Sesenta años de disputas: análisis del conflicto entre India y Pakistán por Cachemira

La presente disertación tiene el objetivo de analizar por qué el conflicto entre India y Pakistán por Cachemira no ha sido solucionado a la luz del debate entre el realismo ofensivo y el constructivismo social surgido en 1994. La hipótesis de trabajo establece que la estructura anárquica, sumada a las capacidades ofensivas, la desconfianza mutua, la racionalidad, y el deseo de supervivencia entre los Estados, ha propiciado la configuración de un dilema de seguridad que es alimentado por la disparidad de intereses e identidades en contienda. El alcance del objetivo es de carácter analítico y el enfoque primario está basado en la teoría del realismo ofensivo de John Mearsheimer y el constructivismo social de Alexander Wendt.

Gobernanza Democrática Territorial - Una aproximación analítica y cuantitativa

La Gobernanza Democrática Territorial (GDT) constituye un enfoque conceptual en torno a las formas de “organización” de los agentes locales y regionales, que se expresa en un modelo o modo de gobierno. Este enfoque emerge desde la década de los años noventa como una opción ó una alternativa frente a otros modelos de gobierno (el modelo burocrático y el modelo gerencial). La diferencia entre este concepto y otros afines – como la gobernabilidad, la gobernabilidad democrática y el buen gobierno – no es de grado sino de naturaleza. Así se deriva del análisis comparado entre estos conceptos.

Envelhecimento activo e autonomia : um desafio às Instituições particulares de Solidariedade Social com resposta social em centro de dia : um estudo de caso

Diante das incertezas que perpassam o crescente envelhecimento das populações ressalta o papel das Instituições de Solidariedade Social e das respostas sociais na protecção às pessoas idosas e no apoio às famílias, para conquista do bem-estar individual e colectivo. Com este estudo pretendeu-se determinar de que forma os serviços disponibilizados pela resposta social em Centro de Dia promovem a autonomia e o envelhecimento activo dos clientes. A autonomia está presente em todo o curso de vida da infância até a velhice numa dialéctica entre a condição de dependência e independência. Mas principalmente pela necessidade da autodeterminação que converge com a afirmação dos Direitos Humanos, subsidiário de um envelhecimento activo e digno. Deste modo a investigação decorreu sob o referencial teórico do envelhecimento activo da autonomia e das respostas sociais. Como metodologia de análise foi utilizada uma abordagem que aliou o qualitativo e quantitativo (plural mix). A investigação decorreu na resposta social em Centro de Dia da Associação dos Idosos e Deficientes do Penedo (AIDP). Para a recolha de dados optámos por instrumentos de inquirição directa aos técnicos responsáveis e aos clientes. No caso dos primeiros foram aplicadas duas entrevistas semi-directivas e no segundo um questionário semi-estruturado individual. Os resultados elucidam o papel que a resposta social em Centro de Dia assume na promoção da autonomia, nomeadamente, na representação de oportunidades para o envelhecimento activo dos clientes e a percepção destes acerca dos resultados no seu quotidiano.

Cerzindo a rede da memória: estudo sobre a construção de identidades no Bairro Maré

Estudo de caso sobre a construção de memórias e identidades sociais no Bairro da Maré, a partir do acervo fotográfico do Arquivo Documental Orosina Vieira - ADOV, criado por um grupo de indivíduos que militam na organização não-governamental denominada Centro de Estudos e Ações Solidárias da Maré (CEASM). Constituem os objetivos desta pesquisa a análise dos processos de criação do ADOV, uma reflexão sobre o acervo resultante destas políticas de aquisição e uma abordagem sobre a exposição fotográfica “Memórias da Maré”, encaradas enquanto estratégias de construção da memória e identidades do Bairro Maré. Este estudo utilizou o método antropológico da observação participante e a pesquisa documental. (Dissertação de Mestrado em Museologia (Mestrado Memória Social - UNIRIO)

The Maré Museum: an integrated project of community development

The Maré Museum, founded on 8 May 2006, arose from the desire of the inhabitants of the community to have a place of memory, a place that is immersed in the past and looks to the future, a place that reflects on this community, on their conditions and identities and on their territorial and cultural diversity. The intention of the Maré Museum is to break with the tradition that the experiences to be recollected and the places of memory to be remembered are those elected by the official version, the "winner" version of the story that restricts the representations of history and memory of large portions of the population. The Maré Museum, as a pioneer initiative in the city scene, proposed to expand the museological concept, so that it is not restricted to intellectual social groups and cultural spaces that are not accessible to the general population. The museum has established recognition that the slum is a place of memory and so has initiated a museographic reading of the Mare community. ..

