976 resultados para Vc


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The production of long-lived transuranic (TRU) waste is a major disadvantage of fission-based nuclear power. Incineration, and virtual elimination, of waste stockpiles is possible in a thorium (Th) fuelled critical or subcritical fast reactor. Fuel cycles producing a net decrease in TRUs are possible in conventional pressurised water reactors (PWRs). However, minor actinides (MAs) have a detrimental effect on reactivity and stability, ultimately limiting the quality and quantity of waste that can be incinerated. In this paper, we propose using a thorium-retained-actinides fuel cycle in PWRs, where the reactor is fuelled with a mixture of thorium and TRU waste, and after discharge all actinides are reprocessed and returned to the reactor. To investigate the feasibility and performance of this fuel cycle an assembly-level analysis for a one-batch reloading strategy was completed over 125 years of operation using WIMS 9. This one-batch analysis was performed for simplicity, but allowed an indicative assessment of the performance of a four-batch fuel management strategy. The build-up of 233U in the reactor allowed continued reactive and stable operation, until all significant actinide populations had reached pseudo-equilibrium in the reactor. It was therefore possible to achieve near-complete transuranic waste incineration, even for fuels with significant MA content. The average incineration rate was initially around 330 kg per GW th year and tended towards 250 kg per GW th year over several decades: a performance comparable to that achieved in a fast reactor. Using multiple batch fuel management, competitive or improved end-of-cycle burn-up appears achievable. The void coefficient (VC), moderator temperature coefficient (MTC) and Doppler coefficient remained negative. The quantity of soluble boron required for a fixed fuel cycle length was comparable to that for enriched uranium fuel, and acceptable amounts can be added without causing a positive VC or MTC. This analysis is limited by the consideration of a single fuel assembly, and it will be necessary to perform a full core coupled neutronic-thermal-hydraulic analysis to determine if the design in its current form is feasible. In particular, the potential for positive VCs if the core is highly or locally voided is a cause for concern. However, these results provide a compelling case for further work on concept feasibility and fuel management, which is in progress. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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:本文以野生猕猴为实验对象,以血清皮质 醇含量为指标,研究了野生猕猴 被捕获与给予氯丙嗪、Vc等药物后上述指标的变化。结果 表明:(1)野生猕猴在被捕获 后的1~2周内,血清皮质醇一直维持在一个高水平状态(24.7 8±0.20μg/dl,24.88 ±0.58μg/dl);(2)氯丙嗪可使动物行为处于一种安静状态, 但 并不降低血清皮质醇水 平(28.73±6.16μg/dl),(3)Vc可改善动物的精神状态,使血清 皮质醇略低(21.00 ±2.90μg/dl)(P>0.05),(4)氯丙嗪和Vc合用后,血清皮质 醇与单独使用氯丙嗪无明显 差异(28.07±4.45μg/dl)。

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分别用添加1%酵母细胞壁(1号饲料)、1%酵母细胞壁+0.23%Vc+0.02%VE(2号饲料)、1%免疫多糖(3号饲料)的饲料投喂异育银鲫,并于试验后4、11、17、24、31 d测定头肾巨噬细胞吞噬活性、血清溶菌酶活性和血清杀菌活性。结果表明,与对照组相比,3组饲料均能显著提高异育银鲫的头肾巨噬细胞吞噬活性、血清溶菌酶活性和血清杀菌活性,其中3号饲料效果最为显著,其次为2号饲料。

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用维生素C含量为38、364和630mg/kg的三种饲料饲喂初体重为(23.19±0.58)g的长吻8个月,实验结果表明,38mg/kgVC饲料组饲喂的长吻表现出了典型的VC缺乏症状:体色发黑,脊椎侧弯,鳍边由开始的萎缩直到腐烂、贫血、特定生长率显著降低(p<0.05)。并且38mg/kgVC饲料组长吻的生理指标也受到影响:血清溶菌酶活性显著下降(p<0.05),肝脏的SOD活性及MDA含量均显著升高(p<0.05),血清皮质醇没有显著差异(p>0.05),但各处理组长吻肝脏中均未检测到诱导型HS

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<正> 维生素C,又称丙种维生素,VitaminumC,抗坏血酸(Ascorbic acid),简称维C或Vc。维生素C是一种酸性己糖衍生物。化学名称为L—3—氧带苏己糖醛酸内酯。分子式为C_6H_8O_6,分子量为176.1。1维生素C的性状 外观为白色结晶粉末,有酸味,久置色渐变微黄色,易溶于水,水溶液呈酸性反应。稍溶于乙醇,微溶于甘油,不溶于乙醚和氯仿。熔点为190℃。抗坏血酸钠为白色或微黄色结晶粉末,略带酸味,只溶于水,基本上不溶于乙醇、乙醚等。在220℃时分解。 维生素C是动物的重要营养成分之一

