Biological reference points for managing kingfish, Scomberomorus commerson, in Oman

The 1987-1995 length composition of quarterly catches of Scomberomorus commerson (Lacepede 1800) was analyzed to determine various biological reference points for management purposes. These include: fishing mortality producing maximum yield-per-recruit in weight (F sub(max)), fishing mortality producing 50% relative mean mature biomass (F sub(50)), and fishing mortality producing recruits that would exactly replace their parent stock (F sub(rep)). F sub(max) provided misleading suggestions to increase fishing mortality on the stock which is currently at a low level. On the other hand, both F sub(50) and F sub(rep) provided acceptable results, suggesting reduction on the current fishing mortality by 17-40%.

Simulação de elevação do nível do mar na praia do Leme - RJ.

Os crescentes alertas sobre as mudanças climáticas e suas consequências vêm preocupando a sociedade de modo geral. Geram dúvidas sobre as reais modificações que podem ser ocasionadas, principalmente com relação aos efeitos da elevação do nível médio dos oceanos e seus efeitos nas regiões costeiras. Por vezes, as informações veiculadas contribuem para uma percepção limitada da extensão espaço-temporal dos fenômenos. Em paralelo, a democratização de mapas 2D e 3D está cada vez mais ampla, não sendo mais uma ferramenta direcionada apenas aos profissionais ligados à área da Cartografia e demais Geociências. Este é um dos enormes benefícios proporcionados pela Cartografia Digital. Porém, não teria tanto alcance sem a associação das informações a um poderoso veículo de divulgação como a Web. A Internet é um dos meios de comunicação mais democráticos do mundo e uma ferramenta de grande alcance na sociedade. O uso dessas ferramentas pode ser ainda mais explorado para a construção do conhecimento, permitindo aos cidadãos entenderem mais facilmente um determinado fenômeno por meio da sua visualização/simulação em tempo real. Isto melhora a formação de opinião e o posicionamento da sociedade sobre o caso em questão. Com base nessa argumentação, esta dissertação tem o objetivo de simular cenários de elevações do nível médio do mar e disponibilizá-los em formato de mapas interativos na Web utilizando um Modelo Digital de Elevação suficientemente acurado. Para isto, a área de estudo escolhida foi a Praia do Leme, situada no município do Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Os processos para atingir os objetivos envolveram etapas de coleta de dados de campo, confecção de um banco de dados integrado a dados pré-existentes, interpolações, simulação de cenários da elevação do nível do mar e implementação de uma página Web. Os cenários investigados foram obtidos por simulações de elevações do nível do mar a cada 0,5m até 4,0m acima da cota atual. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a Praia do Leme sofrerá modificações geomorfológicas, com perda de até 18,0m da praia, para uma elevação do nível médio do mar de 2,0m. Entretanto, a orla litorânea sofrerá impactos significativos a partir de uma elevação do nível do mar de 3,0m, em que o avanço planimétrico do mar pode ficar entre 76 e 90m, o que atingiria o calçadão e a região do emissário de águas pluviais do Leme, respectivamente. Isto resultaria em um volume adicional de água na praia de, aproximadamente, 106.000m3 e uma perda de até 41.400m3 de areia. Somente a partir de 3,5m de elevação, o mar atingiria a Avenida Atlântica, sendo que, desta altitude em diante, todo o bairro do Leme seria gradualmente inundado pelo avanço do mar.

Osmotic stress does not trigger brevetoxin production in the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis

With the global proliferation of toxic Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) species, there is a need to identify the environmental and biological factors that regulate toxin production. One such species, Karenia brevis, forms nearly annual blooms that threaten coastal regions throughout the Gulf of Mexico. This dinoflagellate produces brevetoxins, potent neurotoxins that cause neurotoxic shellfish poisoning and respiratory illness in humans, as well as massive fish kills. A recent publication reported that a rapid decrease in salinity increased cellular toxin quotas in K. brevis and hypothesized that brevetoxins serve a role in osmoregulation. This finding implied that salinity shifts could significantly alter the toxic impacts of blooms. We repeated the original experiments separately in three different laboratories and found no evidence for increased brevetoxin production in response to low-salinity stress in any of the eight K. brevis strains we tested, including three used in the original study. Thus, we find no support for an osmoregulatory function of brevetoxins. The original publication also stated that there was no known cellular function for brevetoxins. However, there is increasing evidence that brevetoxins promote survival of the dinoflagellates by deterring grazing by zooplankton. Whether they have other as yet unidentified cellular functions is currently unknown.