Dzieje współpracy amerykańskich i polskich związkowców, 1918-1989

Wydział Historyczny

En nombre de un amor imaginario y los orígenes de la República del Ecuador (Dossier: Bicentenario, rastros y revelaciones de la Independencia)

El autor analiza esta novela histórica de Jorge Velasco Mackenzie, en torno a los orígenes de la nación ecuatoriana, entre la historia y la fábula. Reflexiona sobre el proceso de escribir como una forma de interpelar presupuestos consagrados, valores, símbolos e identidades. Handelsman destaca que el trabajo de la Misión Geodésica Francesa, de 1736, cambió la cosmovisión de la sociedad colonial ecuatoriana, escolástica, por otra de carácter más empírico, pero que el nuevo motor del saber moderno trajo también distorsiones y omisiones de otras verdades (como el que los indígenas perdieran su protagonismo milenario como conocedores de su hábitat). Pone en relieve, igualmente, la imposibilidad de expresar en una segunda lengua lo que se vive en geografías ajenas. Personaje importante es Isabel Godin, quien no puede liberarse del mundo oscuro, complejo y ambivalente que constituye la memoria. En suma, la novela desmitifica la autoridad de las ciencias naturales y físicas, y abre la posibilidad de repensar, reescribir y resignificar la historia del país.

Propuesta de eliminación del requisito de visado de la Unión Europea para los ciudadanos ecuatorianos: escenarios y estrategias (Coyuntura)

En este artículo se analiza la evolución histórica de los flujos migratorios entre Ecuador y Europa. Se observa una nueva migración europea hacia Ecuador y otros países suramericanos, pese a lo cual la Unión Europea no ha adaptado su política migratoria a esta nueva realidad. Por tanto, se plantea la necesidad de que la UE elimine el requisito de visado a los ciudadanos ecuatorianos. Se presentan escenarios así como estrategias para lograr ese objetivo, incluida una propuesta de solidaridad y acción colectiva de UNASUR en materia de visados.

The UK-Canada Agreement on mutual support of missions abroad: loyalty compromised? CEPS Commentary, 18 October 2012

The UK and Canada recently signed a Memorandum of Understanding aimed at allowing the two countries to optimise their respective diplomatic resources by sharing embassy and consulate sites, the joint acquisition, supply and use of services, as well as collaboration on crisis response, consular services, security, diplomatic mail, information management and IT. This CEPS Commentary argues that the MoU on Mutual Support of Missions Abroad runs counter to the spirit of loyal cooperation, in particular in the realm of EU foreign policy. It also raises challenges to coherence, consistency and effectiveness of EU action in policy areas concerning visas, trade and consular protection. Moreover, the agreement may throw a spanner in the works of EU solidarity and the creation of a stronger EU identity, both internally and externally

Actitudes hacia el murciano : Un estudio comparativo de actitudes que presentan nativosmurcianos e hispanohablantes no peninsulares.

Murciano is a non-standard variety that is spoken in Murcia, a region in the southeast of Spain.This study aims to investigate which are the attitudes toward the variety from the dimensions ofsolidarity and status.We will use two groups of informants. One integrated by 20 natives from Murcia who use thevariety, and the other by 16 non-spanish-natives that have never been in contact with murciano.The intention with the study is to investigate which attitudes both groups show towardmurciano and analyse the differences and similarities between them. We expect the natives toshow positive attitudes in the dimension of solidarity, and negatives in the dimension of status.We expect the non-natives to show the same kind of attidudes toward both varieties (thestandard-spanish and murciano) while they have never been in contact with the non-standardand therefore should not have the sociocultural background that help people to create negativeattitudes toward non-standard varieties.The chosen method is an indirect one, and the used technique is the matched-guise. Theinformants listen to two different voices talking two times each: one in standard-spanish andone in murciano. After they have listened to one voice in one variety they answer 10 differentquestions to measure their attitudes in the both dimensions we aim to investigate. The resultsare analysed from the gender and the education variables.The results show that the natives attitudes toward murciano are positives from the solidaritydimension but negatives from the status one, results that confirm the first hypothesis. However,the study shows that the non-natives also have negative attitudes toward the variety in the statusdimension but positive toward the standard-spanish, which means that the second hypothesiswas wrong, something that could have been caused by the fact that all non-natives had a higheducational-level. Other studies show that education is a factor that can have a bearing onhaving negative attitudes toward non-standard varieties.

