Efecto del estrés ocasionado por las pruebas académicas sobre los niveles de cortisol y prolactina en un grupo de estudiantes de Medicina

Introducción: La relación entre el sistema inmune y el estrés ha sido motivo de debate en los últimos años. Los cambios neurohormonales generan variaciones en la respuesta inmunológica, con cambios importantes en los niveles de citoquinas lo que causa a su vez, en algunos casos, depresión de la respuesta citotóxica debida a la disminución de la población de células asesinas naturales (NK) (1). El estrés académico constituye un buen modelo para estudiar los cambios asociados en la secreción de algunas hormonas del eje Hipotalámico- Pituitario-Adrenocortical -HPA- (2, 3). Materiales y métodos: En el presente estudio se evaluó el comportamiento de las hormonascortisol y prolactina, así como su incidencia en la respuesta adaptativa a Herpes Simple tipo I, en una población de estudio constituída por 26 estudiantes de la Facultad de Medicina, con edades comprendidas entre 14 y 27 años, con mayor frecuencia de género masculino (80.8%). Se realizó un estudio de intervención longitudinal en tres momentos, donde se midieron los niveles de cortisol, prolactina y anticuerpos contra Herpes Simple tipo I. Así mismo, se realizó una medición 15 días antes de la exposición al estresor, durante la aplicación del estresor (semana de exámenes trimestrales), y quince días después de la exposición al estresor Todas las muestras fueron tomadas entre las 8:00 a.m. y las 10:00 a.m. Resultados y discusión: Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p < 0.001) en los valores promedio de prolactina, pues hubo una tendencia secular al aumento en los tres momentos evaluados. Para el cortisol, los cambios estuvieron cerca de mostrar diferencias significativas (p = 0.098), con un aumento en el momento del estresor y una disminución después del estresor. También hubo diferencias significativas (p = 0.043) en los niveles de anticuerpos para Herpes Simple tipo I, con una tendencia secular al aumento en los tres momentos evaluados. La respuesta adaptativa a Herpes Simple tipo I aumentó notoriamente como resultado de los cambios en la concentración de prolactina, la que, a su vez, aumentó de manera significativa después de la exposición al estresor. Aunque los niveles de cortisol no aumentan significativamente durante la semana del estresor, podrían ser suficientes para mantener niveles basales de prolactina, sin que haya un aumento de la respuesta adaptativa. Se podría inferir que el cortisol regula la síntesis de prolactina, pues en los resultados se observa que, a medida que disminuye la concentración de cortisol, los niveles de prolactina aumentan significativamente.

Prevalencia de síntomas respiratorios en avicultores de una empresa de Bogotá

Este estudio identifico la prevalencia de síntomas respiratorios en avicultores de una empresa de Bogotá, mediante la aplicación del: “CUESTIONARIO EPIDEMIOLOGICO ESTANDARIZADO DE SINTOMAS RESPIRATORIOS. ATS-DLD-78-A (FERRIS 1978)”. Participaron 113 trabajadores del sector avícola comúnmente conocidos como galponeros, quienes son responsables de alimentar y cuidar a las aves (pollos), además de veterinarios. La prevalencia general de síntomas respiratorios fue del 45,1% (n=50), siendo el síntoma de sibilancias, la manifestación más prevalente representando el 34,4% (n=39). Se encontró asociación significativa entre la manifestación clínica de sibilancias y género, siendo mayor la prevalencia en los hombres que en las mujeres (22,8% vs. 5,4%, p=0,008). En el síntoma respiratorio de tos se encontró asociado al género (p=0,012), siendo el género masculino el más afectado (29,8% vs. 10,7%). El tiempo de exposición > 8 años está asociado al síntoma respiratorio de sibilancias (p=0,032). No se encontraron relaciones significativas entre hábito de tabaquismo, edad, raza y nivel de escolaridad. Siendo la prevalencia general de síntomas respiratorios alta es necesario fortalecer el uso de elementos de protección personal adecuados para la protección del tracto respiratorio y de gran importancia incluir a los trabajadores en programas de vigilancia epidemiológica para el control de los síntomas respiratorios de tal forma que se les realice un seguimiento anual que incluya exámenes ocupacionales de ingreso y periódicos al igual que exámenes complementarios dirigidos al factor de riesgo.

