949 resultados para The Indian High Courts Act 1911, 1
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In this study, we investigated the potential role of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and the effects of growth hormone (G) and somatostatin (S) in SAP rats. The rats were randomly divided into 6 groups of 20 each: sham-operated, SAP, SAP+saline, SAP+G, SAP+S and SAP+G+S. Ileum and pancreas tissues of rats in each group were evaluated histologically. HMGB1 mRNA expression was measured by reverse transcription-PCR. Levels of circulating TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and endotoxin were also measured. In the SAP group, interstitial congestion and edema, inflammatory cell infiltration, and interstitial hemorrhage occurred in ileum and pancreas tissues. The levels of HMGB1, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6 and endotoxin were significantly up-regulated in the SAP group compared with those in the sham-operated group, and the 7-day survival rate was 0%. In the SAP+G and SAP+S groups, the inflammatory response of the morphological structures was alleviated, the levels of HMGB1, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and endotoxin were significantly decreased compared with those in the SAP group, and the survival rate was increased. Moreover, in the SAP+G+S group, all histological scores were significantly improved and the survival rate was significantly higher compared with the SAP group. In conclusion, HMGB1 might participate in pancreas and ileum injury in SAP. Growth hormone and somatostatin might play a therapeutic role in the inflammatory response of SAP.
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Il est mondialement reconnu que les institutions judiciaires jouent un rle central dans le processus de prise de dcisions politiques, la fois au niveau national et international. Cest dailleurs le cas la Haute Cour de justice dIsral. Ltendue de son succs (ou de son chec) dans la tentative de trouver une solution aux violations des droits humains dans les territoires occups est un problme qui continue de faire lobjet de bien des dbats et de recherches acadmiques. cet gard, il a t suggr que, malgr labsence de constitution crite et lexistence dun tat durgence prolong en Isral, la Haute Cour de justice a russi adopter une approche judiciairement active quant la protection et la promotion des droits de lhomme de manire gnrale, y compris ceux des Palestiniens dans les territoires occups. Dans cette perspective, le dbat sur le processus dexamen judiciaire de la Haute Cour de Justice tient pour acquise la notion quIsral est une dmocratie. Ainsi, cet article cherche examiner cette hypothse. Premirement, en adoptant la position que le processus de rvision judiciaire est compatible avec la dmocratie et la rgle de loi. Deuximement, il examine lapproche judiciairement active de la Cour et soumet un bref aperu du processus, des outils et des principes lgaux que la Cour adopte pour examiner les actions des autorits israliennes, y compris larme, et imposer une loi commune de protection des droits de la personne, donc ceux des Palestiniens dans les territoires occups. Larticle argumente galement que le contrle prolong des territoires occups par Isral a eu des consquences significatives, car tout effort fourni par la Cour pour garantir le respect des droits humains de la population civile palestinienne doit se faire sans compromettre la scurit du pouvoir isralien. La conclusion laquelle on arrive ici dpend de la faon dont on qualifie ce contrle: une occupation long terme ou une annexion (ce qui nest pas rglementaire par rapport loi internationale), ce qui nest pas sans consquence sur le rle que la Haute Cour de justice peut effectivement jouer pour faire respecter les droits de la personne dans les territoires occups.
