726 resultados para body image - women


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Introduction: Self-image is important in the behaviour and lifestyle of children and adolescents. Analysing the self-image they have and the factors that might influence their distortion, can be used to prevent problems of obesity and anorexia. The main objective of present publication was to analyse the risk factors that may contribute to self-image distortion. Material and Methods: A descriptive survey study was conducted among 659 children and adolescents in two social classes (low and medium-high), measuring height and weight, calculating BMI percentile for age and gender. Body image and self-perception were registered. Results: The percentage of overweight-obesity is higher in scholars (41.8% boys, 28.7% girls) than in adolescents (30.1% and 22.2% respectively), with no difference between socioeconomic classes. The multinomial logistic regression analysis gives a risk of believing thinner higher (p=0.000) among boys OR=2.9(95%CI:1.43-3.37), school (p=0.000) OR=2.42(95%CI:1.56-3.76) and much lower (p=0.000) between normally nourished OR=0.08(95%CI:0.05-0.13), with no differences according to socioeconomic status. The risk of believing fatter is lower (p=0.000) between boys OR=0.28(95%CI:0.14-0.57), school(p=0.072) OR=0.54(95%CI:0.27-1.6), and much higher among underweight (p=0.000) OR=9x108(95% CI:4x108-19x108). Conclusions: Are risk factors of believing thinner: males, being in a group of schoolchildren and overweight-obesity. Conversely, are risk factors of believing fatter: females, teen and above all, be thin.

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A epidemia da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (aids) é, atualmente, um fenômeno de grande magnitude e extensão na saúde mundial. A síndrome de lipodistrofia é uma alteração que afeta a autoimagem corporal e a sexualidade, aumentando o estigma da doença e ocasionando dificuldades na adesão ao tratamento e nas relações sociais. OBJETIVOS: a) descrever aspectos da psicodinâmica de pacientes HIV/aids acometidos e não acometidos pela lipodistrofia, dando enfoque aos mecanismos de defesa utilizados ; b) investigar a percepção de imagem corporal em pacientes HIV/aids acometidos e não acometidos pela síndrome de lipodistrofia; c) identificar semelhanças e diferenças de percepção de imagem corporal em pacientes HIV/aids acometidos pela lipodistrofia com aqueles não acometidos. MÉTODO: Foram selecionados oito pacientes por critério de conveniência do ambulatório da Clínica de Infectologia do Hospital Heliópolis. Foram utilizados um Roteiro de Entrevista e o Desenho da Figura Humana DFH teste projetivo gráfico de personalidade; a análise dos dados foram submetidos à análise qualitativa conforme indicação do instrumental, auxiliados pela leitura do conteúdo clinico-diagnóstico psicológico. RESULTADOS: Nos dois grupos os dados apontaram para características em comum quanto à psicodinâmica interna e à percepção de imagem corporal. Recursos defensivos primitivos foram os mais utilizados caracterizando a presença de disfunção da imagem corporal e um controle egóico rígido, embora frágil. Percebeu-se o quanto é angustiante, para estas pacientes, lidar não somente com a autoimagem como também com a sexualidade. CONCLUSÕES: Os programas de acompanhamento ao HIV/aids devem considerar o quanto essas pacientes necessitam de ser acompanhadas em psicoterapia. A promoção de saúde deve levar em conta não somente a melhora da qualidade de vida, mas também buscar compreender como estas mulheres se relacionam e de que forma exercem a sua sexualidade.

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This doctoral dissertation illuminates the salience of body image to sociological investigations of mental health. It is argued that concerns over body-appearance evident in America embody a dimension of distress over the physical self that may be appropriately considered a mental health outcome, called body dysphoria. Using cross-sectional data on 1,183 young adults comprising Hispanic, African American, and non-Hispanic white males and females from varying social classes, a valid and reliable measure of body dysphoria is developed and demonstrated to be a distinct dimension of psychological distress. ^ From the standpoint of the sociology of mental health, the social distribution of body dysphoria makes known individual consequences of the stratified arrangements of society based on gender, race/ethnicity, and social class. Results reveal significant social differences in body dysphoria that are both consistent with and contrary to clinical studies attributing eating disorders to white, upper-class females. Body dysphoria is substantially greater among females supporting that unrealistic cultural ideals and standards of body-appearance remain disproportionately targeted at females in the development and presentation of self. Compared to non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics exhibit higher average levels of body dysphoria while African Americans exhibit lower levels of comparable proportion. The question is addressed whether identification with the dominant (white) culture influences distress over body-appearance among racial/ethnic minorities. A small inverse association is revealed between social class origin and body dysphoria suggesting that individuals from lower social class backgrounds are as greatly affected by body image concerns generally presumed to preoccupy upper social classes. ^ The stress process is a widely used theoretical paradigm for explaining structurally driven social differences in mental health outcomes. New evidence is introduced that the stress process may contribute to understanding body image problems. Regression analyses reveal that stress exposure has a significant positive association with body dysphoria that is mediated by varying psychosocial resources. Overall, the stress process explains the effects of social class origin and African American race/ethnicity on body dysphoria but does not account for the larger effects of being female or Hispanic. ^