« Moi d’ici, moi de là-bas » : La géographie imaginaire du roman Le Ventre de l’Atlantique de Fatou Diome

L’objectif de la présente étude est d’explorer la « géographie imaginaire » du roman Le Ventre de l’Atlantique, écrit par Fatou Diome. Le concept de la « géographie imaginaire » décrit les rapports de domination spatiale et la construction d’un « Autre », entièrement différent de « nous » (Saïd, 1980). Les deux pays du roman, la France et le Sénégal, sont analysés comme deux sphères inconciliables, associées aux oppositions comme nous – l’Autre, individualisme – collectivisme, rationalité - superstition. Deux images spatiales sont discutées dans ce mémoire: l’île Niodior au Sénégal et l‘océan Atlantique. L’isolation de l’île Niodior renforce la séparation en deux espaces opposés, alors que l’Atlantique constitue un élément parfois chargé de forces magiques, lié à la vie et à la mort. Evoquant l’idée d’hybridité, le roman montre également des espaces et des identités alternatifs, qui transgressent la structure coloniale.

Att bli, att vara och att ha varit - om ingångar i och utgångar ur Jehovas vittnen i Sverige

Summary To become, to be and to have been: about the  Jehovah’s Witnesses The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, in the following text referred to as the Jehovah’s Witnesses or “the organisation”, is a worldwide Christian organisation with about 6.7 million members. The organisation has many times, without any success so far, proclaimed Armageddon when they expect Jehovah to return to Earth. They interpret the Bible in their own, often very literal way, and require their members to live according to these interpretations. Among the consequences of this, members are forbidden to vote, to do military service or to receive blood transfusions. Apart from attending the three weekly meetings, members are expected to be active in missionary work, known as “publishing”. If a member fails to do a certain number of hours’ publishing, he or she risks being deprived of active membership status Sweden in general is considered to be a society where the population is not very religious. The formerly state-governed Lutheran church has lost its influence and the vast majority of ordinary Swedes do not visit church on other occasions than weddings, funerals or christenings. Expressing one’s own religious values has become somewhat of a private matter where publicity is seldom appreciated, which is contrary to the practice of the Jehovah’s Witnesses. This is one of the reasons why the Jehovah’s Witnesses are commonly perceived by average Swedes as a “suspicious” religious organisation. The aim and methods of the study This dissertation seeks to describe and investigate the entering and leaving of a highly structured and hierarchical religious community, exemplified in this case by the Jehovah’s Witnesses. What are the thoughts and aspirations of someone who is considering becoming a Jehovah’s Witness? What are the priorities and what experiences seem important when a person is going through such a process? And when this person has finally reached his or her goal of becoming a member, is it the same motivation that makes him or her stay in the organisation for longer periods of time, possibly for the rest of their lives, or does it change during the process of entering, or does this motivation change its character during the transition from entering to being a regular member? Why do some of the members change their attitude to the Jehovah’s Witnesses from rejoicing to bitterness? And how does this process of exit manifest itself? In what way is it different from the process of entry? The respondents in this study were chosen from both active members of the Jehovah’s Witnesses in Sweden and those who have left the organisation for personal reasons. Repeated interviews with ten active members of the organisation have been conducted in the course of the study and compared to equal numbers of former members. The interviews have been semi-structured to deal with questions of how a person has come into contact with the organisation; how they retrospectively experienced the process of entry; the reasons for becoming a member. Questions have also been asked about life in the organisation. The group of “exiters” have also been asked about the experience of leaving, why they wanted to leave, and how this process was started and carried out. In addition to this I have analysed a four-year diary describing the time inside and the process of leaving the organisation. This has given me an extra psychological insight into the inner experience of someone who has gone through the whole process. The analysis has been done by categorising the content of the transcribed interviews. An attempt to outline a model of an entry and exit process has been made, based on ideas and interpretations presented in the interviews. The analysis of the diary has involved thorough reading, resulting in a division of it into four different parts, where each part has been given a certain key-word, signifying the author’s emotional state when writing it. A great deal of the information about the Jehovah’s Witnesses has been collected through discussion boards on the Internet, informal talks with members and ex-members, interviews with representatives of the organisations during visits to its different offices (Bethels), such as St. Petersburg, Russia, and Brooklyn, New York, USA. The context Each organisation evolves in its own context with its own norms, roles and stories that would not survive outside it. With this as a starting point, there is a chapter dedicated to the description of the organisation’s history, structure and activities. It has been stated that the organisation’s treatment of its critical members and the strategies for recruiting new members have evolved over the years of its history. At the beginning there was an openness allowing members to be critical. As the structure of the organisation has become more rigid and formalised, the treatment of internal critics has become much less tolerated and exclusion has become a frequent option. As a rule many new members have been attracted to the organisation when (1) the day of Armageddon has been pronounced to be approaching; (2) the members of the organisation have been persecuted or threatened with persecution; and (3) the organisation has discovered a “new market”. The processes for entering and exiting How the entering processes manifest themselves depends on whether the person has been brought up in the organisation or not. A person converting as an adult has to pass six phases before being considered a Jehovah’s Witness by the organisation. These are:  Contact with the Jehovah’s Witnesses, Studying the bible with members of the organisation, Questioning, Accepting, Being active as publisher (spreading the belief), Being baptised.  For a person brought up in the organisation, the process to full membership is much shorter:   Upbringing in the organisation, Taking a stand on the belief, Being baptised. The exit process contains of seven phases:   Different levels of doubts, Testing of doubts, Turning points, Different kinds of decisions, Different steps in executing the decisions, Floating, a period of emotional and cognitive consideration of membership and its experiences, Realtive neutrality.   The process in and the process out are both slow and are accompanied with anguish and doubts. When a person is going through the process in or out of the organisation he or she experiences criticism. This is when people around the adept question the decision to continue in the process. The result of the criticism depends on where in the process the person is. If he or she is at the beginning of the process, the criticism will probably make the person insecure and the process will slow down or stop. If the criticism is pronounced in a later phase, the process will probably speed up. The norms of the organisation affect the behaviour of the members. There are techniques for inclusion that both bind members to the organisation and shield them off from the surrounding society. Examples of techniques for inclusion are the “work situation” and “closed doors”. The work situation signifies that members who do as the organisation recommends – doing simple work – often end up in the same branch of industry as many other Jehovah’s Witnesses. This often means that the person has other witnesses as workmates. If the person is unemployed or moves to another town it is easy to find a new job through connections in the organisation. Doubts and exclusions can lead to problems since they entail a risk of losing one’s job. This can also result in problems getting a new job. Jehovah’s Witnesses are not supposed to talk to excluded members, which of course mean difficulties working together. “Closed doors” means that members who do as the organisation recommends – not pursuing higher education, not engaging in civil society, working with a manual or in other way simple job, putting much time into the organisation – will, after a long life in the organisation, have problems starting a new life outside the Jehovah’s Witnesses. The language used in the organisation shows the community among the members, thus the language is one of the most important symbols. A special way of thinking is created through the language. It binds members to the organisation and sometimes it can work as a way to get back into the normative world of the organisation. Randall Collins’s (1990, 2004) thoughts about “emotional energy” have enabled an understanding of the solidarity and unity in the organisation. This also gives an understanding of the way the members treat doubting and critical members. The members who want to exit have to open up the binding/screening off. A possible way to do that is through language, to become aware of the effect the language might have. Another way is to search for emotional energy in another situation. During the exit process, shame might be of some importance. When members become aware of the shame they feel, because they perceive they are “acting a belief”, the exit process might accelerate.

