived social support (modified version of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support [MSPSS] consisting of 12 items); and (iii) functional status of the care recipient (assessed using the Eastern Collaborative Oncology Group performance scale). Results: Rural and urban caregivers were providing care to recipients with similar functional status; the majority of care recipients were either capable of all self-care or experiencing some limitation in self-care. No group differences were observed for caregiver perceived burden: both rural and urban caregivers reported low levels of burden (CBS-EOLC score of 26.5 [SD=8.1] and 25.0 [SD=9.2], respectively; p=0.41). Urban and rural caregivers also reported similarly high levels of social support (mean MSPSS total score of 4.3 [SD=0.7] and 4.1 [SD=0.8], respectively; p=0.40). Although caregivers across both settings reported using a comparable number of services (rural 4.8 [SD=1.9] vs urban 4.5 [SD=1.8]; p=0.39), the types of services used differed. Rural caregivers reported greater use of family physicians (65.1% vs 40.7%; p=0.02), emergency room visits (31.8% vs 13.0%; p=0.02) and pharmacy services (95.3% vs 70.4%; p=0.002), while urban caregivers reported greater use of caregiver respite services (29.6% vs 11.6%; p=0.03). Conclusion: Through the use of standardized tools, this study explored the experiences of rural informal family caregivers providing palliative care in contrast to the experiences of their urban counterparts. The results of the present study suggest that while there are commonalities to the caregiving experience regardless of setting, key differences also exist. Thus, location is a factor to be considered when implementing palliative care programs and services. © K Brazil, S Kaasalainen, A Williams, C Rodriguez, 2013.

IEEE 802.15.4: a Federating Communication Protocol for Time-Sensitive Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been attracting increasing interests for developing a new generation of embedded systems with great potential for many applications such as surveillance, environment monitoring, emergency medical response and home automation. However, the communication paradigms in WSNs differ from the ones attributed to traditional wireless networks, triggering the need for new communication protocols. In this context, the recently standardised IEEE 802.15.4 protocol presents some potentially interesting features for deployment in wireless sensor network applications, such as power-efficiency, timeliness guarantees and scalability. Nevertheless, when addressing WSN applications with (soft/hard) timing requirements some inherent paradoxes emerge, such as power-efficiency versus timeliness, triggering the need of engineering solutions for an efficient deployment of IEEE 802.15.4 in WSNs. In this technical report, we will explore the most relevant characteristics of the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol for wireless sensor networks and present the most important challenges regarding time-sensitive WSN applications. We also provide some timing performance and analysis of the IEEE 802.15.4 that unveil some directions for resolving the previously mentioned paradoxes.

La perception du rôle et les attitudes de cynisme et de désengagement chez le technicien ambulancier paramédic québécois dans le contexte des interventions non urgentes

Problématique : Le rôle des paramédics se transforme partout dans le monde. Les besoins des aînés et des malades chroniques entraînent une forte proportion d’interventions préhospitalières non urgentes. La confrontation entre la perception et l’expérience du rôle peut entraîner un conflit correspondant à un stress organisationnel modéré et chronique chez ces travailleurs. Pour y faire face, différentes stratégies d’adaptation peuvent être adoptées. Objectifs : Cette étude vise à dépeindre la réalité des interventions préhospitalières non urgentes des paramédics québécois et à explorer son influence sur leur perception du rôle et les manifestations de cynisme et de désengagement. Méthode : Les données qualitatives obtenues en entrevues semi-structurées ont été codifiées et analysées à partir d’un modèle adapté des théories en psychosociologie du travail et d’administration de la santé (n=13, 3 régions, intervenants de - de 3 à + de 20 ans de carrière). Résultats : Les paramédics reconnaissent vivre un conflit de rôle alors que la formation et la définition de leur pratique se rapportent exclusivement à l’urgence, au contraire de leur expérience. Ils manifestent des attitudes de cynisme et de désengagement affectant la qualité des services, précisant qu’il s’agit d’une réalité inhérente à leur expérience professionnelle intimement reliée à l’épuisement professionnel, plus qu’à un manque fondamental de professionnalisme. Conclusion : Les paramédics décrivent différents mécanismes à instaurer qui visent à reconnaître la dualité conflictuelle de leur pratique dont, la mise en valeur de leur aptitude clinique à intervenir en première ligne dans un cadre préhospitalier non urgent ainsi que l’ajustement et le rehaussement des programmes de formation.

