Clubes de ciências e o percurso escolar dos alunos

Os factores que levam os alunos, no final da escolaridade obrigatória, a escolher o seu percurso escolar são vários. Neste estudo procurou-se saber em que medida a frequência de Clubes na área das Ciências influenciam essa decisão e, ainda, estudar como potenciar a sua organização no sentido de que estes possam contribuir positivamente para as escolhas dos alunos por percursos escolares na área das Ciências. A investigação decorreu em duas fases. Na primeira fase, foi avaliada a influência dos Clubes de Ciências na decisão do percurso escolar dos alunos, no final da escolaridade básica. Nesta fase foram realizados os seguintes procedimentos: -Entrevista semi-estruturada realizada a sete professoras responsáveis de Clubes na área das Ciências Físicas e Naturais, de 7 Escolas Secundárias da região de Aveiro. -Administração de um questionário, construído com questões maioritariamente fechadas, a uma amostra de 106 alunos, do 10ºAno, provenientes de 11 Escolas Secundárias da região de Aveiro, que frequentaram Clubes na área das Ciências Físicas e Naturais, no 3º Ciclo. -Tratamento estatístico das questões do questionário, com recurso ao programa SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) e análise de conteúdo das questões abertas do questionário e das entrevistas, recorrendose para o efeito à construção de categorias de resposta. Na segunda fase concebeu-se e implementou-se um Clube de Ciências. Nesta fase surgiu a criação do Clube: ”Educação para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável”, no qual foi desenvolvido o projecto: “Construção e dinamização de uma Estação Meteorológica”, numa Escola Básica do 2º e 3º Ciclos do Concelho de Aveiro. Os resultados obtidos na primeira fase do estudo são reveladores da importância que é atribuída às experiências vivenciadas pelos alunos nos Clubes de Ciências que frequentaram. Os temas/assuntos abordados foram essencialmente conteúdos ligados a áreas do conhecimento das disciplinas de Ciências. Predominaram as estratégias com base em trabalho de projecto e em actividades experimentais. Indicadores nacionais e internacionais têm evidenciado um decréscimo no número de jovens que, na sua escolaridade, optam por estudos nas áreas das Ciências e da Tecnologia. Este decréscimo tem sido um factor de preocupação ao nível das políticas educativas, nomeadamente europeias, tornando-se urgente, por um lado, compreender o porquê desse facto e, por outro, encontrar formas de o minimizar. Os Clubes na perspectiva das responsáveis entrevistadas: (a) Surgem como uma oportunidade para melhorar as competências dos alunos ao nível do saber fazer; (b) Permitem confirmar e reforçar a motivação e o gosto pelas Ciências; (c) Podem, também, dar-lhes orientações para o futuro, embora esta não tenha sido uma preocupação explícita; (d) São do agrado dos alunos devido a apresentarem actividades não meramente académicas e formais. Os Clubes, na perspectiva dos alunos respondentes: (a) Aumentaram a motivação para estudar Ciências; (b) Permitiram relacionar as Ciências com o dia-a-dia; (c) Ajudaram na escolha do curso que frequentam no Ensino Secundário; (d) Contribuíram para querer exercer uma profissão na área das Ciências. Na segunda fase do estudo, foi desenvolvido um trabalho de projecto que envolveu alunos do 3º Ciclo. O tema do projecto, proposto e implementado, coincidiu com os dois temas menos abordados, nos Clubes frequentados pelos respondentes da primeira fase do estudo, Meteorologia e Temáticas com Impacto Social. Por outro lado o Clube pretendeu contribuir para a Década da Educação para o Desenvolvimento Sustentado, instituída pelas Nações Unidas, para fazer frente à actual situação de emergência planetária. Uma estratégia privilegiada para formar cidadãos capazes de assumir atitudes e valores com vista ao desenvolvimento sustentável, passa pela Educação em todas as suas vertentes, nomeadamente a do ensino não formal, na qual se incluem os Clubes de Ciências. ABSTRACT: National and international indicators have showed a decrease in the number of youngsters that, during their school course make their choices in the study areas of Science and Technology. This decreasing tendency has been a motive of concern as far as the European educational policies are concerned. Thus, it is urgent to understand the reason behind that situation and find ways to minimize it. There are various factors that make students choose their study areas in the end of their school course. This study aimed to find out how the Science Clubs can influence their decisions as well as to study new ways to improve their organization in such a way that they may contribute positively to the students’ choices of their school careers in the area of Science. The investigation was divided in two parts: in the first part, it was evaluated the level of the influence of the Science Clubs in the students’ school careers at the end of the elementary education. At this stage it was adopted the following procedure: -A semi-structured interview was applied to 7 female teachers that are responsible for the Natural and Physics Science Clubs, in secondary schools, in the region of Aveiro; -A mainly close-question questionnaire was applied to a sample of 106 students, in the 10th grade, in 11 secondary schools, in the region of Aveiro. These students have attended some Natural and Physics Science Clubs, during the 7th, 8th and 9th grades; -Statistical work of the questionnaire was done with the help of the SPSS programme (Statistical Package for the Social Science) as well as the analysis of the contents of the open-questions of the questionnaire and the interviews by means of the answer-category method. In the second part, a Science Club was planned and implemented. At this stage, a club was created - “Education for the Sustainable Development” - within which the following project was developed – “Building and Development of a Meteorological Observatory”, at a 2nd and 3rd Ciclos (Stages) Elementary School, in Aveiro. The results of the first part of this study case have showed clearly the importance given to the experiences of the students while attending the Science Clubs. The themes/subjects studied were mainly science knowledgerelated contents. The strategies adopted were based on project work and experimental activities. A view of the Clubs by the people who are responsible for them: (a)The Clubs mean an opportunity for students to learn the know-how process; (b)They have provided the reinforcement of the motivation and preference for Science; (c)Although it was not the main concern with the clubs, the truth is that they can also give the students a sense of awareness for the future; (d)Students like to make part of the clubs because of their experimental character. A view of the Clubs by the students who make part of them: (a)The clubs have increased the level of motivation to study Science; (b)They have allowed a close perspective of the daily life reality; (c)They have helped with the choice of the Secondary School courses; (d)They have made students want a future professional career in the area of Science. In the second part of this study case, a project work was carried out involving 7th, 8th and 9th grade students. The subject of the project, considered and implemented, coincided with the two less boarded subjects, in the Clubs attended a course for the respondents of the first phase of the study, Meteorology and Thematic with Social Impact. The Club also aimed to contribute to the decade of the “Education for the Sustained Future” as settled by the United Nations in order to face the present emergency situation of the planet. The last but not the least, it is believed that, the best strategy to teach future citizens who are able to take the responsibility of their values and attitudes towards a sustainable future, is to provide them a type of Education that can teach them both the formal curriculum aspects and the informal ones, as it is the case of the Science Clubs.