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Breast cancer is the second type of cancer that affects more women of reproductive age in Brazil. Surgical treatments include: conserving surgery or mastectomy. Aimed to evaluate body image of women undergoing breast cancer surgery, based on the scale Body Image After Breast Cancer Questionnaire. It is a descriptive, exploratory, transversal, with a quantitative approach. Data were collected in Norte-riograndense League Against Cancer, between the months from March to May 2015, after consideration of the Research Ethics Committee of that institution CAEE 35155714.1.0000.5293. The study population consisted of women undergoing breast onco-surgery. To calculate the sample considered the finite population, totaling 120 subjects, collected four guys the most. Data were analyzed by the software Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0. The domain scores of the scale were evaluated using descriptive and inferential statistics. The surgical group mastectomy without reconstruction showed greater impairment of body image in the field "vulnerability", "Care for the body" and "transparency" in relation to other surgical types, and suggests susceptibility to cancer, body appearance and worry that disturb other. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed greater dissatisfaction with body image in the fields "body Stigma" and "transparency" to the radical neoplastic surgery over other surgical types. Dissatisfaction with body image and physical appearance was detected in this study in all six image fields present in scale, with emphasis on the "body Stigma" and "Transparency". This means that the body image disorder is formulated based on the perception of others about themselves and not by perception "self", which justifies the concern with appearance, with body and hide the consequences stemmed cancer. It is expected that the data obtained from the evaluation of body image presented in this study contribute to enable the assistance to oncocirurgiada woman breast integral, essential for the practice of Nursing.

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Breast cancer is the second type of cancer that affects more women of reproductive age in Brazil. Surgical treatments include: conserving surgery or mastectomy. Aimed to evaluate body image of women undergoing breast cancer surgery, based on the scale Body Image After Breast Cancer Questionnaire. It is a descriptive, exploratory, transversal, with a quantitative approach. Data were collected in Norte-riograndense League Against Cancer, between the months from March to May 2015, after consideration of the Research Ethics Committee of that institution CAEE 35155714.1.0000.5293. The study population consisted of women undergoing breast onco-surgery. To calculate the sample considered the finite population, totaling 120 subjects, collected four guys the most. Data were analyzed by the software Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0. The domain scores of the scale were evaluated using descriptive and inferential statistics. The surgical group mastectomy without reconstruction showed greater impairment of body image in the field "vulnerability", "Care for the body" and "transparency" in relation to other surgical types, and suggests susceptibility to cancer, body appearance and worry that disturb other. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed greater dissatisfaction with body image in the fields "body Stigma" and "transparency" to the radical neoplastic surgery over other surgical types. Dissatisfaction with body image and physical appearance was detected in this study in all six image fields present in scale, with emphasis on the "body Stigma" and "Transparency". This means that the body image disorder is formulated based on the perception of others about themselves and not by perception "self", which justifies the concern with appearance, with body and hide the consequences stemmed cancer. It is expected that the data obtained from the evaluation of body image presented in this study contribute to enable the assistance to oncocirurgiada woman breast integral, essential for the practice of Nursing.

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O câncer de mama compõe-se de 22% dos casos novos verificados a cada ano, configurando o segundo tipo de doença mais frequente entre as mulheres. O tratamento para esse tipo de enfermidade, bem como os sintomas apresentados, provocam alterações psicológicas nas mulheres, afetando a dimensão da auto-imagem do dado existencial do ser. Logo, a escolha pela reconstrução mamária tem mostrado uma adaptação da imagem que cada mulher produz de si, e isso concorre para restabelecer o equilíbrio psicológico que é afetado, diante do diagnóstico e da perda da mama. A fisioterapia é essencial tanto na preparação, quanto após a intervenção cirúrgica das pacientes, tendo como premissa a recuperação das suas funções e também, no restabelecimento da sua autoimagem corporal, podendo minimizar os efeitos adversos da reconstrução mamária. Nesse ínterim, em uma forma transversal prospectiva, este estudo teve como objetivo, avaliar a qualidade de vida e da autopercepção corporal em pacientes com câncer de mama submetidas à reconstrução mamária, relacionando a qualidade de vida com a realização ou não da fisioterapia, após o processo da intervenção cirúrgica. Como resultados, observou-se a existência de correlações entre a IC - Imagem Corporal e os domínios da qualidade de vida, com uma correlação moderada significativa apenas no domínio psicológico e que correspondeu à melhor imagem corporal da paciente. Quanto à imagem corporal, todas as pacientes demonstraram um índice satisfatório na escala corporal. Quando comparado à execução ou não da fisioterapia apresentaram igual comportamento para quem fez e para aquelas que não realizaram fisioterapia. Na verificação de quem fez ou não fisioterapia, a satisfação foi superior no grupo que fez, e a insatisfação foi menor nesse grupo do que naquele que não realizou fisioterapia.