Análisis de las variables que inciden en la eficiencia de la gestión clínica en el área de consulta externa

La eficiencia en la gestión clínica de los médicos generales es un pilar fundamental en el control de los recursos en salud y puede generar un impacto positivo en la reducción de gastos innecesarios en el sistema. Se realiza un estudio analítico en donde se diseña una encuesta transversal para identificar las principales variables que puedan influir en la toma de decisiones de los médicos generales en una IPS de Bogotá, y se aplicó a 20 médicos. Los resultados encontrados fueron contrastados con la literatura actual. Se agruparon los resultados con variables como: relación profesional de la salud, organización y costo médico; pertinencia en la remisión a especialistas y formulación de medicamentos y paraclínicos, formación en pregrado de administración en salud, número de trabajos, cansancio físico, y finalmente, se analiza la influencia de la edad con otras variables descritas. Los resultados evidenciaron falta de conciencia por parte de los médicos con relación al control de los recursos que se relacionan con la mala derivación de los pacientes a los especialistas y la formulación de exámenes paraclínicos sin pertinencia adecuada. Sobre los factores descritos influyen características como la edad del médico, la adherencia a las guías de manejo, el cansancio físico y las características del paciente. Por otro lado hay una clara división con relación a la dirección y los médicos, no hay seguimiento a su desempeño, tampoco incentivos que promuevan la prestación del servicio con calidad, capacitación permanente, ni una remuneración adecuada. Finalmente, identificados dichos factores se plantean estrategias de intervención, y con esto generar un impacto adecuado en la optimización del recurso y mejoría de las condiciones laborales.

Cambridge instant IELTS : ready to use tasks and activities.

Libro de actividades prácticas para profesores de inglés como lengua extranjera, orientado a la preparación de los exámenes IELTS (International English Language Testing System). Contiene 34 lecciones de duración entre 45 minutos y una hora y media, que pueden ser fotocopiadas para su uso en clase con los alumnos, con ejercicios de compresión lectora y auditiva, conversación y redacción. Al final de cada lección hay un apartado con notas aclaratorias para el profesor y las soluciones de los ejercicios. Incluye un CD con el audio para los ejercicios de compresión auditiva y las transcripciones al final del libro.

Instant PET : ready-to-use tasks and activities.

Libro para la preparación del examen Cambridge PET (Preliminary English Test), para alumnos de nivel intermedio bajo. Está divido en cuatro secciones (lectura, redacción, comprensión auditiva y expresión oral) que se corresponden con los ejercicios de la prueba oficial, y que a su vez se organizan en una serie de sesenta actividades diseñadas en formato de páginas enfrentadas, con una hoja para el profesor con las indicaciones paso a paso, notas explicativas y las soluciones de los ejercicios, y otra que se puede fotocopiar con las tareas para los alumnos.

Some biological data on cetaceans populations present in the western coasts of Ireland

Ireland’s waters constitute one of the richest habitats for cetaceans in Europe. Marine mammals, particularly cetaceans, are known to be definitive hosts of digestive parasites from the Fm.Anisakidae. The main aim of this study is to collect and compile all the information available out there regarding parasites of the Fm. Anisakidae and their definitive hosts. Secondary objectives are to relate the presence of cetacean species with the presence of parasites of the Fm. Anisakidae and to determine whether this greater number of cetaceans relates to a greater level of parasitism. Prevalence and burdens of anisakids in definitive hosts vary widely with host species, geographic location, and season. Results from several post-mortem exams are given. However, they cannot be compared due to differences in collecting techniques. Anisakis simplex is the most commonly and widespread parasite found in the majority of the samples and in a major number of hosts, which include harbour porpoise, short-beaked common dolphin and bottlenose dolphin. Studies on harbour porpoise obtained prevalences of Anisakis spp. of 46% (n=26) and of 100% (n= 12). Another study in common dolphin reported a prevalence of 68% (n=25). Several reasons could influence the variations in the presence of Anisakis. Studies on commercially exploited fish have reported prevalences of Anisakis simplex ranging from 65-100% in wild Atlantic salmon and from 42-53.4% in Atlantic cod