Estudo da ansiedade em alunos do ensino superior utilizando o Biofeedback

A ansiedade é reconhecidamente um fator que interfere no sucesso académico tendo implicações ao nível da saúde física e mental dos indivíduos. A literatura tem revelado a necessidade de intervir preventivamente de forma a minimizar a ocorrência de perturbações mais complexas com elevado impacto pessoal e social. Em Portugal são reduzidos os estudos que englobem a intervenção específica na ansiedade em contexto do ensino superior, pelo que o pretendemos com o nosso contributo colmatar uma lacuna especificamente ao nível da avaliação da ansiedade com instrumentos de medida psicofisiológicos. A presente investigação pretende: 1) caracterizar os estudantes quanto aos seus níveis de ansiedade, fatores de stresse e bem-estar e a relação destes com variáveis sociodemográficas e académicas (estudo tipo transversal); 2) avaliar a eficácia da intervenção na gestão da ansiedade, com programa de Biofeedback (BFB) e comparar com a Terapia Cognitivo Comportamental - TCC (Estudo do tipo quasi-experimental); 3) estudar e avaliar a intervenção específica com BFB. A amostra global envolveu 310 estudantes do 1º ano de áreas de saúde repartidos por três estudos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), o Inventário de Stresse nos Estudantes Universitários (ISEU) e o Teste de Orientação de Vida (LOT, de Life Orientation Test), Patient’s Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) e os Termómetros Emocionais (TE). Como instrumento de avaliação das variáveis psicofisiológicas foi usado o Biofeedback 2000x-pert. No primeiro estudo foi feita a caracterização dos níveis de ansiedade, de stresse e de bem-estar dos estudantes do primeiro ano da Escola Superior de Saúde da Universidade de Aveiro, os quais identificaram níveis elevados de ansiedade e de stress. O segundo estudo, a partir dos elementos encontrados no primeiro, incluiu uma intervenção comparativa entre o BFB e a TCC na gestão da ansiedade. No terceiro estudo, focalizado na avaliação da eficácia do Biofeedback, os resultados mostraram que o BFB é particularmente eficaz na redução desses níveis nos estudantes com níveis elevados de ansiedade e stresse. As conclusões desta investigação sugerem que o BFB apresenta possibilidades interessantes para ser utilizado num programa de redução do stresse e da ansiedade em estudantes do ES. São referidas implicações para o futuro, estratégias de intervenção que permitam potenciar o desempenho académico dos estudantes.

Kyotorphin derived peptides in the relationship between analgesia and alzheimer’s disease

Tese de doutoramento, Ciências Biomédicas (Bioquímica Médica), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2014

Religion and returns in Europe

Drawing on social identity and social impact theory, this paper is the first to investigate the impact of religious preferences on share prices and expected returns at the country level. Using data from 12 European countries, our findings suggest that religion has a significant effect on the share price of companies whose activities are considered unethical, i.e., tobacco manufacturers and alcohol producers. The share price of these companies (called sin stocks) is depressed when they are located in a predominantly Protestant environment (relative to a Catholic environment). With investors in Protestant countries being more sin averse than in Catholic countries, they insist upon higher expected returns on sin stocks. Conversely, religious preferences do not have the same impact on the performance of other companies, e.g. socially responsible companies. Our results are robust to various methodologies and controlling for several firm-specific, industry-specific and country-specific characteristics.

A relevância da comunicação integrada no web marketing: estudo de um caso prático

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Marketing Digital, sob orientação do Prof. Paulo Alexandre Pires

O impacto de um programa de exercícios com o Inspirómetro de Incentivo na função pulmonar em doentes com Escoliose Idiopática

