Dependable wireless real-time communications for open environments

Wireless communication technologies have become widely adopted, appearing in heterogeneous applications ranging from tracking victims, responders and equipments in disaster scenarios to machine health monitoring in networked manufacturing systems. Very often, applications demand a strictly bounded timing response, which, in distributed systems, is generally highly dependent on the performance of the underlying communication technology. These systems are said to have real-time timeliness requirements since data communication must be conducted within predefined temporal bounds, whose unfulfillment may compromise the correct behavior of the system and cause economic losses or endanger human lives. The potential adoption of wireless technologies for an increasingly broad range of application scenarios has made the operational requirements more complex and heterogeneous than before for wired technologies. On par with this trend, there is an increasing demand for the provision of cost-effective distributed systems with improved deployment, maintenance and adaptation features. These systems tend to require operational flexibility, which can only be ensured if the underlying communication technology provides both time and event triggered data transmission services while supporting on-line, on-the-fly parameter modification. Generally, wireless enabled applications have deployment requirements that can only be addressed through the use of batteries and/or energy harvesting mechanisms for power supply. These applications usually have stringent autonomy requirements and demand a small form factor, which hinders the use of large batteries. As the communication support may represent a significant part of the energy requirements of a station, the use of power-hungry technologies is not adequate. Hence, in such applications, low-range technologies have been widely adopted. In fact, although low range technologies provide smaller data rates, they spend just a fraction of the energy of their higher-power counterparts. The timeliness requirements of data communications, in general, can be met by ensuring the availability of the medium for any station initiating a transmission. In controlled (close) environments this can be guaranteed, as there is a strict regulation of which stations are installed in the area and for which purpose. Nevertheless, in open environments, this is hard to control because no a priori abstract knowledge is available of which stations and technologies may contend for the medium at any given instant. Hence, the support of wireless real-time communications in unmanaged scenarios is a highly challenging task. Wireless low-power technologies have been the focus of a large research effort, for example, in the Wireless Sensor Network domain. Although bringing extended autonomy to battery powered stations, such technologies are known to be negatively influenced by similar technologies contending for the medium and, especially, by technologies using higher power transmissions over the same frequency bands. A frequency band that is becoming increasingly crowded with competing technologies is the 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical band, encompassing, for example, Bluetooth and ZigBee, two lowpower communication standards which are the base of several real-time protocols. Although these technologies employ mechanisms to improve their coexistence, they are still vulnerable to transmissions from uncoordinated stations with similar technologies or to higher power technologies such as Wi- Fi, which hinders the support of wireless dependable real-time communications in open environments. The Wireless Flexible Time-Triggered Protocol (WFTT) is a master/multi-slave protocol that builds on the flexibility and timeliness provided by the FTT paradigm and on the deterministic medium capture and maintenance provided by the bandjacking technique. This dissertation presents the WFTT protocol and argues that it allows supporting wireless real-time communication services with high dependability requirements in open environments where multiple contention-based technologies may dispute the medium access. Besides, it claims that it is feasible to provide flexible and timely wireless communications at the same time in open environments. The WFTT protocol was inspired on the FTT paradigm, from which higher layer services such as, for example, admission control has been ported. After realizing that bandjacking was an effective technique to ensure the medium access and maintenance in open environments crowded with contention-based communication technologies, it was recognized that the mechanism could be used to devise a wireless medium access protocol that could bring the features offered by the FTT paradigm to the wireless domain. The performance of the WFTT protocol is reported in this dissertation with a description of the implemented devices, the test-bed and a discussion of the obtained results.