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Contexte & Objectifs : La manomtrie perfuse conventionnelle et la manomtrie haute rsolution (HRM) ont permis le dveloppement dune varit de paramtres pour mieux comprendre la motilit de l'sophage et quantifier les caractristiques de la jonction sophago-gastrique (JOG). Cependant, l'anatomie de la JOG est complexe et les enregistrements de manomtrie dtectent la fois la pression des structures intrinsques et des structures extrinsques l'sophage. Ces diffrents composants ont des rles distincts au niveau de la JOG. Les pressions dominantes ainsi dtectes au niveau de la JOG sont attribuables au sphincter sophagien infrieur (SOI) et aux piliers du diaphragme (CD), mais aucune des technologies manomtriques actuelles nest capable de distinguer ces diffrents composants de la JOG. Lorsquon analyse les caractristiques de la JOG au repos, celle ci se comporte avant tout comme une barrire antireflux. Les paramtres manomtriques les plus couramment utiliss dans ce but sont la longueur de la JOG et le point dinversion respiratoire (RIP), dfini comme le lieu o le pic de la courbe de pression inspiratoire change de positif (dans labdomen) ngatif (dans le thorax), lors de la classique manuvre de pull-through . Cependant, l'importance de ces mesures reste marginale comme en tmoigne une rcente prise de position de lAmerican Gastroenterology Association Institute (AGAI) (1) qui concluait que le rle actuel de la manomtrie dans le reflux gastro-sophagien (RGO) est d'exclure les troubles moteurs comme cause des symptmes prsents par la patient . Lors de la dglutition, la mesure objective de la relaxation de la JOG est la pression de relaxation intgre (IRP), qui permet de faire la distinction entre une relaxation normale et une relaxation anormale de la JOG. Toutefois, puisque la HRM utilise des pressions moyennes chaque niveau de capteurs, certaines tudes de manomtrie laissent suggrer quil existe une zone de haute pression persistante au niveau de la JOG mme si un transit est mis en vidence en vidofluoroscopie. Rcemment, la manomtrie haute rsolution 3D (3D-HRM) a t dveloppe (Given Imaging, Duluth, GA) avec le potentiel de simplifier l'valuation de la morphologie et de la physiologie de la JOG. Le segment 3D de ce cathter de HRM permet l'enregistrement de la pression la fois de faon axiale et radiale tout en maintenant une position fixe de la sonde, et vitant ainsi la manuvre de pull-through . Par consquent, la 3D-HRM devrait permettre la mesure de paramtres importants de la JOG tels que sa longueur et le RIP. Les donnes extraites de l'enregistrement fait par 3D-HRM permettraient galement de diffrencier les signaux de pression attribuables au SOI des lments qui lentourent. De plus, lenregistrement des pressions de faon radiaire permettrait denregistrer la pression minimale de chaque niveau de capteurs et devrait corriger cette zone de haute pression parfois persistante lors la dglutition. Ainsi, les objectifs de ce travail taient: 1) de dcrire la morphologie de la JOG au repos en tant que barrire antireflux, en comparant les mesures effectues avec la 3D-HRM en temps rel, par rapport celle simules lors dune manuvre de pull-through et de dterminer quelles sont les signatures des pressions attribuables au SOI et au diaphragme; 2) dvaluer la relaxation de la JOG pendant la dglutition en testant l'hypothse selon laquelle la 3D-HRM permet le dveloppement dun nouveau paradigme (appel 3D eSleeve ) pour le calcul de lIRP, fond sur lutilisation de la pression radiale minimale chaque niveau de capteur de pression le long de la JOG. Ce nouveau paradigme sera compar une tude de transit en vidofluoroscopie pour valuer le gradient de pression travers la JOG. Mthodes : Nous avons utilis un cathter 3D-HRM, qui incorpore un segment dit 3D de 9 cm au sein dun cathter HRM par ailleurs standard. Le segment 3D est compos de 12 niveaux (espacs de 7.5mm) de 8 capteurs de pression disposs radialement, soit un total de 96 capteurs. Neuf volontaires ont t tudis au repos, o des enregistrements ont t effectus en temps rel et pendant une manuvre de pull-through du segment 3D (mobilisation successive du cathter de 5 mm, pour que le segment 3D se dplace le long de la JOG). Les mesures de la longueur du SOI et la dtermination du RIP ont t ralises. La longueur de la JOG a t mesure lors du pull-through en utilisant 4 capteurs du segment 3D disperss radialement et les marges de la JOG ont t dfinies