Introdução: A escoliose é uma deformidade vertebral muito comum e de grande importância social. A etiologia da escoliose idiopática da adolescência é desconhecida e descrita como multifatorial. Segundo a literatura existe uma forte correlação entre a função pulmonar anormal e a gravidade da deformidade da coluna vertebral. Tem sido proposto como abordagem terapêutica o uso de Inspirómetro de Incentivo, contudo, ainda se encontra incerto a sua eficácia nesta patologia. Objetivo: Analisar o impacto de um programa de exercícios domiciliários com o Inspirómetro de Incentivo em doentes com Escoliose Idiopática nos volumes pulmonares e na força muscular dos músculos respiratórios. Metodologia: Foram avaliados, por meio de um estudo experimental, 12 indivíduos do sexo feminino (com média e desvio padrão correspondentes a 15,1 e 1,6 respetivamente) com diagnóstico de Escoliose Idiopática antes e 3meses após a cirurgia corretiva e 12 indivíduos saudáveis também do sexo feminino (com média e desvio padrão correspondentes a 15,2 e 1,4 respetivamente). A função pulmonar foi avaliada através do espirómetro computorizado Spinolab®, a força dos músculos respiratórios avaliou-se através da mensuração da PImáx e PEmáx com o Microrpm®. Para finalizar a avaliação o participante foi sujeito a aplicação do THRESHOLD® com 30% da PImáx obtida. O protocolo domiciliário, referente à parte experimental, baseou-se no uso bi-diário do Inspirómetro de Incentivo Respiflo FS®, que foi fornecido aos participantes no dia da alta hospitalar. Resultados: Foram encontrados valores menores da função respiratória e força muscular (p<0,05) no grupo de doentes com Escoliose em relação ao grupo dos Saudáveis, excepto em relação ao Índice de Tiffeneau (p=0,17). No entanto, quando se comparou o grupo Controlo e o Grupo Experimental não severificaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas em relação às variáveis estudadas. Por fim, na análise dos parâmetros nos dois momentos de avaliação (inicial e final) entre o grupo dos Saudáveis e grupo Experimental verificou-se que existiam diferenças estatisticamente significativas ao nível da CFV (pi=0,02; pf=0,00), FEV1 (pi=0,01; pf=0,00) e PImáx inicial (p=0,02) e PImáx th inicial (p=0,03). Conclusão: A função pulmonar e a força dos músculos respiratórios em indivíduos com diagnóstico de Escoliose Idiopática encontra-se diminuída quando comparada com uma população saudável. Dentro das condições propostas no presente estudo, verificou-se que a aplicação de um programa de exercícios com o Inspirómetro de Incentivo com duração de 3 meses não revela resultados significativos ao nível da função pulmonar e da força dos músculos respiratórios.