Functional analysis of String/CDC25 phosphatase in post-mitotic neurons

Cell cycle and differentiation are two highly coordinated processes during organ development. Recent studies have demonstrated that core cell cycle regulators also play cell cycle-independent functions in post-mitotic neurons, and are essential for the maintenance of neuronal homeostasis. CDC25 phosphatases are well-established CDK activators and their activity is mainly associated to proliferating tissues. The expression and activity of mammalian CDC25s has been reported in adult brains. However, their physiological relevance and the potential substrates in a non-proliferative context have never been addressed. string (stg) encodes the Drosophila CDC25 homolog. Previous studies from our group showed that stg is expressed in photoreceptors (PRs) and in lamina neurons, which are two differentiated cell types that compose the fly visual system. The aims of this work are to uncover the function of stg and to identify its potential neuronal substrates, using the Drosophila visual system as a model. To gain insight into the function of stg in a non-dividing context we used the GAL4/UAS system to promote downregulation of stg in PR-neurons, through the use of an RNAi transgene. The defects caused by stg loss-of-function were evaluated in the developing eye imaginal disc by immunofluorescence, and during adult stages by scanning electron microscopy. This genetic approach was combined with a specific proteomic method, two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), to identify the potential substrates in PR-cells. Our results showed that stg downregulation in PRs affects the well-patterned retina organization, inducing the loss of apical maintenance of PR-nuclei on the eye disc, and ommatidia disorganization. We also detected an abnormal accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins and a disruption of the axon structure. As a consequence, the projection of PR-axons into the lamina and medulla neuropils of the optic lobe was impaired. Upon stg downregulation, we also detected that PR-cells accumulate Cyclin B. Although the rough eye phenotype observed upon stg downregulation suggests neurodegeneration, we did not detect neuronal death during larval stages, suggesting that it likely occurs during pupal stages or during adulthood. By 2D-DIGE, we identified seven proteins which were differentially expressed upon stg downregulation, and are potential neuronal substrates of Stg. Altogether, our observations suggest that Stg phosphatase plays an essential role in the Drosophila visual system neurons, regulating several cell components and processes in order to ensure their homeostasis.

Engineering PROFIBUS networks with heterogeneous transmission media

A significant number of process control and factory automation systems use PROFIBUS as the underlying fieldbus communication network. The process of properly setting up a PROFIBUS network is not a straightforward task. In fact, a number of network parameters must be set for guaranteeing the required levels of timeliness and dependability. Engineering PROFIBUS networks is even more subtle when the network includes various physical segments exhibiting heterogeneous specifications, such as bus speed or frame formats, just to mention a few. In this paper we provide underlying theory and a methodology to guarantee the proper operation of such type of heterogeneous PROFIBUS networks. We additionally show how the methodology can be applied to the practical case of PROFIBUS networks containing simultaneously DP (Decentralised Periphery) and PA (Process Automation) segments, two of the most used commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) PROFIBUS solutions. The importance of the findings is however not limited to this case. The proposed methodology can be generalised to cover other heterogeneous infrastructures. Hybrid wired/wireless solutions are just an example for which an enormous eagerness exists.

A comparative analysis of fault injection methods via enhanced on-chip debug infrastructures

On-chip debug (OCD) features are frequently available in modern microprocessors. Their contribution to shorten the time-to-market justifies the industry investment in this area, where a number of competing or complementary proposals are available or under development, e.g. NEXUS, CJTAG, IJTAG. The controllability and observability features provided by OCD infrastructures provide a valuable toolbox that can be used well beyond the debugging arena, improving the return on investment rate by diluting its cost across a wider spectrum of application areas. This paper discusses the use of OCD features for validating fault tolerant architectures, and in particular the efficiency of various fault injection methods provided by enhanced OCD infrastructures. The reference data for our comparative study was captured on a workbench comprising the 32-bit Freescale MPC-565 microprocessor, an iSYSTEM IC3000 debugger (iTracePro version) and the Winidea 2005 debugging package. All enhanced OCD infrastructures were implemented in VHDL and the results were obtained by simulation within the same fault injection environment. The focus of this paper is on the comparative analysis of the experimental results obtained for various OCD configurations and debugging scenarios.