Concordancia en la interpretación de los gases arteriales entre residentes de medicina de emergencias y el intensivista

Se desconoce en la actualidad en Colombia la calidad de la interpretación de los gases arteriales por parte de los residentes de medicina de emergencias. Los gases arteriales es una de las ayudas diagnósticas de más rápida consecución en el servicio de urgencias y más utilizadas por ser indispensable en la valoración de patologías de alta prevalencia como son las enfermedades respiratorias y la sepsis. Su mala interpretación puede llevar a mal direccionamiento del manejo de pacientes en estado crítico por lo que es indefectible que los residentes logren un buen entrenamiento en la interpretación de los mismos. Por esta razón se realiza este estudio analítico de concordancia con recolección prospectiva, de corte transversal que busca determinar el grado de concordancia en la interpretación de gases arteriales de los residentes del programa de Medicina de Emergencias de la Universidad del Rosario y especialista en cuidado crítico, así como la interpretación entre ellos según su nivel de entrenamiento y describir cuáles son los hallazgos que encuentran en la interpretación de los mismos. Se recolectaron 60 gases arteriales realizados a paciente hospitalizados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de la Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá y se halló la concordancia entre la lectura de los residentes del programa de Medicina de Emergencias y un intensivista. Encontrando una concordancia moderada (r 0.445 y 0.442, ) en las respuestas identificadas en los residentes de segundo y tercer año de residencia(p:0,000y0,01).(MESH: Blood Gas Análisis, Emergency Medical Services, Education, Medical, Graduate)

Soluciones hipertónicas en trauma craneoencefálico: revisión sistemática de la literatura

El traumatismo craneoencefálico, es la epidemia silenciosa de nuestra época, que genera gastos en salud, en países como Estados Unidos, cercanos a los 60 billones de dólares anuales, y cerca de 400 billones en rehabilitación de los discapacitados. El pilar del manejo médico del trauma craneoencefálico moderado o severo, es la osmoterapia, principalmente con sustancias como el manitol y las soluciones hipertónicas. Se realizó la revisión de 14 bases de datos, encontrando 4657754 artículos, quedando al final 40 artículos después de un análisis exhaustivo, que se relacionaban con el manejo de la hipertensión endocraneana y terapia osmótica. Resultados: Se compararon diferentes estudios, encontrando gran variabilidad estos, sin homogenización en los análisis estadísticos, y la poca rigurosidad no permitieron, la recolección de datos y la comparación entre los diferentes estudios, no permitió realizar el meta-análisis y por esto se decidió la realización de una revisión sistemática de la literatura. Se evidenció principalmente tres cosas: la primera es la poca rigurosidad con la que se realizan los estudios clínicos; la segunda, es que aún falta mucha más investigación principalmente, la presencia de estudios clínicos aleatorizados multicéntricos, que logren dar una sólida evidencia y que genere validez científica que se requiere, a pesar de la evidencia clara en la práctica clínica; la tercera es la seguridad para su uso, con poca presencia de complicaciones para las soluciones salinas hipertónicas.

Análisis ecocardiográfico de la función sistólica del ventrículo izquierdo por médicos no cardiólogos con un dispositivo de bolsillo

