Uma aproximação ao uso de 8-metoxipsoraleno na toxicidade fotoquímica quando activado por UVB banda estreita (311nm) no Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Foi usado um modelo Saccharomyces cerevisiae para avaliar a toxicidade fotoquímica do 8-metoxipsoraleno expressa como a percentagem da inibição de crescimento usando duas concentrações diferentes, 0,4mM e 0,05mM, e UVB banda estreita (311nm) para a fotoactivação. Os resultados preliminares sugerem que a concentração de 8- metoxipsoraleno desempenha um papel na toxicidade fotoquímica, mas não, com as concentrações usadas, na toxicidade química.

Structural Aspects of the Distinct Biochemical Properties of Glutaredoxin 1 and Glutaredoxin 2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are small (9-12 kDa) heat-stable proteins that are ubiquitously distributed. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, seven Grx enzymes have been identified. Two of them (yGrx1 and yGrx2) are dithiolic, possessing a conserved Cys-Pro-Tyr-Cys motif. Here, we show that yGrx2 has a specific activity 15 times higher than that of yGrx1, although these two oxidoreductases share 64% identity and 85% similarity with respect to their amino acid sequences. Further characterization of the enzymatic activities through two-substrate kinetics analysis revealed that yGrx2 possesses a lower Km for glutathione and a higher turnover than yGrx1. To better comprehend these biochemical differences, the pK(a) of the N-terminal active-site cysteines (Cys27) of these two proteins and of the yGrx2-C30S mutant were determined. Since the pK(a) values of the yGrx1 and yGix2 Cys27 residues are very similar, these parameters cannot account for the difference observed between their specific activities. Therefore, crystal structures of yGrx2 in the oxidized form and with a glutathionyl mixed disulfide were determined at resolutions of 2.05 and 1.91 angstrom, respectively. Comparisons of yGrx2 structures with the recently determined structures of yGrx1 provided insights into their remarkable functional divergence. We hypothesize that the substitutions of Ser23 and Gln52 in yGrx1 by Ala23 and Glu52 in yGrx2 modify the capability of the active-site C-terminal cysteine to attack the mixed disulfide between the N-terminal active-site cysteine and the glutathione molecule. Mutagenesis studies supported this hypothesis. The observed structural and functional differences between yGrx1 and yGrx2 may reflect variations in substrate specificity. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Molecular Characterization of Propolis-Induced Cell Death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Propolis, a natural product of plant resins, is used by the bees to seal holes in their honeycombs and protect the hive entrance. However, propolis has also been used in folk medicine for centuries. Here, we apply the power of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism for studies of genetics, cell biology, and genomics to determine how propolis affects fungi at the cellular level. Propolis is able to induce an apoptosis cell death response. However, increased exposure to propolis provides a corresponding increase in the necrosis response. We showed that cytochrome c but not endonuclease G (Nuc1p) is involved in propolis-mediated cell death in S. cerevisiae. We also observed that the metacaspase YCA1 gene is important for propolis-mediated cell death. To elucidate the gene functions that may be required for propolis sensitivity in eukaryotes, the full collection of about 4,800 haploid S. cerevisiae deletion strains was screened for propolis sensitivity. We were able to identify 138 deletion strains that have different degrees of propolis sensitivity compared to the corresponding wild-type strains. Systems biology revealed enrichment for genes involved in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, vacuolar acidification, negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, regulation of macroautophagy associated with protein targeting to vacuoles, and cellular response to starvation. Validation studies indicated that propolis sensitivity is dependent on the mitochondrial function and that vacuolar acidification and autophagy are important for yeast cell death caused by propolis.

Over-expression of COQ10 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae inhibits mitochondrial respiration

COQ10 deletion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae elicits a defect in mitochondrial respiration correctable by addition of coenzyme Q(2). Rescue of respiration by Q(2) is a characteristic of mutants blocked in coenzyme Q(6) synthesis. Unlike Q(6) deficient mutants, mitochondria of the coq10 null mutant have wild-type concentrations Of Q(6). The physiological significance of earlier observations that purified Coq10p contains bound Q(6) was examined in the present study by testing the in vivo effect of over-expression of Coq10p on respiration. Mitochondria with elevated levels of Coq10p display reduced respiration in the bc1 span of the electron transport chain, which can be restored with exogenous Q(2). This suggests that in vivo binding of Q(6) by excess Coq10p reduces the pool of this redox carrier available for its normal function in providing electrons to the bc1 complex. This is confirmed by observing that extra Coq8p relieves the inhibitory effect of excess Coq10p. Coq8p is a putative kinase, and a high-copy suppressor of the coq10 null mutant. As shown here, when over-produced in coq mutants, Coq8p counteracts turnover of Coq3p and Coq4p subunits of the Q-biosynthetic complex. This can account for the observed rescue by COQ8 of the respiratory defect in strains over-producing Coq10p. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The Trypanosoma cruzi proteins TcCox10 and TcCox15 catalyze the formation of heme A in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent for Chagas` disease, has requirements for several cofactors, one of which is heme. Because this organism is unable to synthesize heme, which serves as a prosthetic group for several heme proteins (including the respiratory chain complexes), it therefore must be acquired from the environment. Considering this deficiency, it is an open question as to how heme A, the essential cofactor for eukaryotic CcO enzymes, is acquired by this parasite. In the present work, we provide evidence for the presence and functionality of genes coding for heme O and heme A synthases, which catalyze the synthesis of heme O and its conversion into heme A, respectively. The functions of these T. cruzi proteins were evaluated using yeast complementation assays, and the mRNA levels of their respective genes were analyzed at the different T. cruzi life stages. It was observed that the amount of mRNA coding for these proteins changes during the parasite life cycle, suggesting that this variation could reflect different respiratory requirements in the different parasite life stages.