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Passive steering systems have been used for some years to control the steering of trailer axles on articulated vehicles. These normally use a 'command steer' control strategy, which is designed to work well in steady-state circles at low speeds, but which generates inappropriate steer angles during transient low-speed maneuvers and at high speeds. In this paper, 'active' steering control strategies are developed for articulated heavy goods vehicles. These aim to achieve accurate path following for tractor and trailer, for all paths and all normal vehicle speeds, in the presence of external disturbances. Controllers are designed to implement the path-following strategies at low and high speeds, whilst taking into account the complexities and practicalities of articulated vehicles. At low speeds, the articulation and steer angles on articulated heavy goods vehicles are large and small-angle approximations are not appropriate. Hence, nonlinear controllers based on kinematics are required. But at high-speeds, the dynamic stability of control system is compromised if the kinematics-based controllers remain active. This is because a key state of the system, the side-slip characteristics of the trailer, exhibits a sign-change with increasing speeds. The low and high speed controllers are blended together using a speed-dependent gain, in the intermediate speed range. Simulations are conducted to compare the performance of the new steering controllers with conventional vehicles (with unsteered drive and trailer axles) and with vehicles with command steer controllers on their trailer axles. The simulations show that active steering has the potential to improve significantly the directional performance of articulated vehicles for a wide range of conditions, throughout the speed range. © VC 2013 by ASME.

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Myelin basic protein (MBP), as a major component of the myelin sheath, has been revealed to play an important role informing and maintaining myelin structure in vertebrate nervous system. In teleost, hypothalamus is an instinctive brain center and plays significant roles in many physiological functions, such as energy metabolism, growth, reproduction, and stress response. In comparison with other MBP identified in vertebrates, a smallest MBP is cloned and identified from the orange-spotted grouper hypothalamic cDNA plasmid library in this study. RT-PCR analysis and Western blot detection indicate that the EcMBP is specific to hypothalamus, and expresses mainly in the tuberal hypothalamus in adult grouper. Immunofluorescence localization suggests that EcMBP should be expressed by oligodendrocytes, and the expressing cells should be concentrated in hypothalamus and the area surrounding hypothalamus, such as NPOpc, VC, DP, NLTm, and NDLI The studies on EcMBP expression pattern and developmental behaviour in the brains of grouper embryos and larvae reveal that the EcMBP-expressing cells are only limited in a defined set of cells on the border of hypothalamus, and suggest that the EcMBP-expressing cells might be a subpopulation of oliaodendrocyte progenitor cells. This study not only identifies a smallest MBP isoform specific to hypothalamus that can be used as a molecular marker of oligodendrocytes in fish, but also provides new insights for MBP evolution and cellular distribution. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.

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研究灌溉方式对樱桃番茄产量和品质的影响,为番茄栽培过程中合理用水提供理论依据。【方法】采用棚室内小区试验,研究6种灌溉方式(Ⅰ.常规沟灌;Ⅱ.交替沟灌;Ⅲ.固定灌溉种植行;Ⅳ.固定灌溉操作行;Ⅴ.前期采用常规沟灌,结果期采用交替沟灌;Ⅵ.前期采用交替沟灌,结果期采用常规沟灌)对樱桃番茄产量与品质的影响。【结果】不同灌溉方式之间樱桃番茄产量与品质特征值达到极显著差异水平,其中处理Ⅰ和Ⅵ的果形指数、单果质量及产量均极显著高于其他4种处理,果形指数分别为1.22和1.21,平均单果质量高达14.28和14.05g;但处理Ⅱ~Ⅳ的果实糖酸比、VC含量、可溶性固形物含量及干物质含量均极显著高于处理Ⅰ、Ⅵ和Ⅴ,只是造成硝酸盐含量轻度积累。【结论】前期采用交替沟灌,而结果期采用常规沟灌,不仅提高了樱桃番茄的产量与品质,而且还有节水的效果,这种灌溉方式可以在番茄生产中加以推广应用。