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Os comportamentos depressivos são cada vez mais evidentes na sociedade atual e ocorrem normalmente, a partir da adolescência, sendo a sua incidência maior nas mulheres. Esses comportamentos, que se traduzem em sintomatologia depressiva interferem com vários aspetos do ser humano, desde a sua imagem corporal, aos seus estados nutricional e psicológico, até ao seu estado de saúde em geral, e ao seu padrão de sono. Este trabalho procura explorar as relações entre os hábitos e a qualidade do sono e a sintomatologia depressiva. Foram avaliados 100 profissionais de saúde com horários de trabalho irregulares e com idades compreendidas entre os 20 e os 65 anos : 54 do sexo feminino e 46 do sexo masculino. Aplicou-se um questionário onde se recolheram os seguintes dados: IMC, horário de trabalho, alimentação, consumo de substâncias estimulantes, sintomatologia depressiva, sonolência diurna e qualidade do sono. Relativamente ao IMC verificou-se que 44% dos inquiridos apresenta excesso de peso e 2% já se encontra em Obesidade grau I. Relativamente ao horário de trabalho, 74 % dos inquiridos referiu o turno da manhã como sendo o seu preferencial e 59% disse que o trabalho por turnos que não era vantajoso. Na avaliação da interferência do horário de trabalho por turnos nas diversas atividades extra profissionais verificou-se que quanto ao tempo de lazer 72 % dos inquiridos disse que interfere muito, na vida social e familiar 78 % dos inquiridos diz que interfere muito, nas atividades pessoais 60 % dos inquiridos disse que interfere muito e na alimentação 83 % dos inquiridos diz que interfere muito. Ainda na alimentação, verificou-se que 52% dos inquiridos acha que o tempo que tem disponível não é adequado a uma boa refeição pelo que se verificou uma frequência das refeições irregular nomeadamente ao pequeno almoço, que apenas 47% disse sempre tomar. Relativamente ao consumo de substâncias estimulantes a mais consumida é o café, uma vez que mais de metade (53%) dos inquiridos diz tomar sempre, segue-se o consumo de tabaco, o qual 44% dos inquiridos disse consumir sempre. Quanto ao exercício físico 68% dos inquiridos disse não praticar. Na presença de sintomatologia depressiva, verifica-se que a maior parte dos inquiridos (68%; n=68) apresenta uma sintomatologia depressiva mínima, 24% apresenta depressão ligeira e 8% (n=8) apresenta depressão moderada. A determinação da sonolência diurna, verifica-se que 28% (n=28) dos inquiridos apresenta pouca sonolência diurna, 65% apresenta moderada sonolência diurna e 7% apresenta Sonolência diurna excessiva. Quanto á qualidade do sono, verifica-se que 18 % dos inquiridos tem uma boa qualidade de sono, 53 % tem sono de má qualidade e 29% dos inquiridos apresenta distúrbio de sono. Estas evidências levaram a concluir que existe uma forte relação ente o sono e a sintomatologia depressiva, e que o horário de trabalho por turnos interfere na qualidade de vida dos indivíduos, sendo que a única forma de intervir está na prevenção, incentivando os trabalhadores a hábitos de vida saudáveis e a um controlo periódico do seu estado de saúde.