par une augmentation de la pression de 2 mmHg par rapport la pression gastrique ou de lsophage. Pour le calcul en temps rel, les limites distale et proximale de la JOG ont t dfinies par une augmentation de pression circonfrentielle de 2 mmHg par rapport la pression de l'estomac. Le RIP a t dtermine, A) dans le mode de trac conventionnel avec la mthode du pull-through [le RIP est la valeur moyenne de 4 mesures] et B) en position fixe, dans le mode de reprsentation topographique de la pression de lsophage, en utilisant loutil logiciel pour dterminer le point d'inversion de la pression (PIP). Pour l'tude de la relaxation de la JOG lors de la dglutition, 25 volontaires ont t tudis et ont subi 3 tudes de manomtrie (10 dglutitions de 5ml deau) en position couche avec un cathter HRM standard et un cathter 3D-HRM. Avec la 3D-HRM, lanalyse a t effectue une fois avec le segment 3D et une fois avec une partie non 3D du cathter (capteurs standard de HRM). Ainsi, pour chaque individu, l'IRP a t calcule de quatre faons: 1) avec la mthode conventionnelle en utilisant le cathter HRM standard, 2) avec la mthode conventionnelle en utilisant le segment standard du cathter 3D-HRM, 3) avec la mthode conventionnelle en utilisant le segment 3D du cathter 3D-HRM, et 4) avec le nouveau paradigme (3D eSleeve) qui recueille la pression minimale de chaque niveau de capteurs (segment 3D). Quatorze autres sujets ont subi une vidofluoroscopie simultane ltude de manomtrie avec le cathter 3D-HRM. Les donnes de pression ont t exports vers MATLAB et quatre pressions ont t mesures simultanment : 1) la pression du corps de lsophage, 2cm au-dessus de la JOG, 2) la pression intragastrique, 3) la pression radiale moyenne de la JOG (pression du eSleeve) et 4) la pression de la JOG en utilisant la pression minimale de chaque niveau de capteurs (pression du 3D eSleeve). Ces donnes ont permis de dterminer le temps permissif d'coulement du bolus (FPT), caractris par la priode au cours de laquelle un gradient de pression existe travers la JOG (pression sophagienne > pression de relaxation de la JOG > pression gastrique). La prsence ou l'absence du bolus en vidofluoroscopie et le FPT ont t cods avec des valeurs dichotomiques pour chaque priode de 0,1 s. Nous avons alors calcul la sensibilit et la spcificit correspondant la valeur du FPT pour la pression du eSleeve et pour la pression du 3D eSleeve, avec la vidofluoroscopie pour rfrence. Rsultats : Les enregistrements avec la 3D-HRM laissent suggrer que la longueur du sphincter value avec la mthode du pull-through tait grandement exagr en incorporant dans la mesure du SOI les signaux de pression extrinsques lsophage, asymtriques et attribuables aux piliers du diaphragme et aux structures vasculaires. Lenregistrement en temps rel a permis de constater que les principaux constituants de la pression de la JOG au repos taient attribuables au diaphragme. LIRP calcul avec le nouveau paradigme 3D eSleeve tait significativement infrieur tous les autres calculs d'IRP avec une limite suprieure de la normale de 12 mmHg contre 17 mmHg pour lIRP calcul avec la HRM standard. La sensibilit (0,78) et la spcificit (0,88) du 3D eSleeve taient meilleurs que le eSleeve standard (0,55 et 0,85 respectivement) pour prdire le FPT par rapport la vidofluoroscopie. Discussion et conclusion : Nos observations suggrent que la 3D-HRM permet l'enregistrement en temps rel des attributs de la JOG, facilitant l'analyse des constituants responsables de sa fonction au repos en tant que barrire antireflux. La rsolution spatiale axiale et radiale du segment 3D pourrait permettre de poursuivre cette tude pour quantifier les signaux de pression de la JOG attribuable au SOI et aux structures extrinsques (diaphragme et artfacts vasculaires). Ces attributs du cathter 3D-HRM suggrent qu'il s'agit d'un nouvel outil prometteur pour l'tude de la physiopathologie du RGO. Au cours de la dglutition, nous avons valu la faisabilit damliorer la mesure de lIRP en utilisant ce nouveau cathter de manomtrie 3D avec un nouveau paradigme (3D eSleeve) bas sur lutilisation de la pression radiale minimale chaque niveau de capteurs de pression. Nos rsultats suggrent que cette approche est plus prcise que celle de la manomtrie haute rsolution standard. La 3D-HRM devrait certainement amliorer la prcision des mesures de relaxation de la JOG et cela devrait avoir un impact sur la recherche pour modliser la JOG au cours de la dglutition et dans le RGO.