Teoria administrativa e educação : um estudo de caso da gestão da Educação Pública na Amazónia

School management is a recent worry in the history of Brazilian education. Still today the administrative theories from the industrial business model are reference for education, despite its specificities. This situation is not a misconception. Care is necessary to attempt to the goal differences from schools to companies. The aim of this research was to analyze the influence of administrative practices in the quality of education in the Brazilian state of Pará, taking as empiric reference the educational-administrative reality of the 10th Educational Regional Unit (ERU), in the period from 2007 to 2010. The study was made by means of document analysis, questionnaires and the revision of theoretic fundaments, analyzing the results of the national exams of high schools and the practice of ERU school directors and schools of the same unit. Our conclusion is that among managers, the is a lack of knowledge and lack of practice of an adequate theory for education, what has created problems to the students evaluation, whose right to success is guaranteed by the Federal Constitution of Brazil. The academics and managers of education would need to discuss and reach the propositions of a management theory that meets the aims and goals of education

Estadiamento da insuficiência renal crónica em 100 felinos, na região de Lisboa

A insuficiência renal crónica (IRC) é uma das doenças renais que afecta com mais incidência os animais de companhia, sendo a doença renal frequentemente mais diagnosticada no gato. O objetivo deste estudo consistiu determinar a distribuição de ocorrência dos diferentes níveis de estadiamento em pacientes diagnosticados com doença renal crónica, identificar os sinais mais comuns na apresentação clínica, avaliar os parâmetros bioquímicos e clínicos abrangidos no estadiamento e substadiamento, caracterizar os diversos estadios de doença de acordo com as características individuais (sexo, raça e idade), e determinar a existência de relação entre os parâmetros anteriores com o desenvolvimento e duração temporal de doença. O estudo contemplou uma amostra aleatória de 100 gatos com Insuficiência Renal Crónica (IRC) apresentados à consulta ou internados no Hospital Veterinário do Restelo, no período compreendido de Abril de 2011 a Maio de 2012 inclusive. Os animais foram estadiados e subestadiados segundo os valores propostos pela International Renal Interest Society (IRIS). O estudo serviu ainda, para compreender algumas limitações associadas aos exames complementares necessários ao estadiamento e subestadiamento da doença, que podem limitar um diagnóstico precoce. No estudo foi possível verificar que da distribuição de faixas etárias, os geriátricos são mais afectados, assim como o sinal clínico mais apresentado pelos pacientes foi PU/PD, seguido de anorexia e vómito. A maioria dos felinos encontra-se no estádio II (azotémia renal ligeira), vindo o número de indivíduos a diminuir com o aumento do grau dos estadios de doença.

A funcionalidade da Avaliação em Matemática no Ensino Médio

The evaluation appears as a natural process in which a professional education to build a notion of content assimilated by the students as well as whether the teaching methods adopted by him are having an effect on learning of these. Long meant, to apply only to evaluate evidence, a grade and classify students in approved and disapproved. Even today there are teachers who believe that assessment is only in this process. However, this vision has been gradually modified. The evaluation is not at the time of carrying out tests and checks, but is an ongoing process, aimed at reflection for error correction and forwarding the student to acquire the expected objectives. This study was designed to analyze the data from the result of the survey, we can see that the form evaluative functions as an element of integration and motivation for the teaching-learning process. The speech of most education professionals interviewed here reflects the current notion that the evaluation process is currently understood not only as the result of the tests, but the results of the work and / or research that students perform. There are numerous evaluative techniques that allow the teacher to evaluate student performance and escape the traditional written exam, allowing teachers and students to dialogue sought to find and correct possible errors by redirecting the student for learning, motivating for the correction, and suggesting to him new ways of study for better understanding of the issues addressed within the class. The key is to understand that the evaluation process is not just about taking exams and assign grade. Evaluation is a continuous learning process that occurs every day in order to correct mistakes and build new knowledge.

