Déployer le réseau en images : les Googlegrams d'Abu Ghraib

Le web et les images qui y foisonnent font désormais partie de notre quotidien et ils façonnent notre manière de penser le monde. Certaines œuvres d’art permettent, semble-t-il, de réfléchir à la fois sur l’image, les technologies web, les relations qu’elles entretiennent et les enjeux sociopolitiques qui les sous-tendent. C’est dans cette perspective que ce mémoire s’intéresse aux travaux de la série des Googlegrams (2004-2006) de Joan Fontcuberta, particulièrement à deux œuvres qui reprennent les photographies de torture de la prison d’Abu Ghraib devenues iconiques. Ce sont des photomosaïques utilisant ces images comme matrices dans lesquelles viennent s’insérer des milliers de petites images qui ont été trouvées dans le web grâce au moteur de recherche d’images de Google, selon certains mots-clés choisis par l’artiste de façon à faire écho à ces photographies-matrices. Ces œuvres sont ici considérées en tant qu’outils d’études actifs nous permettant de déployer les assemblages d’images et de technologies qu’elles font interagir. Il s’agit de suivre les acteurs et les réseaux qui se superposent et s’entremêlent dans les Googlegrams : d’abord les photographies d’Abu Ghraib et leur iconisation ; ensuite le moteur de recherche et sa relation aux images ; finalement les effets de la photomosaïque. Cette étude s’effectue donc à partir des interactions entre ces différents éléments qui constituent les œuvres afin de réfléchir sur leurs rôles dans le façonnement de la représentation de l’information.

Implications of Government Sponsored Social Security and Welfare Schemes on Socioeconomic Status of Small Scale Marine Fisherfolk in Kerala

A socio-economic research is required as an attempt to address the socio-economic issues facing small-scale fisheries. A study of the socio economic conditions of small-scale fishermen is a prerequisite for good design and successful implementation of effective assistance Programmes. It will provide an overall pidure of the structure, activities and standards of living of small-scale fisherfolk The study is confined to the coastal districts of Ernakulam, Thrissur and Malappuram districts. It also gives a picture of socio-economic conditions of the fisher folk in the study area. The variables that may depict the standard of living of the small-scale fisherfolk are occupational structure, family size, age structure, income, expenditure, education, housing and other social amenities. It attempts to see the asset creation of the fisherfolk with the help of government agencies, and the nature of savings and expenditure pattern of the fisherfolk. It also provides a picture of the indebtedness of the fisherfolk in the study area. The study analyses the schemes implemented by the government through its agencies, like Fisheries Department, Matsyaboard, and Matsyafed; and the awareness of fisherfolk regarding these schemes, their attitude and reactions, the extent of accessibility, and the viability of the schemes.

Pla d’actuació contra l’absentisme escolar a Palafrugell: Diagnosi de la realitat socioeducativa i protocol d’actuació contra l’absentisme escolar i la desescolarització

El treball té l’objectiu de dissenyar un protocol d’actuació que contempli aspectes sobre prevenció, detecció i intervenció contra l’absentisme escolar i la desescolarització al municipi. Per a això s’ha desenvolupat una diagnosi municipal d’anàlisi de la realitat sobre el tema, fent èmfasi en la intervenció socioeducativa que s’ha de realitzar per a tractar el fenomen des d’una perspectiva holística i global

Débattre sur une question en rapport avec les nanotechnologies et la société au lycée: pour une approche didactique

Les nanotechnologies sont devenues l’un des domaines de la recherche qui a connu une des plus fortes croissances au cours de ces dernières années. Partout dans le monde, des tentatives sont menées afin de proposer des scénarios didactiques d’enseignement des nanotechnologies dès l’école primaire. Compte tenu de l’avancée rapide des nanotechnologies et de leurs controverses de nombreuses questions vont pourtant émerger dans tous les domaines : technologiques, économiques, environnementaux, santé, éducation, éthique, morale et philosophique (Bensaude- Vincent, 2009). Il apparaît essentiel d’étudier les conditions d’enseignement des nanotechnologies auprès de lycéens en intégrant deux dimensions : l’une scientifique, l’autre sociale et éthique. Nos travaux se situent dans le courant de recherche en didactique des sciences qui prend en compte les interactions Sciences – Technologies - Société et plus particulièrement les SSI, (Socio Scientific Issues). Il s’agit d’étudier des dilemmes sociaux inhérents à certains champs scientifiques face aux avancées des sciences et technologies. Les sciences et les technologies sont des artéfacts et sont ainsi sujets à critiques parmi lesquelles les questions de pouvoir et d’inégalités potentielles doivent être étudiées. La mise en débat d’une question est envisagée comme une solution adaptée pour aborder les SSI (Sadler, 2004). Le débat argumenté dans le cadre de l’enseignement des sciences semble être un outil pédagogique adapté pour aborder avec les élèves les rapports entre recherche scientifiques et questions sociétales. Cependant, cette activité est complexe et difficile à mettre en oeuvre

Catálogo documental base de datos CREDI.