Real time fault injection using a modified debugging infrastructure

Dependability is a critical factor in computer systems, requiring high quality validation & verification procedures in the development stage. At the same time, digital devices are getting smaller and access to their internal signals and registers is increasingly complex, requiring innovative debugging methodologies. To address this issue, most recent microprocessors include an on-chip debug (OCD) infrastructure to facilitate common debugging operations. This paper proposes an enhanced OCD infrastructure with the objective of supporting the verification of fault-tolerant mechanisms through fault injection campaigns. This upgraded on-chip debug and fault injection (OCD-FI) infrastructure provides an efficient fault injection mechanism with improved capabilities and dynamic behavior. Preliminary results show that this solution provides flexibility in terms of fault triggering and allows high speed real-time fault injection in memory elements

Real-time fault injection using enhanced on-chip debug infrastructures

The rapid increase in the use of microprocessor-based systems in critical areas, where failures imply risks to human lives, to the environment or to expensive equipment, significantly increased the need for dependable systems, able to detect, tolerate and eventually correct faults. The verification and validation of such systems is frequently performed via fault injection, using various forms and techniques. However, as electronic devices get smaller and more complex, controllability and observability issues, and sometimes real time constraints, make it harder to apply most conventional fault injection techniques. This paper proposes a fault injection environment and a scalable methodology to assist the execution of real-time fault injection campaigns, providing enhanced performance and capabilities. Our proposed solutions are based on the use of common and customized on-chip debug (OCD) mechanisms, present in many modern electronic devices, with the main objective of enabling the insertion of faults in microprocessor memory elements with minimum delay and intrusiveness. Different configurations were implemented starting from basic Components Off-The-Shelf (COTS) microprocessors, equipped with real-time OCD infrastructures, to improved solutions based on modified interfaces, and dedicated OCD circuitry that enhance fault injection capabilities and performance. All methodologies and configurations were evaluated and compared concerning performance gain and silicon overhead.

Da guerra remota: a desumanização do poder aéreo, a interferência e a interação humana no futuro da guerra

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Relações Internacionais, especialidade de Estudos de Segurança e Estratégia

Käyttövarmuusanalyysin tuottama tärkeysjärjestys elintarviketeollisuuden prosessilaitteille – Suuntaviivat kustannustietoisen kunnossapitostrategian luomiselle

Hallitsematon ja reaktiivinen kunnossapito on eräs tuotannon suurimpia kustannustekijöistä. Suunnitelmallisesti ja systemaattisesti johdettuna kunnossapito on tuotantotehokkuuden suurin vaikuttaja. Merkittävä osa tuotannon tehokkuuden ylläpidosta saavutetaan laitteiden käyttövarmuudella. Käyttövarmuuden saaminen hallintaan perustuu ennakoivan kunnossapidon määrän kasvattamiseen. Samalla korjaavan kunnossapidon kustannusriski laskee ja siihen käytetty panos vähenee. Huonolla kunnossapidon suunnitelmallisuudella on päinvastaiset vaikutukset. Tavoitteena on määritellä prosessilaitteiden käyttövarmuuksiin perustuva laitekriittisyys. Tutkimuksessa yhdistetään riskien arviointimenetelmiä, joilla keskimääräiset vikavälit ja seuraukset valmistukseen mallinnetaan. Kriittisyystekijöitä ovat käytettävyys, luotettavuus, kustannustekijät, turvallisuus ja ympäristövaikutukset. Tekijöiden arvottamiseen kehitettiin riksianalyysitaulukko. Kriittisyysluokat jaettiin kolmeen kategoriaan, joista A on kriittisin, B keskinkertainen ja C on matalin luokka. Lähtötietojen keräys toteutettiin triangulaatiomenetelmää soveltaen. Empiirisessä osassa HKScan Oy:n lihanjalostustehtaan jauheliha- ja kestomakkaraosastojen laitteet jaettiin A-, B- ja C-luokkiin. Kriittisimpiä laitteita oli 20 prosenttia analysoidusta laitemäärästä. Nämä A-luokkaan sijoitetut laitteet aiheuttavat 80 prosenttia kustannusriskeistä. B-luokkaan kuuluu 50 prosenttia ja C-luokkaan 30 prosenttia laitteista. Luokittelusta erotettiin havaitut turvallisuusriskit riskienhallinnan toimenpiteitä varten. Kustannustietoinen kriittisyysluokittelu on pohja kunnossapitostrategian rakentamiselle. Tämän avuksi esitettiin taulukot huolto-ohjelman luomiseen ja luokituksien hyödyntämiseen päivittäisessä toiminnassa.