Determinants of mother-baby relationship evaluated during pregnancy

ABSTRACT Background Mental health promotion is supported by a strong body of knowledge and is a matter of public health with the potential of a large impact on society. Mental health promotion programs should be implemented as soon as possible in life, preferably starting during pregnancy. Programs should focus on malleable determinants, introducing strategies to reduce risk factors or their impact on mother and child, and also on strengthening protective factors to increase resilience. The ambition of early detecting risk situations requires the development and use of tools to assess risk, and the creation of a responsive network of services based in primary health care, especially maternal consultation during pregnancy and the first months of the born child. The number of risk factors and the way they interact and are buffered by protective factors are relevant for the final impact. Maternal-fetal attachment (MFA) is not yet a totally understood and well operationalized concept. Methodological problems limit the comparison of data as many studies used small size samples, had an exploratory character or used different selection criteria and different measures. There is still a lack of studies in high risk populations evaluating the consequences of a weak MFA. Instead, the available studies are not very conclusive, but suggest that social support, anxiety and depression, self-esteem and self-control and sense of coherence are correlated with MFA. MFA is also correlated with health practices during pregnancy, that influence pregnancy and baby outcomes. MFA seems a relevant concept for the future mother baby interaction, but more studies are needed to clarify the concept and its operationalization. Attachment is a strong scientific concept with multiple implications for future child development, personality and relationship with others. Secure attachment is considered an essential basis of good mental health, and promoting mother-baby interaction offers an excellent opportunity to intervention programmes targeted at enhancing mental health and well-being. Understanding the process of attachment and intervening to improve attachment requires a comprehension of more proximal factors, but also a broader approach that assesses the impact of more distal social conditions on attachment and how this social impact is mediated by family functioning and mother-baby interaction. Finally, it is essential to understand how this knowledge could be translated in effective mental health promoting interventions and measures that could reach large populations of pregnant mothers and families. Strengthening emotional availability (EA) seems to be a relevant approach to improve the mother-baby relationship. In this review we have offered evidence suggesting a range of determinants of mother-infant relationship, including age, marital relationship, social disadvantages, migration, parental psychiatric disorders and the situations of abuse or neglect. Based on this theoretical background we constructed a theoretical model that included proximal and distal factors, risk and protective factors, including variables related to the mother, the father, their social support and mother baby interaction from early pregnancy until six months after birth. We selected the Antenatal Psychosocial Health Assessment (ALPHA) for use as an instrument to detect psychosocial risk during pregnancy. Method Ninety two pregnant women were recruited from the Maternal Health Consultation in Primary Health Care (PHC) at Amadora. They had three moments of assessment: at T1 (until 12 weeks of pregnancy) they filed out a questionnaire that included socio-demographic data, ALPHA, Edinburgh post-natal Depression Scale (EDPS), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and Sense of Coherence (SOC); at T2 (after the 20th weeks of pregnancy) they answered EDPS, SOC and MFA Scale (MFAS), and finally at T3 (6 months after birth), they repeated EDPS and SOC, and their interaction with their babies was videotaped and later evaluated using EA Scales. A statistical analysis has been done using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, univariate logistic regression and multiple linear regression. Results The study has increased our knowledge on this particular population living in a multicultural, suburb community. It allow us to identify specific groups with a higher level of psychosocial risk, such as single or divorced women, young couples, mothers with a low level of education and those who are depressed or have a low SOC. The hypothesis that psychosocial risk is directly correlated with MFAS and that MFA is directly correlated with EA was not confirmed, neither the correlation between prenatal psychosocial risk and mother-baby EA. The study identified depression as a relevant risk factor in pregnancy and its higher prevalence in single or divorced women, immigrants and in those who have a higher global psychosocial risk. Depressed women have a poor MFA, and a lower structuring capacity and a higher hostility to their babies. In average, depression seems to reduce among pregnant women in the second part of their pregnancy. The children of immigrant mothers show a lower level of responsiveness to their mothers what could be transmitted through depression, as immigrant mothers have a higher risk of depression in the beginning of pregnancy and six months after birth. Young mothers have a low MFA and are more intrusive. Women who have a higher level of education are more sensitive and their babies showed to be more responsive. Women who are or have been submitted to abuse were found to have a higher level of MFA but their babies are less responsive to them. The study highlights the relevance of SOC as a potential protective factor while it is strongly and negatively related with a wide range of risk factors and mental health outcomes especially depression before, during and after pregnancy. Conclusions ALPHA proved to be a valid, feasible and reliable instrument to Primary Health Care (PHC) that can be used as a total sum score. We could not prove the association between psychosocial risk factors and MFA, neither between MFA and EA, or between psychosocial risk and EA. Depression and SOC seems to have a clear and opposite relevance on this process. Pregnancy can be considered as a maturational process and an opportunity to change, where adaptation processes occur, buffering risk, decreasing depression and increasing SOC. Further research is necessary to better understand interactions between variables and also to clarify a better operationalization of MFA. We recommend the use of ALPHA, SOC and EDPS in early pregnancy as a way of identifying more vulnerable women that will require additional interventions and support in order to decrease risk. At political level we recommend the reinforcement of Immigrant integration and the increment of education in women. We recommend more focus in health care and public health in mental health condition and psychosocial risk of specific groups at high risk. In PHC special attention should be paid to pregnant women who are single or divorced, very young, low educated and to immigrant mothers. This study provides the basis for an intervention programme for this population, that aims to reduce broad spectrum risk factors and to promote Mental Health in women who become pregnant. Health and mental health policies should facilitate the implementation of the suggested measures.

A ocorrência de quedas em ambiente hospitalar : caracterização do impacte clínico e económico