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During the early Stuart period, England’s return to male monarchal rule resulted in the emergence of a political analogy that understood the authority of the monarch to be rooted in the “natural” authority of the father; consequently, the mother’s authoritative role within the family was repressed. As the literature of the period recognized, however, there would be no family unit for the father to lead without the words and bodies of women to make narratives of dynasty and legitimacy possible. Early modern discourse reveals that the reproductive roles of men and women, and the social hierarchies that grow out of them, are as much a matter of human design as of divine or natural law. Moreover, despite the attempts of James I and Charles I to strengthen royal patriarchal authority, the role of the monarch was repeatedly challenged on stage and in print even prior to the British Civil Wars and the 1649 beheading of Charles I. Texts produced at moments of political crisis reveal how women could uphold the legitimacy of familial and political hierarchies, but they also disclose patriarchy’s limits by representing “natural” male authority as depending in part on women’s discursive control over their bodies. Due to the epistemological instability of the female reproductive body, women play a privileged interpretive role in constructing patriarchal identities. The dearth of definitive knowledge about the female body during this period, and the consequent inability to fix or stabilize somatic meaning, led to the proliferation of differing, and frequently contradictory, depictions of women’s bodies. The female body became a site of contested meaning in early modern discourse, with men and women struggling for dominance, and competitors so diverse as to include kings, midwives, scholars of anatomy, and female religious sectarians. Essentially, this competition came down to a question of where to locate somatic meaning: In the opaque, uncertain bodies of women? In women’s equally uncertain and unreliable words? In the often contradictory claims of various male-authored medical treatises? In the whispered conversations that took place between women behind the closed doors of birthing rooms? My dissertation traces this representational instability through plays by William Shakespeare, John Ford, Thomas Middleton, and William Rowley, as well as in monstrous birth pamphlets, medical treatises, legal documents, histories, satires, and ballads. In these texts, the stories women tell about and through their bodies challenge and often supersede male epistemological control. These stories, which I term female bodily narratives, allow women to participate in defining patriarchal authority at the levels of both the family and the state. After laying out these controversies and instabilities surrounding early modern women’s bodies in my first chapter, my remaining chapters analyze the impact of women’s words on four distinct but overlapping reproductive issues: virginity, pregnancy, birthing room rituals, and paternity. In chapters 2 and 3, I reveal how women construct the inner, unseen “truths” of their reproductive bodies through speech and performance, and in doing so challenge the traditional forms of male authority that depend on these very constructions for coherence. Chapter 2 analyzes virginity in Thomas Middleton and William Rowley’s play The Changeling (1622) and in texts documenting the 1613 Essex divorce, during which Frances Howard, like Beatrice-Joanna in the play, was required to undergo a virginity test. These texts demonstrate that a woman’s ability to feign virginity could allow her to undermine patriarchal authority within the family and the state, even as they reveal how men relied on women to represent their reproductive bodies in socially stabilizing ways. During the British Civil Wars and Interregnum (1642-1660), Parliamentary writers used Howard as an example of how the unruly words and bodies of women could disrupt and transform state politics by influencing court faction; in doing so, they also revealed how female bodily narratives could help recast political historiography. In chapter 3, I investigate depictions of pregnancy in John Ford’s tragedy, ‘Tis Pity She’s a Whore (1633) and in early modern medical treatises from 1604 to 1651. Although medical texts claim to convey definitive knowledge about the female reproductive body, in actuality male knowledge frequently hinged on the ways women chose to interpret the unstable physical indicators of pregnancy. In Ford’s play, Annabella and Putana take advantage of male ignorance in order to conceal Annabella’s incestuous, illegitimate pregnancy from her father and husband, thus raising fears about women’s ability to misrepresent their bodies. Since medical treatises often frame the conception of healthy, legitimate offspring as a matter of national importance, women’s ability to conceal or even terminate their pregnancies could weaken both the patriarchal family and the patriarchal state that the family helped found. Chapters 4 and 5 broaden the socio-political ramifications of women’s words and bodies by demonstrating how female bodily narratives are required to establish paternity and legitimacy, and thus help shape patriarchal authority at multiple social levels. In chapter 4, I study representations of birthing room gossip in Thomas Middleton’s play, A Chaste Maid in Cheapside (1613), and in three Mistris Parliament pamphlets (1648) that satirize parliamentary power. Across these texts, women’s birthing room “gossip” comments on and critiques such issues as men’s behavior towards their wives and children, the proper use of household funds, the finer points of religious ritual, and even the limits of the authority of the monarch. The collective speech of the female-dominated birthing room thus proves central not only to attributing paternity to particular men, but also to the consequent definition and establishment of the political, socio-economic, and domestic roles of patriarchy. Chapter 5 examines anxieties about paternity in William Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale (1611) and in early modern monstrous birth pamphlets from 1600 to 1647, in which children born with congenital deformities are explained as God’s punishment for the sexual, religious, and/or political transgressions of their parents or communities. Both the play and the pamphlets explore the formative/deformative power of women’s words and bodies over their offspring, a power that could obscure a father’s connection to his children. However, although the pamphlets attempt to contain and discipline women’s unruly words and bodies with the force of male authority, the play reveals the dangers of male tyranny and the crucial role of maternal authority in reproducing and authenticating dynastic continuity and royal legitimacy. My emphasis on the socio-political impact of women’s self-representation distinguishes my work from that of scholars such as Mary Fissell and Julie Crawford, who claim that early modern beliefs about the female reproductive body influenced textual depictions of major religious and political events, but give little sustained attention to the role female speech plays in these representations. In contrast, my dissertation reveals that in such texts, patriarchal society relies precisely on the words women speak about their own and other women’s bodies. Ultimately, I argue that female bodily narratives were crucial in shaping early modern culture, and they are equally crucial to our critical understanding of sexual and state politics in the literature of the period.