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The thesis describes the importance of Indian EEZ, definition and the various factors affecting primary production, general account of phytoplankton and its importance in marine ecosystem etc. In review of literature, general oceanography of Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal and hydrography of eastern Arabian Sea and western Bay of Bengal. It deals with the distribution patterns of primary production, chlorophyll a, phytoplankton composition and particulate organic carbon in the eastern Arabian Sea and western Bay of Bengal during different seasons. Factors that affect primary productivity are irradiance, temperature, stability of the surface waters, nutrients and zooplankton grazing. The differential biological response of eastern Arabian Sea and western Bay of Bengal to monsoonal regimes. A precise estimation on the primary production of the entire EEZ of India on a regional basis and on a seasonal scale would be the only way to achieve any kind of predictive assessment on the fish stock and their sustainable yield. This study mainly envisages the qualitative and quantitative aspects on the magnitude of phytoplankton standing crop and production of organic carbon and their relationship to environmental characteristics during summer monsoon, Inter monsoon and winter monsoon periods in the east and west coasts of the Indian EEZ.This study revealed that the seasonality exerts a great impact on the biological production in the eastern Arabian Sea and western Bay of Bengal. High biological production may be the reason why most of the fish landings are Concentrated in the west coast of India than east coast. The present data on Phytoplankton production rate and the species composition will provide a meaningful ground for evaluations of exploitable renewable resources of the IndianEEZ
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This thesis entitled Educational rights of the minorities under article 30 of the indian constitution.The study is divided into nine chapters.The object of the present study is to explore whether the judiciary has been successful in balancing the conflicting rights of the minorities and the state. The study also seeks to bring forth those judicial principles which have governed the operation of these rights and determined the limits of their application. Article 30 confers a special right on minorities to establish educational institutions of their own choice.This is an expression of the liberal and tolerent culture of our nation which is reflected in the Constitution. The idea is to foster unity' in diversity, ea unique characteristic of the Indian way of life.This study suggested that where a minority is a minority in the historical or national context and its claim is based on religion it must be defined and ascertained in terms of the population of the whole country irrespective of its being a numerical majority' in any particular State and the minority status. of linguistic group has to be ascertained in terms of the population of any particular State irrespective of its being a numerical minority in terms of the population of the whole country.A religious denomination also can be treated as a religion within the meaning of Article 30(1) provided it is having a separate organisation with doctrines and tenets and rites and practices of its own.
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Recent studies with prawns indicate that their growth, metamorphosis, maturation and moulting are affected by the typo and level of lipids supplied in the diets. Despite the recognition of the importance of lipids in the diets of prawns there is no information on the essentiality and quantitative lipid requirements of Indian penaeid prawns. Therefore during the present study about 24 laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the essentiality and dietary requirements of total lipids, phoapholipida, fatty acids cholestrol, and to ascertain the nutritional value of natural lipid sources for the larvae, post-larvae tad juveniles of one of the most suitable cultivable species of panaeid prans. All the experiments were conducted in the laboratory following standard procedures, using isonitrogen and approaximately isocaloric purified diets. Changes were made in tha ingridients as required for specific requirements. For the larvae diets of particle size < 37) were fed, For the postlarvae and juveniles pellet feed was given. while data on survival and growth of larvae and pout-larvae 1-10 were recorded, data were collected on the survival, growth, food conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and biochemical composition at the body for post-larva 11-25 and juveniles. The influence ot fatty acid pattern of dietary lipid sources on the fatty acids profile of prawns were also studied in the case of juvenile prawns. Analysis of variance andleast significant differences test were employed to determine the significant differences between treatments in the observed parameters with the help of a newlett Packard master computer.
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Eect of an extraction method on the structure of glucan and its immunostimulatory response in Fenneropenaeus indicus was investigated. Here we extracted alkali insoluble glucan (AIG) and alkali soluble glucan (ASG) from a lamentous fungi Acremonium diospyri following alkali^acid hydrolysis and the sodium hypochlorite oxidation and dimethyl sulphoxide extraction method respectively. Structural analysis showed that 85% of glucan in AIG was a (1 !3)-b-D-glucan and it increased the prophenoloxidase and reactive oxygen intermediate activity when administered to F. indicus. On the other hand, ASG, which contained 93% (1 !3)-a-glucan, did not induce signicant immune response in shrimp. Here we report that the dierence in immunostimulatory potential between AIG and ASG is due to the dierence in the percentage of (1 !3)-b-D-glucans present in each preparation, which varies with the method of extraction employed. Also our observations suggest that glucan can be used as a potential immunostimulant to shrimp, provided it contains (1 !3)-b-D-glucan as the major fraction.