Infant Attachment Security and the Timing of Puberty: Testing an Evolutionary Hypothesis

Life-history theories of the early programming of human reproductive strategy stipulate that early rearing experience, including that reflected in infant-parent attachment security, regulates psychological, behavioral, and reproductive development. We tested the hypothesis that infant attachment insecurity, compared with infant attachment security, at the age of 15 months predicts earlier pubertal maturation. Focusing on 373 White females enrolled in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, we gathered data from annual physical exams from the ages of 9½ years to 15½ years and from self-reported age of menarche. Results revealed that individuals who had been insecure infants initiated and completed pubertal development earlier and had an earlier age of menarche compared with individuals who had been secure infants, even after accounting for age of menarche in the infants’ mothers. These results support a conditional-adaptational view of individual differences in attachment security and raise questions about the biological mechanisms responsible for the attachment effects we discerned.

Measuring students' emotions in the early years: the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire-Elementary School (AEQ-ES)

This article reports about the development and validation of a measurement instrument assessing elementary school students' achievement emotions (Achievement Emotions Questionnaire-Elementary School, AEQ-ES). Specifically, the instrument assesses students' enjoyment, anxiety, and boredom pertaining to three types of academic settings (i.e., attending class, doing homework, and taking tests and exams). Scale construction was based on Pekrun's (2006) control-value theory of achievement emotions. The instrument was tested using samples from German and American elementary school classrooms. The results of Study 1 (German sample) corroborate the reliability and structural validity of the new emotion measure. Moreover, they show that students' achievement emotions were linked with their control and value appraisals as well as their academic performance, thus supporting the external validity of the measure as well as propositions of Pekrun's (2006) control-value theory of achievement emotions. Study 2 (American sample) corroborated the cross-cultural equivalence of the measure and the generalizability of findings across the German and American samples. Implications for research on achievement emotions and educational practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract)

Competing priorities: Singapore teachers’ perspectives on critical literacy

This paper explores a group of Singaporean English language teachers’ knowledge and beliefs about critical literacy as well as their perspectives on how best to teach literacy and critical literacy in Singapore schools. A face-to-face survey was conducted among 58 English language teachers by using open-ended questions. The survey covered various topics related to literacy instruction including text decoding, meaning construction, and critical analysis of texts. The participating teachers believed strongly that reading and writing are transactional and interactional practices. However, they were less certain in their beliefs about teaching critical literacy including the critical, analytical and evaluative aspects of text reading. Some teachers saw a conflict between using time on teaching critical literacy and preparing students to pass their exams. As critical literacy is not a requirement at exams, they found it difficult to justify using time teaching it. The results suggest that the teachers’ belief systems are strongly influenced by the broad macrostructure of the educational system in Singapore and their own educational experiences.