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采用盆栽试验与室内分析相结合的方法,研究了6种低分子有机酸和一种有机酸盐对辣椒生长发育和叶片活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明:柠檬酸、乙酰丙酸和有机酸钾处理不仅可显著提高辣椒根系干质量,增加辣椒vC含量,而且提高了辣椒的产量。甲酸、柠檬酸、乙酰丙酸和有机酸钾处理使根系活力比对照分别提高83%、93.8%、96.75%和99.5%。柠檬酸、乙酰丙酸和有机酸钾处理提高了辣椒叶片的SOD和POD活性,降低了膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量,延缓了叶片衰老。但是低分子有机酸处理对CAT活性的影响较小。

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试验研究了在延安日光温室不同前茬作物条件下,黄瓜随着生长季节的变化其产量和品质及土壤呼吸和酶活性的动态变化。结果表明,前茬为豇豆的黄瓜产量和土壤碱性磷酸酶活性较高,前茬为番茄的黄瓜可溶性糖含量和土壤呼吸强度较高,前茬为四季豆的黄瓜维生素C含量较高,前茬为翻青玉米的黄瓜硝酸盐含量和土壤脲酶活性较高,前茬为翻青黑豆的土壤蔗糖酶活性较高。从提高黄瓜产量的角度出发,豇豆-黄瓜是最佳模式,而从改善黄瓜品质的角度出发,番茄-黄瓜和四季豆-黄瓜是最优模式

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为研究水肥耦合对陕北日光温室内黄瓜产量和品质的影响,2006年和2007年在安塞日光温室隔水小区内采用完全随机设计,设置了WhFh,WmFh,WlFh,WhFl,WmFl和WlFl共6个处理。结果表明:①不同水肥处理影响了黄瓜品质,但所有处理瓜条NO3--N含量都低于432mg/kg(鲜样),WmFh处理黄瓜可溶性糖、VC和可溶性蛋白质含量都显著高于其它处理;②黄瓜产量随水肥供给增加而增加,水分利用效率总体上与肥料量正相关,与供水量负相关。可得出结论:WmFh处理(田间持水量75%~90%,600kg/hm2N和420kg/hm2P2O5)的水肥能满足黄瓜整个生育期的水分和养分需求,能实现黄瓜的高产、优质、高效生产。

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依据在日光温室条件下的田间试验,研究了水分和氮素水平对豇豆产量和品质的影响,以期筛选较佳水分和氮素控制指标,为豇豆优质高产提供依据。结果表明:同一氮肥处理下,豇豆产量随土壤水分含量增加而显著增加,达到土壤相对含水量(RH)75%~85%时产量最高,豇豆高产较佳的水分和养分组合为:氮肥120 kg/hm2,壤RH为60%~85%。水分对豇豆鲜菜可溶性糖含量影响不明显;在水分充足条件下氮肥能提高豇豆的可溶性糖含量;水分有助于提高豇豆的Vc含量,水分、氮肥适宜豇豆可获得较高的Vc含量。豇豆硝酸盐含随施氮量增加显著增大。在氮素水平为60~120 kg/hm2条件下,水分对豇豆硝酸盐含量影响不明显,在氮素水平为180kg/hm2条件下,水分明显增加豇豆硝酸盐含量。按照蔬菜中硝酸盐含量安全标准,在氮水平为60~120 kg/hm2条件下豇豆的硝酸盐含量均在250 mg/kg以下,达到一级安全标准。氮水平120 kg/hm2是较佳的豇豆安全施肥量。综合考虑水分和氮肥对豇豆安全品质、营养品质以及产量的效应,建议豇豆生产中氮肥用量为120 kg/hm2左右,田间持水量保持在60%~85%。

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为突出局部灌溉不足或灌溉过量对均匀性的影响程度,提出了基于几何平均数分布均匀系数的概念,将其定义为部分测点水深几何平均值与所有测点算术平均值的比值。并根据部分测点水深数据的提取方法不同,分为1/4低值、1/4高值、1/2低值和1/2高值分布均匀系数。用MATLAB和VC~++语言编制了可以实现上述分布均匀系数计算的软件"SIUEW1.0"。结果初步证明:基于几何平均数的乘法模型要比基于算术平均数的加法模型更加突出了部分低(或高)于平均值的测点水深数据对均匀系数的影响程度,因此更适用于时局部灌溉不足或过量灌溉有严格控制要求地块的灌溉均匀性评价;无论高值和低值,取点数越少,均匀性的评价结果越差。