El trabajo expone la experiencia de la creación, mantenimiento y difusión de la base de datos documental especializada en educación CREDI, del Centro de Recursos Documentales e Informáticos de la Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos; así como el trabajo desarrollado en torno a la misma, que ha dado como resultado el servicio de información en línea que hoy se puede consulta en el sitio web de la OEI. Conceptos tales como trabajo coordinado, red de centros de similares características y puesta en común son algunas de los términos que definen la experiencia desarrollada por el CREDI desde hace más de una década; que se recoge en el Manual Unificado de Entrada de Datos y en Tesauro de la OEI.

México - Elecciones 2006 en México: del binomio autoritarismo-democracia a la discusión sobre políticas públicas

Este artículo analiza los cambios recientes en la competencia partidista en México, haciendo énfasis en la elección de julio de 2006 a través de la cual se elige presidente de la República y miembros del Congreso. Dicha elección muestra la transición de elecciones competitivas, concentradas en el binomio autoritarismodemocracia, a elecciones temáticas, de asuntos o issues, centradas en las propuestas de política pública de los candidatos a la presidencia y en las que los ciudadanos, asociaciones civiles y organizaciones no gubernamentales, entre otras, juegan un papel activo. Con ese fin en el artículo se expone primero un breve recuento de los ejes medulares de la actual competencia partidista como la última reforma electoral realizada para mover al sistema electoral hacia elecciones justas, libres y transparentes, los desafíos del sistema de partidos y elementos contextuales socioeconómicos y políticos relevantes. Se analiza en segundo término la evolución de la competitividad y los cambios en la estructura de la competencia, lo cual permite entender el tránsito a elecciones temáticas centradas en las propuestas de política pública de los candidatos. En tercer lugar se presentan las principales propuestas de los candidatos en áreas prioritarias y su evaluación. Finalmente se hace una reflexión de conjunto sobre el significado de esta elección, el contexto que domina la actual contienda por la presidencia y la incertidumbre y competitividad que la caracterizan.-----This paper analyses recent changes in Mexican political parties’ competition for national presidency, with an emphasis on July’s 2006 Congressional and Presidential elections. The latter revealed a transition from an old competitive ballot race focused on the antithetic duet authoritarianism-democracy, to what could be called topical elections, focused on issues concerning presidential candidates’ public policy proposals in which citizens, civil associations, and nongovernmental organizations, among other groups, play an active role. With this purpose in mind, the paper starts with a brief exposition of the parties’ core contentions, including debates such as that around the last election reform aiming at pushing the ballot system towards fairer and more transparent elections, the challenges ahead for the party system, and other relevant contextual, political and socio-economic issues. Secondly, the evolution of the new terms of the competition and its structural changes are examined, in order to better understand our main concern here, i.e., the transition to a topical election contest focused on candidates’ public policy proposals. Thirdly, the candidates’ main proposals in crucial priority areas are presented and assessed. Finally, a global reflection is made on the meaning of these elections, on the context that has prevailed alongside, and on the uncertainty and competitiveness that have characterized them. 

A vision for attaining food security

Food is fundamental to human wellbeing and development. Increased food production remains a cornerstone strategy in the effort to alleviate global food insecurity. But despite the fact that global food production over the past half century has kept ahead of demand, today around one billion people do not have enough to eat, and a further billion lack adequate nutrition. Food insecurity is facing mounting supply-side and demand-side pressures; key among these are climate change, urbanisation, globalisation, population increases, disease, as well as a number of other factors that are changing patterns of food consumption. Many of the challenges to equitable food access are concentrated in developing countries where environmental pressures including climate change, population growth and other socio-economic issues are concentrated. Together these factors impede people's access to sufficient, nutritious food; chiefly through affecting livelihoods, income and food prices. Food security and human development go hand in hand, and their outcomes are co-determined to a significant degree. The challenge of food security is multi-scalar and cross-sector in nature. Addressing it will require the work of diverse actors to bring sustained improvements inhuman development and to reduce pressure on the environment. Unless there is investment in future food systems that are similarly cross-level, cross-scale and cross-sector, sustained improvements in human wellbeing together with reduced environmental risks and scarcities will not be achieved. This paper reviews current thinking, and outlines these challenges. It suggests that essential elements in a successfully adaptive and proactive food system include: learning through connectivity between scales to local experience and technologies high levels of interaction between diverse actors and sectors ranging from primary producers to retailers and consumers, and use of frontier technologies.