O global e o contextual no aprendizado gerencial de multinacionais: uma perspectiva brasileira

The major purpose of this thesis is to verify, from a Brazilian perspective, how global and contextual issues influence the management learning in Multinationals. The management learning derived from the interaction of holding and sidiaries/colligates of Multinational corporation is supposed to be subject to convergent and divergent forces, the former related to global and standardized organizational practices, and the latter, is seen as a social practice subject to cultural and organizational singularities. A model was constructed to relate the dichotomy between the universality of the management practices and technologies and the particularity of the contexts where they operate, to the dichotomy between the singularities in organization and national level. This model is composed of the international, global, managerial and inter-organizational dimensions related, respectively, to the cultural and political diversity; to the universal forces of practices and values; to the managerial capabilities and resources in the organization, consolidated as best practices and to the interaction between holding and subsidiaries and the resulted learning. The combined result of these dimensions influences the knowledge flow and the learning derived from it. The field research was constituted of five cases of internationalized Brazilian firms, with a solid experience in their management systems. The main subjects of this study were executives and ofessionals/managers who respond to the management development. The data were first collected in the headquarters and complemented with visits to subsidiaries/joint ventures in other countries, in loco or with expatriated people who return to Brazil. The central supposition was validated. So, the management learning ¿ is driven by the global capitalism practices and by the global culture where they are immersed, reproducing a hegemonic vision and a common language (global dimension); ¿ incorporates the more propagated and dominant managerial values, although there are some variations when they are applied in the subsidiaries/joint ventures; is the product of the assimilation of international recognized and planned managerial practices, with the acculturation power, although not completely; is the result mainly of the managerial practice in work; is impacted not only by cross-cultural and managerial factors, but also by the business environment of the firm; is given according to the capabilities and resources in the organization, guiding the form of assimilation of practices and technologies, with global application or not (managerial dimension); ¿ is affected by the cross-cultural diversity involving the countries of the holding and the subsidiaries/joint ventures where the firm is and is given as a reproduction of the political context of the holding and subsidiaries countries (international dimension); ¿ faces aligned concurrent institutional pressures between corporate or global systems, practices of other subsidiaries/joint ventures and local practices; is more difficult to reach when there is not permeability between organizational cultures and identities of a Multinational firm; is affected by how much the relationship process across these unities is self-referenced; is facilitated by the construction and improvement of the knowledge network (interorganizational dimension). Finally some contributions of this study are exposed, including extensions of the proposed model and suggestions, recommendations for future research.