A survey of process hygiene in the Sri Lankan prawn industry. 3. Critical control points

Of fifteen processing plants surveyed in Sri Lanka, only five were found to have a prawn process which was adequately controlled. Most common process faults were: inadequate chilling of prawns after a wash in 30°C, mains water, the use of large blocks of ice to cool prawns, and high ratios of prawns to ice. There was also ample scope for cross-contamination of the processed prawns.

Model based learning of sigma points in unscented Kalman filtering

The unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is a widely used method in control and time series applications. The UKF suffers from arbitrary parameters necessary for a step known as sigma point placement, causing it to perform poorly in nonlinear problems. We show how to treat sigma point placement in a UKF as a learning problem in a model based view. We demonstrate that learning to place the sigma points correctly from data can make sigma point collapse much less likely. Learning can result in a significant increase in predictive performance over default settings of the parameters in the UKF and other filters designed to avoid the problems of the UKF, such as the GP-ADF. At the same time, we maintain a lower computational complexity than the other methods. We call our method UKF-L. ©2010 IEEE.

An evaluation of volumetric interest points

This paper presents the first performance evaluation of interest points on scalar volumetric data. Such data encodes 3D shape, a fundamental property of objects. The use of another such property, texture (i.e. 2D surface colouration), or appearance, for object detection, recognition and registration has been well studied; 3D shape less so. However, the increasing prevalence of depth sensors and the diminishing returns to be had from appearance alone have seen a surge in shape-based methods. In this work we investigate the performance of several detectors of interest points in volumetric data, in terms of repeatability, number and nature of interest points. Such methods form the first step in many shape-based applications. Our detailed comparison, with both quantitative and qualitative measures on synthetic and real 3D data, both point-based and volumetric, aids readers in selecting a method suitable for their application. © 2011 IEEE.

Model based learning of sigma points in unscented Kalman filtering

The unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is a widely used method in control and time series applications. The UKF suffers from arbitrary parameters necessary for sigma point placement, potentially causing it to perform poorly in nonlinear problems. We show how to treat sigma point placement in a UKF as a learning problem in a model based view. We demonstrate that learning to place the sigma points correctly from data can make sigma point collapse much less likely. Learning can result in a significant increase in predictive performance over default settings of the parameters in the UKF and other filters designed to avoid the problems of the UKF, such as the GP-ADF. At the same time, we maintain a lower computational complexity than the other methods. We call our method UKF-L. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.

Stress on the ward: evidence of safety tipping points in hospitals

Do hospitals experience safety tipping points as utilization increases, and if so, what are the implications for hospital operations management? We argue that safety tipping points occur when managerial escalation policies are exhausted and workload variability buffers are depleted. Front-line clinical staff is forced to ration resources and, at the same time, becomes more error prone as a result of elevated stress hormone levels. We confirm the existence of safety tipping points for in-hospital mortality using the discharge records of 82,280 patients across six high-mortality-risk conditions from 256 clinical departments of 83 German hospitals. Focusing on survival during the first seven days following admission, we estimate a mortality tipping point at an occupancy level of 92.5%. Among the 17% of patients in our sample who experienced occupancy above the tipping point during the first seven days of their hospital stay, high occupancy accounted for one in seven deaths. The existence of a safety tipping point has important implications for hospital management. First, flexible capacity expansion is more cost-effective for safety improvement than rigid capacity, because it will only be used when occupancy reaches the tipping point. In the context of our sample, flexible staffing saves more than 40% of the cost of a fully staffed capacity expansion, while achieving the same reduction in mortality. Second, reducing the variability of demand by pooling capacity in hospital clusters can greatly increase safety in a hospital system, because it reduces the likelihood that a patient will experience occupancy levels beyond the tipping point. Pooling the capacity of nearby hospitals in our sample reduces the number of deaths due to high occupancy by 34%.