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该研究中,建议了一些新的方法,并且应用到QSAR/QSPR研究中,较好的预测了化合物的活性.研究工作主要集中在如下几个方面:[1]用相似度矩阵构造数学模型,预测化合物的活性.相似度矩阵是通过提取分子三维结构特征—广义二面角,原子三角和原子对空间距离来得到.[2]在三维空间对分子进行投影,计算出每一个平面上的投影面积来描述分子的形状.并进一步对分子投影进行了研究.用每一个平面的投影边缘代替面积预测化合物的活性.得到了更好的结果.[3]传统的拓朴指数很难区分属于3-D范畴的手性异构体.研究中扩展了由该实验室提出的Am指数,并利用该指数预测了手性药物的活性.[4]比较不同物种的β-球蛋白基因的第一个外显子.该方法不是直接进行DNA序列的比较,而是将DNA编码序列转化为图,然后模拟表征分子图的方法对之进一步处理.[5]利用VC++编写了一个包含三十多个分子拓扑指数的软件.

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DMSO是一个很好的配位体,有氧原子和硫原子两个配位原子,通过这两个配位原子,DMSO可以和许多过渡金属和稀土金属的离子发生络合,形成稳定的金属络合物。稀土金属离子的络合物,角过氯酸盐、卤化物,高铼酸盐六氟磷化物等,曾有人进行了研究,它们的光谱研究表明,二甲亚砜是通过氧原子同稀土络合,O、N、S三原子的络合能力是O>N>S。在稀土硝酸盐的二甲亚砜的络合物中,由于即存在DMSO的配位,也存在硝基的配位,所在情况比较复杂。它们的振动光谱研究了可以在1967年Ramalingan和1977年Kawcuno的工作中得知一些,前者研究了La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Gd、Ho、Yb、Y九个元素的络合物,后者研究了La、Nd、Er、Yb、Lu五个元素的络合物,所有络合物的光谱数据都很不完全,他们都认为DMSO与NO_3都与稀土离子络合,并肯定是通过氧原子络合,但是对于NO_3的络合方式没有一致的结论。Ramalingan等认为络合物分子中,硝根既有双基配位,又有单基配位,和X光衍射实验的结果不相符,Kawano通过研究全氘化二甲亚砜(DMSO-d_6)的稀土硝酸盐络合物,认为三个NO_3都是通过两个氧原子同稀土相配位,是双基配位基。硝基的配位方式是一个长期争论的振动光谱问题,不少学者曾对硝基的各种振动模式的谱带位置和吸收强度进行探讨,很难得出一致的结论。在络合物中氧与稀土离子的络合键Ln-O的振动频率位置问题,亦存在争论,Kawanv认为这个配位键的振动频率在180 cm~(-1)附近,但是日本的岩濑秋雄等人,在研究稀土高氯酸盐的二甲亚砜络合物时,则认为400 cm~(-1)附近的谱带为Ln-O的振动频率在研究稀土的无水硝酸盐的红外光谱的工作中。A.Walker等人也把180 cm~(-1)谱带归属为Ln-O络合键。J.R.Ferraro等人在研究Ln(NO_3)_3·3DBP络合物时,也认为Ln-O配位键在180 cm~(-1)附近,但是我们考察了他们的数据与稀土动量L的关系,未发现四分组现和“斜W”效应。我们研究了除P_m 以外的十四个稀土元素并Y的硝酸盐DMSO络合物的付氏变换红外光和激光拉曼光谱,4000 cm~(-1)-80 cm~(-1)的红外光谱图和4000 cm~(-1)-50 cm~(-1)的拉曼光谱图提供了较完整的数据,除了肯定了NO_3和DMSO都以氧原子与稀土络合外,还肯定了NO_3的配位方式和利用红外数据区别不同类型的配位的方法找出了金属离子配位数不同的光谱特征,做了Ln-O络合键的振动频率的归属及其与稀土物化性质间的规律关系。根据DMSO的简正坐标计算结果,可以归属出DMSO及其络合物的许多谱带,其中S=0伸缩振动频率在990-1018 cm~(-1)之间,随原子序数增加无明显规律性变化,在Gd络合物以后,分裂为三条谱带。C-S的伸缩振动移问低波数,变化随原子序数增加而增加,但无明显的线性变化,C-S-O变形振动频率向高频方向移动约16 cm~(-1),与原子序数无关,C-S-C变形振动移向高波数5 cm~(-1),与原子序数无关。