RESUMO - Introdução As quedas ocorridas em ambiente hospitalar são um dos principais eventos reportados e são responsáveis por consequências físicas, psicológicas e sociais nos doentes e seus familiares, mas também nos profissionais e nas organizações de saúde. Paralelamente, tais ocorrências representam significativo impacto clínico, económico e social. Objetivo, material e métodos O propósito desta investigação é caracterizar o impacte clínico e económico da ocorrência de quedas em ambiente hospitalar. De forma a alcançar este objetivo, optou-se por um estudo assente no paradigma quantitativo, observacional, transversal, com recolha de informação de forma retrospetiva. Resultados e discussão No ano de 2013, ocorreram 118 quedas, num total de 108 indivíduos hospitalizados no CHMT. A incidência de quedas foi 0,84 quedas por mil dias de internamento. Do total de doentes em que ocorreu a queda, verificou-se que 59% tiveram consequências físicas e estimou-se um aumento de dias de internamento num total de 1114 dias, com consequente aumento dos custos totais em cerca de 1.027.591,2€. Conclusões A incidência de quedas verificada neste estudo, quando comparada com outros estudos internacionais, é menor. No que se refere ao impacto clínico e económico, constatou-se que a maioria das quedas teve consequências físicas e que, os custos adicionais relacionados com o aumento da demora média de internamento são de uma magnitude importante. Tal circunstância, justifica assim, a necessidade de desenvolvimento de estudos nesta área, no sentido de implementar estratégias efetivas que atuem ao nível do sistema e do individuo, com vista à redução deste tipo de ocorrências.

How much cultural events are "worth" for host communities: Case of Faz Música Lisboa

This paper studies the economic and social impact of Faz Música Lisboa on the segment of society that feels from any direct or indirect consequence due to its existence. A qualitative research based on surveys and interviews is made to retract a list of the benefits and costs that each stakeholder perceives. Relying on the quantifiable variables, it is performed a cost-benefit analysis to measure how much the event is “worth” for the community. I conclude this is a viable project, as it brings a positive net benefit to the society, value that could increase with a higher institutional support.

A+ grandparents at school

Facing an aging society, where there is a large gap between generations and where the elderly are neglected, the Portuguese Red Cross – Delegation of Vila Nova de Gaia – created the project A+: grandparents at school, which encourages intergenerational work. After observing the positive results of the pilot project, the A+ team decided that the project has the potential to be scaled at a national level to enable it to contribute to the integration of the older people in the society, as well as for positive changes of individuals with regard to the elderly. This work project proposes a method to determine whether A+ can be scaled and what is the most efficient way to do it, establishing a process of scale that can be used by every non-profit organization

Vyndaqel (Tafamidis)

The main objective of this pedagogical case study is to analyse the market entry dynamics of pharmaceutical innovative drugs in Portugal, and the role and impact of the different stakeholders in this process. The case focuses on the market entry of Vyndaqel (Tafamidis) Pfizer’s orphan innovative product to treat TTR-FAP, “paramiloidose”, a highly incapacitating rare disease that has more than 2.000 diagnosed patients in Portugal, one of the highest prevalence worldwide and an incidence of 100 new patients every year. In terms of methodology it were used two main sources of information. Regarding secondary data sources it was made an exhaustive search using the main specialty search engines regarding the Tafamidis case, market access, orphan drugs and market entry context in Portugal and Europe. In terms of primary data it were conducted 7 direct interviews with the main case stakeholders. The pedagogical case study focuses on 5 main questions that provide the base of the discussion for the classes. First it is analysed the rationale behind the introduction of Tafamidis in Portugal, and its relevance for Pfizer, namely due to the previous investment made with the acquisition of FoldRX by $400M, the company that developed the product in the first place. It is also analysed the point of view of the NHS, and the reasoning behind drug reimbursement that considered not only the technical (efficacy and safety) and financial benefits of the drug, but also the social impact, due to the major role played by patient associations’ actions and coverage provided by the media that impacted the reimbursement decision. Finally it is analysed the vertical financing methodology that was selected by the Ministry of Health for drug acquisition by 2 public hospitals, that served as reference centres for the treatment of this disease

Language shifting among the Hodenosaunee of Southern Ontario : Edwaenagé: tsgó -- Shogwaya> dihs> oh nidwawenó :de: shogwá:wi: tsáhohwejáda:t