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Regional climate models are becoming increasingly popular to provide high resolution climate change information for impacts assessments to inform adaptation options. Many countries and provinces requiring these assessments are as small as 200,000 km2 in size, significantly smaller than an ideal domain needed for successful applications of one-way nested regional climate models. Therefore assessments on sub-regional scales (e.g., river basins) are generally carried out using climate change simulations performed for relatively larger regions. Here we show that the seasonal mean hydrological cycle and the day-to-day precipitation variations of a sub-region within the model domain are sensitive to the domain size, even though the large scale circulation features over the region are largely insensitive. On seasonal timescales, the relatively smaller domains intensify the hydrological cycle by increasing the net transport of moisture into the study region and thereby enhancing the precipitation and local recycling of moisture. On daily timescales, the simulations run over smaller domains produce higher number of moderate precipitation days in the sub-region relative to the corresponding larger domain simulations. An assessment of daily variations of water vapor and the vertical velocity within the sub-region indicates that the smaller domains may favor more frequent moderate uplifting and subsequent precipitation in the region. The results remained largely insensitive to the horizontal resolution of the model, indicating the robustness of the domain size influence on the regional model solutions. These domain size dependent precipitation characteristics have the potential to add one more level of uncertainty to the downscaled projections.
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T??tulo, resumen y palabras clave tambi??n en espa??ol
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The L-glutamate transporter GLT-1 is an abundant CNS membrane protein of the excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) family which controls extracellular L-glutamate levels and is important in limiting excitotoxic neuronal death. Using RT-PCR, we have determined that four mRNAs encoding GLT-1 exist in mouse brain, with the potential to encode four GLT-1 isoforms that differ in their N- and C-termini. We expressed all four isoforms (termed MAST-KREK, MPK-KREK, MAST-DIETCI and MPK-DIETCI according to amino acid sequence) in a range of cell lines and primary astrocytes and show that each isoform can reach the cell surface. In transfected HEK-293 or COS-7 cells, all four isoforms support high-affinity sodium-dependent L-glutamate uptake with identical pharmacological and kinetic properties. Inserting a viral epitope (V5, HA or FLAG) into the second extracellular domain of each isoform allowed co-immunoprecipitation and tr-FRET studies using transfected HEK-293 cells. Here we show for the first time that each of the four isoforms are able to combine to form homomeric and heteromeric assemblies, each of which are expressed at the cell surface of primary astrocytes. After activation of protein kinase C by phorbol ester, V5-tagged GLT-1 is rapidly removed from the cell surface of HEK-293 cells and degraded. This study provides direct biochemical evidence for oligomeric assembly of GLT-1 and reports the development of novel tools to provide insight into the trafficking of GLT-1.
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This study investigates variability in the intensity of the wintertime Siberian high (SH) by defining a robust SH index (SHI) and correlating it with selected meteorological fields and teleconnection indices. A dramatic trend of -2.5 hPa decade(-1) has been found in the SHI between 1978 and 2001 with unprecedented (since 1871) low values of the SHI. The weakening of the SH has been confirmed by analyzing different historical gridded analyses and individual station observations of sea level pressure (SLP) and excluding possible effects from the conversion of surface pressure to SLP. SHI correlation maps with various meteorological fields show that SH impacts on circulation and temperature patterns extend far outside the SH source area extending from the Arctic to the tropical Pacific. Advection of warm air from eastern Europe has been identified as the main mechanism causing milder than normal conditions over the Kara and Laptev Seas in association with a strong SH. Despite the strong impacts of the variability in the SH on climatic variability across the Northern Hemisphere, correlations between the SHI and the main teleconnection indices of the Northern Hemisphere are weak. Regression analysis has shown that teleconnection indices are not able to reproduce the interannual variability and trends in the SH. The inclusion of regional surface temperature in the regression model provides closer agreement between the original and reconstructed SHI.
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We present an analysis of trace gas correlations in the lowermost stratosphere. Insitu aircraft measurements of CO, N2O, NOy and O3, obtained during the STREAM 1997 winter campaign, have been used to investigate the role of crosstropopause mass exchange on tracertracer relations. At altitudes several kilometers above the local tropopause, undisturbed stratospheric air was found with NOy/NOy * ratios close to unity, NOy/O3 about 0.0030.006 and CO mixing ratios as low as 20 ppbv (NOy * is a proxy for total reactive nitrogen derived from NOyN2O relations measured in the stratosphere). Mixing of tropospheric air into the lowermost stratosphere has been identified by enhanced ratios of NOy/NOy * and NOy/O3, and from scatter plots of CO versus O3. The enhanced NOy/O3 ratio in the lowermost stratospheric mixing zone points to a reduced efficiency of O3 formation from aircraft NOx emissions.