Se realizó un estudio transversal, se incluyeron 3 residentes no cardiólogos y se les dio formación básica en ecocardiografía (horas teóricas 22, horas prácticas 65), con recomendaciones de la Sociedad Americana de Ecocardiografia y aportes del aprendizaje basado en problemas, con el desarrollo de competencia técnicas y diagnósticas necesarias, se realizó el análisis de concordancia entre residentes y ecocardiografistas expertos, se recolectaron 122 pacientes hospitalizados que cumplieran con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se les realizo un ecocardiograma convencional por el experto y una valoración ecocardiográfica por el residente, se evaluó la ventana acústica, contractilidad, función del ventrículo izquierdo y derrame pericárdico. La hipótesis planteada fue obtener una concordancia moderada. Resultados: Se analizó la concordancia entre observadores para la contractilidad miocárdica (Kappa: 0,57 p=0,000), función sistólica del ventrículo izquierdo (Kappa 0,54 p=0.000) siendo esta moderada por estar entre 0,40 – 0,60 y con una alta significancia estadística, para la calidad de la ventana acústica (Kappa: 0,22 p= 0.000) y presencia de derrame pericárdico (Kappa: 0,26 p= 0.000) se encontró una escasa concordancia ubicándose entre 0,20 – 0,40. Se estableció una sensibilidad de 90%, especificidad de 67%, un valor predictivo positivo de 80% y un valor predictivo negativo de 85% para el diagnóstico de disfunción sistólica del ventrículo izquierdo realizado por los residentes.

Comparación de parámetros de atención en una escala de triage de 5 niveles con los parámetros estándar

Introducción: La escala de severidad en emergencias es una herramienta que ofrece seguridad a pacientes en servicios de urgencias. Este trabajo evalúa la aplicación de la escala ESI 4.0 en términos de oportunidad de atención y consumo de recursos en la Fundación Santa Fé de Bogotá, para comparar los resultados con parámetros estándar. Metodología Estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal. Se incluyeron 385 pacientes aleatorizados por nivel de atención. Se tomaron datos demográficos y variables como consumo de recursos y destino del paciente para su descripción y análisis. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue 44.9 años IC95%42.9–46.9, el 54.5% fueron mujeres. Se encontró un tiempo promedio de espera para nivel 1 de 1.39 min, para el nivel 2 de 22.9 min 2, para el nivel 3 de 41.9 min, para el nivel 4 de 56.9 min y para el nivel 5 de 52.1 min. El tiempo promedio de estancia en urgencias fue 5.9 horas y el 78.9% consumió recursos. Al comparar los tiempos con estándares mundiales en el nivel 1, 2 y 3 son significativamente mayores (P<0,05), en el nivel 4 es similar (p0,51) y en el nivel 5 es significativamente menor (p=0,00) Discusión: La escala ESI 4.0 es una herramienta segura, con un comportamiento similar en oportunidad de atención y consumo de recursos con respecto a los estándares de cuidado en los servicios de urgencias.

Impacto del horario laboral en la capacidad de atención en médicos de urgencias de la Fundación Santa Fe

Introducción: Se ha determinado que las jornadas laborales, generan un deterioro cognoscitivo y funcional en las personas, con la consecuente afectación en los servicios de salud, al ser una de las disciplinas que más se encuentran en riesgo de cometer errores durante sus procesos de atención. Es por esto que en el presente estudio se pretendió evaluar el impacto de la jornada laboral en la capacidad de atención de los médicos de urgencias. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio transversal aplicando el Psychomotor Vigilance Test, el cual evalúa la capacidad de atención de las personas después de realizar diferentes actividades según el tiempo de respuesta en milisegundos. Se tomó una muestra de la población del personal médico de urgencias de la Fundación Santa Fé de Bogotá, estableciendo una comparación del mismo paciente en los diferentes turnos. Resultados: En el presente estudio se documentó un tiempo de respuesta promedio al inicio de la jornada diurna de 436,6 ms (IC95% 401-477) y al final de 443,1 ms (IC95% 388-484). Con respecto a la jornada nocturna se documentó un tiempo de respuesta promedio inicial de 422,8 ms (IC95% 403-457) y al final de 467,44 ms (IC95% 423-501). Discusión: Encontramos diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto al tiempo de respuesta entre la jornada diurna y nocturna. Por lo tanto es recomendable crear políticas de Estado que gestionen el horario laboral del personal de salud para que prime la seguridad y la calidad de atención en el paciente, evitando al máximo cualquier posibilidad de error médico

ATD: a multiplatform for semiautomatic 3-D detection of kidneys and their pathology in real time