Solidariedade: uma possiblidade de integração no ensino básico e profissional das escolas técnicas do governo do estado do Rio de Janeiro

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar fatores críticos que possibilitarão implantação, com desenvolvimento coletivo individual, de uma Política Pública centrada na variável solidariedade, como meio de busca da integração para melhoria da Educação Básica Profissional do Sistema das Escolas Técnicas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, sob responsabilidade da Fundação de Apoio Escola Técnica (FAETEC). pesquisa teve como referência de busca de dados informações, em sua maioria, de profissionais, alunos stakeholders alijados da participação concreta da atual Política Pública da FAETEC de suas respectivas unidades. Por isso Paulo Freire também serviu como referencial, principalmente no que diz em relação aos excluídos na página 19, do livro "Educação Mudança" quando escreve: "O verdadeiro compromisso solidariedade, não solidariedade com os que negam compromisso solidário, mas com aqueles que, na situação concreta, se encontram convertidos em coisas". Essas premissas fortaleceram escolha da pesquisa-ação como metodologia. Dos stakeholders citamos o Sindicato dos Técnicos Industriais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (SINTEC-RJ). Associação de Pais Responsáveis de Alunos da Escola Técnica Estadual Adolpho Bloch (APRAETEAB) Conselho Regional de Engenharia Arquitetura (CREA-RJ) através de Técnicos que são Inspetores na atual gestão. Participaram também outras pessoas interessadas, cujas colaborações foram efetivas, todos se empenharam em colaborar para que, mesmo enfrentando dificuldades, pesquisa fosse suficiente mostrasse que estávamos fertilizando terreno propício implantação futura de uma nova Política Pública nessa Instituição, combatendo egoísmo, orgulho vaidade daqueles que, independentemente de ideologias já foram corroídos em seu caráter, mais, demonstram em seu corporativismo mal orientado, que egoísmo coletivo traz de malefícios, inclusive o de não conseguir ver possibilidade de um mundo melhor: uma outra globalização.

Transição cultural : divergências diante da formação de uma nova identidade : estudo de caso da Companhia Siderúrgica de Tubarão - CST

The employees' partlclpation in the cultural transltIon process occurred in Companhia Siderúrgica de Tubarão (CST) was helpful in the identification of the group of measures that started to be managed in order to be established in the run of the control assumption. The company, in order to acquire proper features, had to change prior values, behaviors and identities through strategies shared by ali the organization members, thus, creating a new culture. The CST was seen as a company controlling and coordinating a group of people. It counted on vertical hierarchical leveis, departments and authority relations. It was neve r taken into account that the company could have its own personality, like each person that worked there. Before getting through this cultural transition process, that extremely changed its values, the company had a dominating culture, with a centralized administration. This way, it influenced the conduct of ali its members, in a controlling environment. When the company realized the necessity of investments in cultural changing programs, in order to eliminate the pathologies and disfunctions that were hitting its business structure, causing damage to productivity and to the quality of the results, it condensed energies in one direction implementing the participation of ali its leaderships as implementing and multiplier elements to orientate and facilitate the achievement of its goals. Trying to understand better the influences suffered by the changes brought by globalization and privatization, some theorical and operational concepts of culture and identity were developed in this study, mainly in the first chapters. In the research extension, several aspects of this complex anthropological and sociological concept of culture were managed, such as affectiveness, cognitive process, valuation process and everything that could be related to or that give elligibility to this concept and to the phenomenon this concept will consist in.