Primary structure and expression studies of the dihydrofolate reductase gene (DFRI) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The nucleotide sequence of a genomic DNA fragment thought previously to contain the dihydrofolate reductase gene (DFR1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by genetic criteria was determined. This DNA fragment of 1784' basepairs contains a large open reading frame from position 800 to 1432, which encodes a enzyme with a predicted molecular weight of 24,229.8 Daltons. Analysis of the amino acid sequence of this protein revealed that the yeast polypep·tide contained 211 amino acids, compared to the 186 residues commonly found in the polypeptides of other eukaryotes. The difference in size of the gene product can be attributed mainly to an insert in the yeast gene. Within this region, several consensus sequences required for processing of yeast nuclear and class II mitochondrial introns were identified, but appear not sufficient for the RNA splicing. The primary structure of the yeast DHFR protein has considerable sequence homology with analogous polypeptides from other organisms, especially in the consensus residues involved in cofactor and/or inhibitor binding. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence also revealed the presence of a number of canonical sequences identified in yeast as having some function in the regulation of gene expression. These include UAS elements (TGACTC) required for tIle amino acid general control response, and "TATA H boxes as well as several consensus sequences thought to be required for transcriptional termination and polyadenylation. Analysis of the codon usage of the yeast DFRl coding region revealed a codon bias index of 0.0083. this valve very close to zero suggestes 3 that the gene is expressed at a relatively low level under normal physiological conditions. The information concerning the organization of the DFRl were used to construct a variety of fusions of its 5' regulatory region with the coding region of the lacZ gene of E. coli. Some of such fused genes encoded a fusion product that expressed in E.coli and/or in yeast under the control of the 5' regulatory elements of the DFR1. Further studies with these fusion constructions revealed that the beta-galactosidase activity encoded on multicopy plasmids was stimulated transiently by prior exposure of yeast host cells to UV light. This suggests that the yeast PFRl gene is indu.ced by UV light and nlay in1ply a novel function of DHFR protein in the cellular responses to DNA damage. Another novel f~ature of yeast DHFR was revealed during preliminary studies of a diploid strain containing a heterozygous DFRl null allele. The strain was constructed by insertion of a URA3 gene within the coding region of DFR1. Sporulation of this diploid revealed that meiotic products segregated 2:0 for uracil prototrophy when spore clones were germinated on medium supplemented with 5-formyltetrahydrofolate (folinic acid). This finding suggests that, in addition to its catalytic activity, the DFRl gene product nlay play some role in the anabolisln of folinic acid. Alternatively, this result may indicate that Ura+ haploid segregants were inviable and suggest that the enzyme has an essential cellular function in this species.