Mellan frihet och kontroll : Om läroplanskonstruktioner i svensk skola

The aim of this thesis is to explore how different competing discourses in the historical context of the Swedish education development have qualified and disqualified different constructions of national curriculum. How and after what kind of principles is the curriculum constructed? What qualify who are going to be recognized as the author and addressee of the curriculum? These key ques-tions of the study are discussed in the first part of the thesis. My point of depar-ture is that the curriculum can be understood as a relation between freedom and control. In an educational system this relationship reflects the problematic ten-sion between the external demands from an authoritative center and the local need to independently reflect over educational issues. How these concepts are defined by the prevailing social discourses affect specific relations and construc-tions of curricula as a steering tool and a producer of specific teacher identities. In this sense, I claim that curriculum is constructed in different ways depending on which of the didactic questions are emphasized and answered and who is judged as the legitimate author. Based on this, three models of curriculum con-struction are formulated; the content based, the result based and the process based. These models are subsequently used as an analytical tool to examine the historical development of Swedish national curricula. The second part of the thesis investigates the Swedish education system and the production of the national curriculum as a product of rival discourses. The historical investigation begins 1842 when the first state curriculum was issued and the inquiry concludes in 2008. The findings indicate that no one single con-struction has been totally dominant and that there has been an on-going discur-sive struggle between different alternative and opinions about what teachers must do and be.

A Catalyst for Culture: Early Child Development and Education in Japan

A popular Western perception of Japan is that it is an eminently homogeneous and conformist society. However, both conformity and homogeneity, recognized even by the Japanese themselves, coexist with the concept of individuality, which is valued in a manner unique to its culture. In order to come to a deeper understanding of that dynamic, it is important to comprehend the specifics of child rearing and education within Japanese society. Based in part on the author's observational fieldwork conducted while in Japan in 1994, the thesis explicates the manner in which various core relationships exhibit the socialization of an individual that occurs within the home during a child's first few years. Furthermore, the text incorporates research in both primary and secondary historical materials. The author displays the manner in which educational issues such as the development of the Japanese education system and the dynamics of the elementary years serve to demonstrate the importance of functioning within a group. This is further clarified through an examination of elementary school texts, which also reveal underlying moral messages of profound importance in Japanese society. The seemingly contradictory issues of becoming an individual yet performing as a member of a group are pulled together by the idea that culture provides the guidance by which an individual becomes an active member of society. In Japan, individuality and group conformity are not mutually exclusive. Within the context of Japanese society, individuality is inextricably linked to group orientation.

Aspectos sócio-econômicos dos códigos de conduta de responsabilidade social (CRS) do setor de gás e petróleo

A presença de uma empresa internacionalmente significa também a disseminação mundial de seu Código de Conduta de Responsabilidade Social (Código de CRS). É portanto necessário um certo controle do conteúdo desses Códigos. As regras e padrões internacionais podem desempenhar este papel. O setor de gás e petróleo causa grande impacto nas comunidades em que as empresas exercem suas atividades. O mesmo se pode afirmar em relação aos seus Códigos de CRS. Este estudo examina, então, duas vertentes distintas mas convergentes. De um lado, o estudo comparativo de como os Códigos de CRS das empresas do setor de gás e petróleo tratam dos aspectos sócio-econômicos. De outro, examina-se a conformidade ou falta de conformidade dos Códigos de CRS com os tratados, convenções, normas e padrões internacionais. Estratégias podem então ser propostas ao setor de gás e petróleo, para a melhoria dos padrões sócio-econômicos de seus Códigos de CRS. Com isso atende-se às necessidades das comunidades envolvidas e, também, cria-se valor para as empresas do setor de gás e petróleo.