Through aggressive legislative and educational policies Indigenous languages globally have been shifted to the language of the dominant society. Globalization has brought previously geo-politically and/or geo-linguistically isolated people and language . groups into close proximity that necessitated interaction and at times intense power struggles. There are currently approximately 6,000 spoken languages in the world, more than half are either endangered, dying or disappearing altogether. Canadian statistics reveal an overall 3 % decline in the intergenerational transmission of language. Of the original 60 Indigenous languages spoken in Canada, 8 are extinct, 13 are nearly extinct, and 23 are critical. The remaining languages have a slim chance of survival. Within the next 100 years only 4 Indigenous languages will remain. The Hodenosaunee languages of Southern Ontario are not incl~ded among the list of languages that will survive the next 100 years. There are, without a doubt, complex challenges in the maintenance of Indigenous languages within a dominant-culture influenced environment. Given the increasing awareness of the social impact of linguistic integrity and preservation of languages on Indigenous people as a whole, this study considers how language is currently being used; the social, economic, and political implications of language shifting; the need to shift our social consciousness in order to understand the urgency in privileging our Hodenosaunee languages; as well as ways in which we might achieve those goals as individuals, as families, and as a community.

Evaluation in Sport for Development: A Case Study of the Gansbaai Project, Football Foundation of South Africa, From A Critical Perspective

The purpose of this case study was to determine the effectiveness of sport for development (SDP) evaluation within one program in Gansbaai, South Africa through critical, independent participant inclusive program evaluation. Qualitative research was conducted on the Football Foundation of South Africa (FFSA), where semi-structured interview data were collected from administrators and participants, as were data from direct participant observations and organizational documents. Data analysis followed, according to Kvale and Brinkman’s (2008) methodology. FFSA goals were found, as were themes of social impact (i.e., regarding coach-player relationships, trust, and coaching impact on social integration). A further theme related to evaluation components and procedures. Further themes included life skill development, competition within programming, participants’ home life and social integration. Findings contribute to the SDP literature relating to program evaluation research and to FFSA administrators by providing an understanding of SDP program shortcomings, limitations, and suggested improvements.

Le cadre juridique des investissements miniers et pétroliers chinois en Afrique : instruments pour une lex mercatoria sino-africaine

L’intérêt principal de l’analyse du cadre des investissements miniers et pétroliers chinois en Afrique est la détermination du chantier juridique résultant de la cohabitation de deux cultures juridiques en vue de l’émergence d’une lex mercatoria dans les investissements sino-africains. Elle comprend deux parties principales. D’abord, l’étude se penche sur l’origine des fonds chinois investis sur le continent africain qui sont les fonds souverains. La problématique des fonds souverains est celle de savoir s’il s’agit d’instruments politiques ou financiers. Néanmoins, cette inquiétude ne freine pas la force opérationnelle grandissante des fonds souverains chinois sur le continent africain. Rentrant dans l’encadrement et le contenu du contrat proprement dit, l’analyse des figures contractuelles usitées dans l’industrie pétrolière et minière sino-africaine séparément dans les contextes chinois et africains révèle l’inadéquation des contrats et de la législation africaine aux besoins économiques et technologiques du continent. En outre, l’examen particulier des clauses de choix de la loi applicable et de règlement des différends dans les contextes chinois et africain permet de soulever quelques options possibles pour le contexte sino-africain. Ensuite, l’analyse se penche sur les mécanismes mis en place pour favoriser les investissements chinois miniers et pétroliers sur le continent africain avant de relever les conséquences dans les domaines sociaux et environnementaux desdits investissements. Il ressort donc que des avantages fiscaux et douaniers sont mis en place en faveur des investissements chinois en Afrique ainsi que des traités bilatéraux signés entre la Chine et de nombreux pays africains. Cependant, sur le plan social, l’on s’interroge sur la place accordée à la lutte contre la corruption et la promotion de la transparence dans l’industrie extractive africaine avec ses relations avec la Chine. L’on constate également que l’absence de transfert de technologie influe négativement sur le développement économique et technologique, la concurrence et l’emploi local du pays hôte. De même, la protection de l’environnement dans le contexte sino-africain semble être reléguée au dernier plan. L’environnement africain court donc le risque de connaître une crise comme celle de la chine causée par l’industrialisation du pays. La société civile nous apparaît donc au regard de ces effets peu glorieux des investissements chinois en Afrique dans les domaines miniers et pétroliers comme une troisième partie de cette relation qui devra être la médiatrice ou régulatrice entre les deux autres.