Employer Perspectives on Secondary School Cooperative Education in a Southern Ontario City in Canada

Despite 2 Ontario Ministry of Education policy documents which mandate that regular program effectiveness surveys be completed in secondary school co-op programs, research was either not occurring or data were not being made available. A lack of co-op research also existed at the postsecondary level. The primary reason for this study was to determine the perspectives of current secondary school co-op employers in the Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board (HWDSB) and to identify any program strengths as well as any areas in which improvement can be made. A secondary aim of the study was to discover the reasons that some employers decline to participate in the co-op program, and why other employers decide to discontinue their co-op partnerships. An online survey was utilized with 2 Likert scales and open-ended questions to solicit responses from the 100 participants. The findings from this study strongly supported previous secondary and postsecondary co-op research. Overall, the HWDSB co-op program was found to be very strong, and employer satisfaction very high. There were, however, areas in which improvement could be made. Although most employers felt supported by institutions and felt that expectations were clearly communicated and were reasonable, there was evidence that many employers perceived a lack of institutional support which included factors such as communication, student placement and fit, and institutional responsiveness. In addition, some employers felt that students were underprepared for the workplace and lacked basic employability skills such as dependability and responsibility.

Fidélité et validité de la mesure clinique du déjettement du tronc auprès d’enfants et d’adolescents présentant une scoliose idiopathique

La mesure du déjettement du tronc est un élément important pour évaluer la posture en ce qui a trait à la scoliose idiopathique. Cependant, il y a peu d'informations quant à sa mesure et les associations entre le déjettement du tronc et d'autres indicateurs ou facteurs pertinents. Les objectifs de cette étude sont : 1) d’évaluer la validité et la fiabilité de test-retest du fil à plomb pour mesurer le déjettement du tronc de C7 à S1 chez les personnes atteintes de scoliose idiopathique; et 2) d'étudier l'association entre le déjettement du tronc et les facteurs suivants : la douleur, l’angle de Cobb, le type de scoliose, la santé mentale et l’image de soi chez les personnes atteintes de scoliose idiopathique. Nous avons recruté 55 sujets âgés de 10 à 21 ans atteints de scoliose idiopathique (angle de Cobb : 15º à 60º) de la clinique de scoliose dans un hôpital pédiatrique de soins tertiaires. Le déjettement a été mesuré directement sur les sujets à deux reprises par la même physiothérapeute de même que sur les radiographies prises ce jour-là. Deux mesures ont été prises à chaque fois : une les pieds joints (FT) et l’autre en écartant les pieds (FA). Les sujets ont répondu au questionnaire adressé au patient de la Scoliosis Research Society-22, qui traite de la douleur, de l'image de soi et de la santé mentale. Le type de scoliose et l'angle de Cobb ont été mesurés sur les radiographies prises ce jour-là. Nous avons utilisé la théorie de la généralisabilité pour calculer la fidélité de test-retest pour les mesures FT et FA, en rapportant les coefficients de fiabilité (f) et les erreurs types de mesure (SEM). La validité de la mesure du fil à plomb a été calculée en comparant les mesures prises directement sur les radiographies en utilisant le coefficient de corrélation de Pearson. Les corrélations de Pearson ont été calculées entre le déjettement du tronc et la douleur, l'angle de Cobb, l'image de soi et la santé mentale. Les corrélations de Spearman ont été calculées entre le déjettement du tronc et le type de scoliose. Nous avons ensuite utilisé des modèles de régression linéaire multiple pour déterminer les associations entre ces variables. Nos résultats indiquent que les mesures de déjettement du tronc en utilisant un fil à plomb ont une forte corrélation (r = 0,87) avec la mesure obtenue par radiographie. La mesure du déjettement du tronc en utilisant un fil à plomb a démontré une excellente fidélité de test-retest (f: 0,98 pour la mesure FT et 0,99 pour la mesure FA) et les SEM étaient de 2,0 mm pour la mesure FT et 1,8 mm pour la mesure FA. Le déjettement du tronc est corrélé positivement avec l'angle de Cobb (r = 0,32, p = 0,02), mais il n'est pas corrélé à la douleur, la santé mentale, l'image de soi ou le type de scoliose. Les conclusions de notre étude ont montré que la mesure clinique du déjettement du tronc en utilisant un fil à plomb est une méthode fiable et valide et que le déjettement du tronc est associé à l'angle de Cobb. Une étude longitudinale est nécessaire pour déterminer si le déjettement du tronc est un indicateur pronostique de la progression de la scoliose. Mots-clés: la scoliose idiopathique, le déjettement du tronc, fil à plomb, posture, déplacement latéral du tronc