Questões socioambientais e o desempenho financeiro nas informações públicas de empresas líderes do setor de mineração

Dada a relevância cada vez maior das questões sociais e ambientais, várias iniciativas vêm sendo cobradas das corporações por parte da sociedade. Frente a essa demanda tem-se uma resposta por parte das corporações, inclusive de entidades financeira, como, por exemplo, a divulgação de relatórios de sustentabilidade e a criação dos investimentos socialmente responsáveis, mais comumente conhecidos como Socially Responsible Investing (na sigla em inglês, SRI). Além disso, cada vez mais questões sociais e ambientais são importantes dimensões de análise para a obtenção de recursos vindos tanto de instituições bilaterais quanto unilaterais. Tais fatos vêm provocando a busca por evidências de associação das questões socioambientais com o desempenho financeiro da empresa. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar o nível de integração entre questões socioambientais e o desempenho financeiro nas informações públicas de empresas líderes mundiais do setor de mineração. O setor de mineração foi escolhido como foco dessa pesquisa, principalmente, devido à sua alta importância para a economia mundial e brasileira, e dado o seu alto impacto social e ambiental. Para tanto, fez-se uma análise das três maiores mineradoras globais em valor de mercado, BH Billiton, Vale e Rio Tinto, utilizando-se como base a metodologia proposta por Epstein e Roy (2003), na qual a integração entre questões socioambientais e desempenho financeiro é classificada em quatro níveis. Dentre as informações analisadas, identificou-se que apenas 1% dessas foram classificadas como nível 4, por se tratarem de informações monetizadas sobre os benefícios de investimentos socioambientais. Esse estudo, portanto, concluiu que a integração entre as ações socioambientais e o desempenho financeiro nas informações públicas das empresas analisadas é praticamente inexistente.

Aspectos sócio-econômicos dos códigos de conduta de responsabilidade social (CRS) do setor de gás e petróleo

A presença de uma empresa internacionalmente significa também a disseminação mundial de seu Código de Conduta de Responsabilidade Social (Código de CRS). É portanto necessário um certo controle do conteúdo desses Códigos. As regras e padrões internacionais podem desempenhar este papel. O setor de gás e petróleo causa grande impacto nas comunidades em que as empresas exercem suas atividades. O mesmo se pode afirmar em relação aos seus Códigos de CRS. Este estudo examina, então, duas vertentes distintas mas convergentes. De um lado, o estudo comparativo de como os Códigos de CRS das empresas do setor de gás e petróleo tratam dos aspectos sócio-econômicos. De outro, examina-se a conformidade – ou falta de conformidade – dos Códigos de CRS com os tratados, convenções, normas e padrões internacionais. Estratégias podem então ser propostas ao setor de gás e petróleo, para a melhoria dos padrões sócio-econômicos de seus Códigos de CRS. Com isso atende-se às necessidades das comunidades envolvidas e, também, cria-se valor para as empresas do setor de gás e petróleo.

Aspectos sócio-econômicos dos códigos de conduta de responsabilidade social (CRS) do setor de gás e petróleo

A presença de uma empresa internacionalmente significa também a disseminação mundial de seu Código de Conduta de Responsabilidade Social (Código de CRS). É portanto necessário um certo controle do conteúdo desses Códigos. As regras e padrões internacionais podem desempenhar este papel. O setor de gás e petróleo causa grande impacto nas comunidades em que as empresas exercem suas atividades. O mesmo se pode afirmar em relação aos seus Códigos de CRS. Este estudo examina, então, duas vertentes distintas mas convergentes. De um lado, o estudo comparativo de como os Códigos de CRS das empresas do setor de gás e petróleo tratam dos aspectos sócio-econômicos. De outro, examina-se a conformidade – ou falta de conformidade – dos Códigos de CRS com os tratados, convenções, normas e padrões internacionais. Estratégias podem então ser propostas ao setor de gás e petróleo, para a melhoria dos padrões sócio-econômicos de seus Códigos de CRS. Com isso atende-se às necessidades das comunidades envolvidas e, também, cria-se valor para as empresas do setor de gás e petróleo.

Why join a carbon club?: a study of the banks participating in the Brazilian “Business for Climate Platform”

Why do firms that present low levels of (direct) carbon emissions participate in “carbon clubs”, which have the goal of managing and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions? In order to answer this question, we collected data from both primary and secondary sources from firms operating in the Brazilian banking sector, which are members of the Businesses for Climate Platform (Plataforma Empresas pelo Clima e EPC). We first looked for answers in the institutional theory and resource based view of the firm (RBV). By confronting the arguments presented by these streams of scientific enquiry with empirical data, we worked on theory testing. In particular, we analyzed the institutional pressures and resources and capabilities of the focus companies, in order to understand the rationales for proactive sustainability management. We found evidences of the arguments presented by both the institutional theory and the RBV. By studying an industry that is not a frequent subject to research on socio-environmental issues e for not being considered of high impact e in an emerging market economy, the research contributes to both the further development of the institutional theory and the advancement of sustainability management in corporations.