Mobilités de travail et (re)construction des rapports sociaux au sein d’une communauté Hmong de Chine (province du Guizhou)

La mobilité rurale-urbaine est sans contredit l’un des phénomènes les plus marquants que la Chine a connus depuis ses réformes des années 1980. D’une ampleur colossale, elle a constitué un fondement essentiel de sa transition et de son développement économiques. Or, si l’impact social de cette mobilité a été abondamment étudié dans les villes où séjournent les paysans, il demeure peu connu dans leur communauté d’origine, et encore moins en contexte de « nationalité minoritaire ». Reposant sur une enquête de terrain de plus d’une année, cette thèse en géographie sociale examine la (re)construction sociale dans une communauté rurale et minoritaire (c.àd. Hmong ou Miao) de Chine en lien avec le phénomène de la mobilité de travail. D’une intensité croissante, la pratique de la mobilité de travail par les membres de cette communauté est double. Les migrants sont soit des herboristes ambulants dans les villes de l’espace régional, soit des travailleurs salariés dans les villes orientales du pays. L’utilisation d’une approche du changement social intégrant les sphères du réel et de l’imagination et prenant en compte les dimensions territoriale et économique du phénomène migratoire est originale. De même, l’importance égale portée aux discours et aux actions des migrants et des non-migrants dans le processus de transformation sociale se veut novatrice. Dans ses résultats, cette thèse fait état, premièrement, d’une refonte des logiques territoriales et économiques de la communauté étudiée sous l’effet du phénomène migratoire. De toute évidence, les fondements géographiques de son territoire se sont récemment complexifiés et multipliés. Désormais, une variété de lieux, de frontières, de réseaux sociaux et d’échelles se dessine dans les configurations territoriales de ses membres. Les implications économiques sont tout aussi patentes. Outre la forte dominance des transferts d’argent des migrants dans les budgets familiaux, les questions du développement et des inégalités aux différentes échelles de la communauté renvoient aujourd’hui essentiellement au fait migratoire. Deuxièmement, cette thèse montre la forte empreinte laissée par la mobilité dans la sphère sociale. Nécessitant soutien aux extrémités de leur parcours, les migrants sollicitent de plus en plus l’aide de leurs réseaux lignagers, claniques, villageois et matrilinéaires. Et dans ce processus, il n’est pas rare qu’ils enfreignent consciemment les principes hiérarchiques traditionnels de leurs rapports familiaux. Aussi, au travers de la mobilité, des groupes longtemps marginalisés, tels les femmes et les jeunes adultes, ont acquis estime, autonomie et pouvoir décisionnel. Parallèlement, l’ordre social s’est bouleversé. Ce n’est plus le volume de la production agricole, mais le nombre de travailleurs migrants qui détermine aujourd’hui les différentes classes sociales de la communauté. Finalement, dans le contexte plus large des populations rurales et minoritaires de Chine et du Massif sud-est asiatique, cette thèse fait ressortir l’importance d’aborder la question de l’impact social de la mobilité au-delà des paradigmes de la modernisation et de l’intégration. Contrairement à la plupart des écrits touchant à cette question, il ne suffit pas de porter le regard sur l’influence que les urbains et leur mode de vie soi-disant moderne exercent sur les migrants. Il est également nécessaire de reconnaître les capacités d’initiative et d’innovation sociale des membres de ces populations, migrants et non-migrants. Mais aussi, cette recherche démontre que la question identitaire se doit d’être prise en compte. Les sentiments de marginalité et de subordination demeurent vivaces au travers du phénomène migratoire. Et de tels sentiments semblent se traduire, le plus souvent, par un renforcement des liens sociaux et intracommunautaires au sein même de ces populations minoritaires.