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Enquadramento: A doença oncológica, independentemente da localização ou estadio, assim como os aspectos fisiológicos, psicológicos e sociais a ela associados podem resultar em prejuízo significativo ao nível do funcionamento sexual e relacional do doente. Objetivo: Identificar a influência da doença oncológica na vivência da sexualidade do doente oncológico. Métodos: Estudo de natureza quantitativa, exploratória e descritivo-correlacional, foi realizado com 330 utentes de um Centro Hospitalar na região centro, constituída por 61,5% mulheres e 38,5% homens, com idades compreendidas entre os 25 e os 84 anos (M= 56,05; DP= 12,16). Instrumento de colheita de dados composto por questionário de caracterização sociodemográfica, clínica e a Escala de Apgar Familiar, Smilkstein (1978); Escala de Imagem Corporal (Hopwood, et al 2001); Escala Reduzida de Ajustamento Mental ao Cancro (Watson et al, 1988); Questionário de Satisfação com o Relacionamento Sexual (Cappelleri et al, 2002). Resultados: Da amostra 81,1% é casada ou vive em união de facto, em relação à localização do cancro, 37,9% é localizado na mama e 31,8% digestivo. Relacionamento conjugal antes da doença muito satisfatório (45, 15% ) vs 32,12% nada/pouco satisfatório atualmente. Verificam-se diferenças estatísticamente significativas em algumas variáveis sóciodemográficas (idade, escolaridade), clínicas (localização do tumor, tratamento efetuado), funcionalidade familiar, imagem corporal e ajustamento mental ao cancro, na vivênvia da sexualidade pelo doente oncológico. Conclusão: A assistência aos portadores de doença oncológica deve incluir intervenções dirigidas ao despiste e tratamento da disfunção da sexualidade assim como ao planeamento de ações educativas/formativas dos profissionais de saúde no âmbito da sexualidade do doente oncológico. Palavras-chave: Doença Oncológica; Sexualidade; Imagem corporal; Ajustamento mental.

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La motivación en la actividad física es una característica psicológica multidimensional, que se ve influenciada tanto por los aspectos internos de la persona (preferencias, deseos, temores, entre otras), como por las vivencias externas de su entorno (aceptación social, amistades, habilidades, entre otras). En una época en la que en el nivel mundial, la actividad física de personas de todas las edades, está en aumento constante, es fundamental para profesionales como educadores físicos, entrenadores deportivos o instructores de ejercicio, tener presentes los principales motivos de participación de los sujetos que tienen a su cargo, con el fin de velar por elaborar planes de trabajo ideales para que se mantengan realizándolo, orientándolos a disfrutar y estar satisfechos con su intervención y así alargar su ciclo de vida activa, evitando el abandono, aspecto tan relacionado con el sedentarismo y el riesgo de padecer enfermedades crónicas y degenerativas. Así, los niños prefieren la diversión y hacer amigos; los adolescentes la competición y las amistades; los universitarios la aventura y la diversión; los adultos obtener actividad física regular y los adultos mayores los beneficios relacionados con la salud. Las mujeres se motivan por la apariencia y aspectos sociales, mientras los hombres por la competición y el estatus. Los sujetos que hacen deporte se motivan por la competición y los que hacen ejercicio por la imagen corporal. A mayor nivel de actividad, se valora más la competición. Finalmente, la diversión, la competición, el aprender habilidades y la condición física son los motivos más importantes para participantes de actividad física norteamericanos, europeos y asiáticos. El presente trabajo se realizó con el propósito de dar a conocer a los profesionales de las ciencias del movimiento humano, las diferentes variables que determinan los motivos de participación en los distintos tipos de actividad física en sujetos con diferente edad, género, cultura y nivel de actividad.