Massive Open Online Courses and sustainability

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have become very popular among learners millions of users from around the world registered with leading platforms. There are hundreds of universities (and other organizations) offering MOOCs. However, sustainability of MOOCs is a pressing concern as MOOCs incur up front creation costs, maintenance costs to keep content relevant and on-going support costs to provide facilitation while a course is being run. At present, charging a fee for certification (for example Coursera Signature Track and FutureLearn Statement of Completion) seems a popular business model. In this paper, the authors discuss other possible business models and their pros and cons. Some business models discussed here are: Freemium model – providing content freely but charging for premium services such as course support, tutoring and proctored exams. Sponsorships – courses can be created in collaboration with industry where industry sponsorships are used to cover the costs of course production and offering. For example Teaching Computing course was offered by the University of East Anglia on the FutureLearn platform with the sponsorship from British Telecom while the UK Government sponsored the course Introduction to Cyber Security offered by the Open University on FutureLearn. Initiatives and Grants – The government, EU commission or corporations could commission the creation of courses through grants and initiatives according to the skills gap identified for the economy. For example, the UK Government’s National Cyber Security Programme has supported a course on Cyber Security. Similar initiatives could also provide funding to support relevant course development and offering. Donations – Free software, Wikipedia and early OER initiatives such as the MIT OpenCourseware accept donations from the public and this could well be used as a business model where learners could contribute (if they wish) to the maintenance and facilitation of a course. Merchandise – selling merchandise could also bring revenue to MOOCs. As many participants do not seek formal recognition (European Commission, 2014) for their completion of a MOOC, merchandise that presents their achievement in a playful way could well be attractive for them. Sale of supplementary material –supplementary course material in the form of an online or physical book or similar could be sold with the revenue being reinvested in the course delivery. Selective advertising – courses could have advertisements relevant to learners Data sharing – though a controversial topic, sharing learner data with relevant employers or similar could be another revenue model for MOOCs. Follow on events – the courses could lead to follow on summer schools, courses or other real-life or online events that are paid-for in which case a percentage of the revenue could be passed on to the MOOC for its upkeep. Though these models are all possible ways of generating revenue for MOOCs, some are more controversial and sensitive than others. Nevertheless unless appropriate business models are identified the sustainability of MOOCs would be problematic.

Relative entropy measures applied to healthy and pathological voice characterization

Nowadays, noninvasive methods of diagnosis have increased due to demands of the population that requires fast, simple and painless exams. These methods have become possible because of the growth of technology that provides the necessary means of collecting and processing signals. New methods of analysis have been developed to understand the complexity of voice signals, such as nonlinear dynamics aiming at the exploration of voice signals dynamic nature. The purpose of this paper is to characterize healthy and pathological voice signals with the aid of relative entropy measures. Phase space reconstruction technique is also used as a way to select interesting regions of the signals. Three groups of samples were used, one from healthy individuals and the other two from people with nodule in the vocal fold and Reinke`s edema. All of them are recordings of sustained vowel /a/ from Brazilian Portuguese. The paper shows that nonlinear dynamical methods seem to be a suitable technique for voice signal analysis, due to the chaotic component of the human voice. Relative entropy is well suited due to its sensibility to uncertainties, since the pathologies are characterized by an increase in the signal complexity and unpredictability. The results showed that the pathological groups had higher entropy values in accordance with other vocal acoustic parameters presented. This suggests that these techniques may improve and complement the recent voice analysis methods available for clinicians. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

False-positive results of a rapid K39-based strip test and Chagas disease

Background: The definitive diagnosis of visceral. leishmaniasis (VL) requires invasive procedures with demonstration of amastigotes in tissue or promastigotes in culture. Unfortunately, these approaches require laboratory materials not available in poor countries where the disease is endemic. The correct diagnosis of VL is important, and made more difficult by the fact that several common tropical diseases such as malaria, disseminated tuberculosis, and enteric fever share the same clinical presentation. Serological tests have been developed to replace parasitological diagnosis in the field. A commercially available K39-based strip test for VL has been developed for this purpose. The endemic area of leishmaniasis in Brazil overlaps the endemic area of Chagas disease, a disease that can cause false-positive serological test results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of false-positive exams using a rapid test for VL in patients with Chagas disease. Methods: A rapid test based on the recombinant K39 antigen of Leishmania was used in: (1) 30 patients with confirmed Chagas disease, (2) 30 patients with a serological diagnosis of Chagas disease by ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence, indirect hemagglutination, and chemiluminescence, (3) 30 healthy patients from a non-endemic area as the control group, (4) 30 patients with confirmed VL, and (5) 20 patients with proved cutaneous leishmaniasis. Results: The sensitivity and specificity of the rapid strip test were 100% when compared with healthy volunteers and those with confirmed Chagas disease. One false-positive result occurred in the group with Chagas disease diagnosed by serological tests (specificity of 96%). Conclusion: The rapid test based on recombinant K39 is a useful diagnostic assay, and a false-positive result rarely occurs in patients with a serological diagnosis of Chagas disease. (C) 2008 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.