Définition du mécanisme de localisation des ARNm cen et ik2 aux centrosomes chez la Drosophile

L’organisation cellulaire repose sur une distribution organisée des macromolécules dans la cellule. Deux ARNm, cen et ik2, montrent une colocalisation parfaite aux centrosomes. Ces deux gènes font partie du même locus sur le chromosome 2L de Drosophila melanogaster et leur région 3’ non traduite (3’UTR) se chevauchent. Dans le mutant Cen, le transport de Ik2 est perturbé, mais dans le mutant Ik2, la localisation de cen n’est aucunement affectée. Ces résultats suggèrent que cen est le régulateur principal de la co-localisation de cen et ik2 aux centrosomes et que cette co-localisation se produit par un mécanisme impliquant la région complémentaire au niveau du 3’UTR des deux transcrits. La localisation de cen au niveau des centrosomes dans les cellules épithéliales de l’embryon est conservée dans différentes espèces de Drosophile : D. melanogater, D. simulans, D. virilis et D. mojavensis. Cependant, la localisation de ik2 n’est pas conservée dans D. virilis et D. mojavensis, deux espèces dont les gènes cen et ik2 sont dissociés dans le génome. Ces résultats suggèrent que la proximité de Cen et Ik2 dans le génome est importante afin d’avoir un événement de co-localisation de ces deux transcrits. J’ai généré différentes lignées de mouches transgéniques dans lesquelles un transgène contenant la séquence GFP fusionnée à différentes partie de Cen (partie codante, 3’UTR, Cod+3’UTR) qui sont sous le contrôle du promoteur UAS et qui sont gal4 inductibles. La région codante de l’ARNm cen était suffisante pour avoir un ciblage précis du transcrit aux centrosomes.

Reliability of a quantitative clinical posture assessment tool among persons with idiopathic scoliosis

Objective To determine overall, test–retest and inter-rater reliability of posture indices among persons with idiopathic scoliosis. Design A reliability study using two raters and two test sessions. Setting Tertiary care paediatric centre. Participants Seventy participants aged between 10 and 20 years with different types of idiopathic scoliosis (Cobb angle 15 to 60°) were recruited from the scoliosis clinic. Main outcome measures Based on the XY co-ordinates of natural reference points (e.g. eyes) as well as markers placed on several anatomical landmarks, 32 angular and linear posture indices taken from digital photographs in the standing position were calculated from a specially developed software program. Generalisability theory served to estimate the reliability and standard error of measurement (SEM) for the overall, test–retest and inter-rater designs. Bland and Altman's method was also used to document agreement between sessions and raters. Results In the random design, dependability coefficients demonstrated a moderate level of reliability for six posture indices (ϕ = 0.51 to 0.72) and a good level of reliability for 26 posture indices out of 32 (ϕ ≥ 0.79). Error attributable to marker placement was negligible for most indices. Limits of agreement and SEM values were larger for shoulder protraction, trunk list, Q angle, cervical lordosis and scoliosis angles. The most reproducible indices were waist angles and knee valgus and varus. Conclusions Posture can be assessed in a global fashion from photographs in persons with idiopathic scoliosis. Despite the good reliability of marker placement, other studies are needed to minimise measurement errors in order to provide a suitable tool for monitoring change in posture over time.