此外,在~3000 cm~(-1)是Vc-H,~1400 cm~(-1)是CH_3变形振动频率谱带,~950 cm~(-1)是CH_3摇摆,络合后上述谱带变化不大,可见络合对CH_3基团的振动无大的影响。通过考察S=0振动频率变化,可以看出十配位络合物和九配位络合物之间的光谱区别在于十配位络合物S=0伸缩振动仍为一条谱带,而九配位络合物的S=0振动频率则分裂为两条谱带。已知十配位的Ln-O多面体为双帽正多棱柱,九配位络合物则为三帽三角柱,考虑到氧原子的不同,前者为C_(2v)对称性,后者为C_3对称性,不同配位数的络合物所显示谱带分裂不能用对称性来说明,因为这两种群均没有简并的群表示,利用X光衍射数据计算了La和Yb的络合物中DMSO间氧原子的距离,可以看出,十配位络合物中DMSO的配位氧原子间距离大,而九配位络合物中氧原子间距离小,两者之间相差近两倍。所以S=0振动频率分裂可能是相同基团因距离近而产生了振动耦合。利用此结果可以区分不同配位数的络合物,这种现象,在以往的DMSO络合物的研究中没有发现。硝基离子属于D_(3h)群,有四个振动模式,其中三个是红外活性,分别为V_2(A")=823-817 cm~(-1),V_3(E')=1368-1355 cm~(-1),V_4(E')=702-718 cm~(-1),V_1、V_3、V_4是拉曼活性的,络合以后,NO_3对称性变为C_(2v)群,有六条红外谱线,同时也是拉曼活性,其中N-O伸缩振动在1460 cm~(-1) (A,S),No_2反对称伸缩振动在1340-1329cm~(-1)(B,S),NO_2,对称伸缩振动在1037.7 cm~(-1)附近,NO_3的对称面内弯曲振动在817 cm~(-1)(A,S),反对称面内弯曲振动在767.7 cm~(-1),NO_3的面外变形振动在710 cm~(-1)(B_2 W),由此可知硝基在络合物中确实参加了配位。存在络合物中的三个硝基的配位类型在红外上如何区别我们进行了初步探讨。单基配位基和双基配位基同属C_(2v)对称性所以在基频上很难区别,Lever等人在研究过渡金属络合物中发现,No_3的组频1750 cm~(-1) (V_1+V_4)在络合以后发生了分裂,双基配位基分裂在22-66cm~(-1)范围,而单基配位基则在5-26cm~(-1)范围,可以以此来区别NO_3的配位类型,这种方法适用于很多络合物,我们把这种方法应用于稀土络合物中发现,这个组频分裂现象在络合物中普遍存在,分裂在25-44.4cm~(-1)范围,所以络合物的硝基是双基配位体,在此波数区间内只有分裂很好的两个峰,所以可以断定无单基配位的硝基存在,这与X光衍射实验结果相一致,分裂距离随原子序数增加而增加,但无“斜W”效应。Ce和Lu的络合物分裂较小。由此可知这种方法适用于稀土二甲亚砜络合物。对有可能归属为Ln-O配位键的180 cm~(-1)和400 cm~(-1)附近的两条谱带进行考查,~400 cm~(-1)附近的谱带随原子序数增加总趋势增加,在Gd络合物开始分裂为两条,这条谱带与稀土离子总角动量L之间存在“斜W”效应,Shyama P. Sinha在研究稀土元素的性质时发现,稀土很多性质都具有“斜W”效应。其中包括配位键振动频率。利用V=1/(2πC)(F/(-1~n))~(1/2),用乙酰丙酮络合物的F_(Ln-O)近似计算V_(Ln-O)可以算得V_(Ln-O)在400.8-418.49cm~(-1)范围,所以可以认为~400 cm~(-1)附近的谱带可以归属为Ln-O键伸缩振动。~200 cm~(-1)的谱带在S_m络合物以后分开,此谱带亦随原子序数增加而增加,但无“斜W”效应,Kawano把它们归属为Ln-O,J.R.Ferraro在研究Ln(NO_3)_3(TBP)_3时,也认为Ln-O键伸缩振动在此位置,但也无“斜W”效应,这条谱带能否归属于Ln-O键,有待寻找更进一步的证据。通过稀土二甲亚砜络合物的研究,我们可以得知,NO_3的组频在1750 cm~(-1)谱带在络合以后发生了分裂,分裂范围在25-44.4 cm~(-1),从而证明了NO_3为双基配位基。DMSO的S=0伸缩振动频率和Ln-O键伸缩振动在Gd络合物后出现分裂,因而可以利用此结果可以区分两种不同配位数的络合物,通过考虑振动频率同稀土物化性质L间的关系及近似计算,初步可以确定Ln-O键振动频率在~400 cm~(-1)附近。有“斜W”效应存在。