This research presents a novel multi-functional system for medical Imaging-enabled Assistive Diagnosis (IAD). Although the IAD demonstrator has focused on abdominal images and supports the clinical diagnosis of kidneys using CT/MRI imaging, it can be adapted to work on image delineation, annotation and 3D real-size volumetric modelling of other organ structures such as the brain, spine, etc. The IAD provides advanced real-time 3D visualisation and measurements with fully automated functionalities as developed in two stages. In the first stage, via the clinically driven user interface, specialist clinicians use CT/MRI imaging datasets to accurately delineate and annotate the kidneys and their possible abnormalities, thus creating “3D Golden Standard Models”. Based on these models, in the second stage, clinical support staff i.e. medical technicians interactively define model-based rules and parameters for the integrated “Automatic Recognition Framework” to achieve results which are closest to that of the clinicians. These specific rules and parameters are stored in “Templates” and can later be used by any clinician to automatically identify organ structures i.e. kidneys and their possible abnormalities. The system also supports the transmission of these “Templates” to another expert for a second opinion. A 3D model of the body, the organs and their possible pathology with real metrics is also integrated. The automatic functionality was tested on eleven MRI datasets (comprising of 286 images) and the 3D models were validated by comparing them with the metrics from the corresponding “3D Golden Standard Models”. The system provides metrics for the evaluation of the results, in terms of Accuracy, Precision, Sensitivity, Specificity and Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) so as to enable benchmarking of its performance. The first IAD prototype has produced promising results as its performance accuracy based on the most widely deployed evaluation metric, DSC, yields 97% for the recognition of kidneys and 96% for their abnormalities; whilst across all the above evaluation metrics its performance ranges between 96% and 100%. Further development of the IAD system is in progress to extend and evaluate its clinical diagnostic support capability through development and integration of additional algorithms to offer fully computer-aided identification of other organs and their abnormalities based on CT/MRI/Ultra-sound Imaging.

Nurses’ perceptions of climate and environmental issues : a qualitative study

Aim: The aim of this study was to explore nurses' perceptions of climate and environmental issues and examine how nurses perceive their role in contributing to the process of sustainable development.  Background: Climate change and its implications for human health represent an increasingly important issue for the healthcare sector. According to the International Council of Nurses Code of Ethics, nurses have a responsibility to be involved and support climate change mitigation and adaptation to protect human health.  Design: This is a descriptive, explorative qualitative study.  Methods: Nurses (n=18) were recruited from hospitals, primary care and emergency medical services; eight participated in semi-structured, in-depth individual interviews and 10 participated in two focus groups. Data were collected from April-October 2013 in Sweden; interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using content analysis.  Results: Two main themes were identified from the interviews: (i) an incongruence between climate and environmental issues and nurses' daily work; and (ii) public health work is regarded as a health co-benefit of climate change mitigation. While being green is not the primary task in a lifesaving, hectic and economically challenging context, nurses' perceived their profession as entailing responsibility, opportunities and a sense of individual commitment to influence the environment in a positive direction.  Conclusions: This study argues there is a need for increased awareness of issues and methods that are crucial for the healthcare sector to respond to climate change. Efforts to develop interventions should explore how nurses should be able to contribute to the healthcare sector's preparedness for and contributions to sustainable development.

Professional attitudes towards deliberate self-harm in patients with borderline personality disorder

Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess the attitudes of mental health and emergency medicine clinicians towards patients diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. The clinician gender, primary occupation and service setting, level of university training and years of experience, frequency of clinical contact, and completion of specific training in borderline personality disorder were expected to influence the attitudes of health professionals towards working with borderline patients that engage in self-harm.

Method: A purpose-designed questionnaire and an assessment tool to quantify attitudinal levels were used to collect demographic information and assess the attitudes of 140 mental health and emergency medicine practitioners across two Australian health services and a New Zealand health service.

Results: Statistically and clinically significant differences were found between emergency medical staff and mental health clinicians in their attitudes towards working with borderline personality disorder. The strongest predictor of attitudes was whether the clinician worked in emergency medicine or mental health. This was followed by years of experience and specific training in personality disorders as significant predictors of attitudes to self-harm.

Conclusions: The implications of these findings for the professional training of clinicians in the management and treatment of borderline personality disorder patients are discussed.