Posttranslationale Chromatin-Modifikationen in Dictyostelium discoideum

Die Erforschung posttranslationaler Veränderungen von Chromatin-Komponenten stellt einen wichtigen Pfeiler der Epigenetik dar. Epigenetische Mechanismen verändern die Aussagekraft der DNA-Sequenz und entscheiden somit beispielsweise über die Aktivierung oder Stilllegung von Genen. Ein häufiges Ziel der Stilllegung sind springende genetische Elemente, die ansonsten zur Destabilisierung des Genoms führen können. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden zwei unterschiedliche Stilllegungsmechanismen der Transpo-sons DIRS-1 und Skipper aus Dictyostelium discoideum untersucht. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, auf welche Weise die RNA-Interferenz (RNAi) zur Zerstörung des DIRS-1 Transkripts führt und dass die Ursache dafür in der Promotor-Aktivität des Elements selbst liegt. Eine überraschende Erkenntnis konnte auch für das zweite Element gewonnen werden. Experimente legen nahe, dass die in der kodierenden Skipper-Sequenz gefundene Chromo-Domäne zu einer gezielten Integration des Elements in bereits stillgelegte heterochromatische Bereiche führt. Diese zeichnen sich vor allem durch eine spezielle posttranslationale Histon-Modifikation, der Methylierung von Lysin 9 des Histons H3 (H3K9), aus. Während zu der Methylierung von H3K9 bereits Arbeiten erschienen sind, war ein Großteil der anderen in Dictyostelium discoideum kodierten Histon-Modifikationen bislang unbekannt. Mit Hilfe der Massenspektrometrie konnte erstmalig eine umfassende Karte der veränderten Aminosäuren erstellt werden. Dabei konnten neue, bislang für keinen Organismus beschriebene Modifikationsziele identifiziert werden. Weitere lassen durch einen Vergleich mit Modellorganismen wie Hefe und Fruchtfliege Schlüsse auf die Evolution des Histon-Codes zu. Die erstellte Karte kann in Zukunft Forschern als Grundlage dienen, um weitergehende Fragestellungen in Bezug auf die Funktionen der hier vorgestellten Modifikationen zu erforschen. Ein weiteres Ergebnis dieser Arbeit stellt die Charakterisierung posttranslationaler Veränderungen des an H3K9 bindenden Heterochromatin-Proteins 1 (HP1) dar. Neben einer ersten Analyse der in Dictyostelium discoideum vorhandenen Modifikationen der beiden Homologe HcpA und HcpB, wurde auch die Funktion der in der Chromoshadow-Domäne lokalisierten Acetylierung erforscht. Hierbei konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein Fehlen des veränderten Lysins zu einem deutlichen Phänotyp in der Sporenform und im Wachstum der Zellen führt. Als Ursache dafür konnte eine Veränderung in der Fähigkeit zur Gen-Stilllegung durch das mutierte HP1-Protein nachgewiesen werden. Dies gelang mit Hilfe eines dafür etablierten Reporters auf Basis des Gal4/UAS-Systems aus der Fruchtfliege und beweist erstmalig die Funktion einer Acetylierung der HP1-Proteine.

Identificación de dinámicas de turismo en la provincia de Gualivá, Municipio de Villeta-Cundinamarca

El presente trabajo pretende aplicar el Modelo SIIC al sector de turismo del municipio de Villeta en la provincia de Gualivá en Cundinamarca, con el objetivo de generar estrategias que permitan hacer del sector turístico un actividad económica representativa y de esta manera aprovechar los recursos, capacidades y oportunidades de progreso, articulando los programas de gobierno con una transformación de la visión sobre la industria. Para esto, se lleva a cabo un diagnóstico de la actividad turística en el mundo, con un análisis de estadísticas e indicadores que reflejan la situación actual del sector. Sucede lo mismo para el turismo en Latinoamérica, específicamente en Colombia y Villeta, de tal manera que se conviertan en la base, junto con la normatividad del sector, para entender y enlazar la información con el modelo. Dicho modelo, recopila el inventario turístico del municipio, así como la demanda y el perfil del turista, pasando por la generación de estrategias competitivas, cooperativas y de relacionamiento que permitan darle un mayor valor agregado a la oferta turística y de esta manera crear posicionamiento del turismo en Villeta a nivel nacional.