Disruption of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Plantaricin 149 and investigation of its mechanism of action with biomembrane model systems

The action of a synthetic antimicrobial peptide analog of Plantaricin 149 (Pln149a) against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its interaction with biomembrane model systems were investigated. Pln149a was shown to inhibit S. cerevisiae growth by more than 80% in YPD medium, causing morphological changes in the yeast wall and remaining active and resistant to the yeast proteases even after 24 h of incubation. Different membrane model systems and carbohydrates were employed to better describe the Pln149a interaction with cellular components using circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopies, adsorption kinetics and surface elasticity in Langmuir monolayers. These assays showed that Pln149a does not interact with either mono/polysaccharides or zwitterionic LUVs, but is strongly adsorbed to and incorporated into negatively charged surfaces, causing a conformational change in its secondary structure from random-coil to helix upon adsorption. From the concurrent analysis of Pln149a adsorption kinetics and dilatational surface elasticity data, we determined that 2.5 mu M is the critical concentration at which Pln149a will disrupt a negative DPPG monolayer. Furthermore, Pln149a exhibited a carpet-like mechanism of action, in which the peptide initially binds to the membrane, covering its surface and acquiring a helical structure that remains associated to the negatively charged phospholipids. After this electrostatic interaction, another peptide region causes a strain in the membrane, promoting its disruption. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Molecular analysis of maltotriose active transport and fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals a determinant role for the AGT1 permease

Incomplete and/or sluggish maltotriose fermentation causes both quality and economic problems in the ale-brewing industry. Although it has been proposed previously that the sugar uptake must be responsible for these undesirable phenotypes, there have been conflicting reports on whether all the known alpha-glucoside transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (MALx1, AGT1, and MPH2 and MPH3 transporters) allow efficient maltotriose utilization by yeast cells. We characterized the kinetics of yeast cell growth, sugar consumption, and ethanol production during maltose or maltotriose utilization by several S. cerevisiae yeast strains (both MAL constitutive and AM inducible) and by their isogenic counterparts with specific deletions of the AGT1 gene. Our results clearly showed that yeast strains carrying functional permeases encoded by the MAL21, MAL31, and/or MAL41 gene in their plasma membranes were unable to utilize maltotriose. While both high-and low-affinity transport activities were responsible for maltose uptake from the medium, in the case of maltotriose, the only low-affinity (K-m, 36 +/- 2 mM) transport activity was mediated by the AGT1 permease. In conclusion, the AGT1 transporter is required for efficient maltotriose fermentation by S. cerevisiae yeasts, highlighting the importance of this permease for breeding and/or selection programs aimed at improving sluggish maltotriose fermentations.

Cwc24p, a novel Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear ring finger protein, affects pre-snoRNA U3 splicing

U3 snoRNA is transcribed from two intron-containing genes in yeast, snR17A and snR17B. Although the assembly of the U3 snoRNP has not been precisely determined, at least some of the core box C/D proteins are known to bind pre-U3 co-transcriptionally, thereby affecting splicing and 3 `-end processing of this snoRNA. We identified the interaction between the box C/D assembly factor Nop17p and Cwc24p, a novel yeast RING finger protein that had been previously isolated in a complex with the splicing factor Cef1p. Here we show that, consistent with the protein interaction data, Cwc24p localizes to the cell nucleus, and its depletion leads to the accumulation of both U3 pre-snoRNAs. U3 snoRNA is involved in the early cleavages of 35 S pre-rRNA, and the defective splicing of pre-U3 detected in cells depleted of Cwc24p causes the accumulation of the 35 S precursor rRNA. These results led us to the conclusion that Cwc 24p is involved in pre-U3 snoRNA splicing, indirectly affecting pre-rRNA processing.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae coq10 null mutants are responsive to antimycin A

Deletion of COQ10 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae elicits a respiratory defect characterized by the absence of cytochrome c reduction, which is correctable by the addition of exogenous diffusible coenzyme Q(2). Unlike other coq mutants with hampered coenzyme Q(6) (Q(6)) synthesis, coq10 mutants have near wild-type concentrations of Q(6). In the present study, we used Q-cycle inhibitors of the coenzyme QH(2)-cytochrome c reductase complex to assess the electron transfer properties of coq10 cells. Our results show that coq10 mutants respond to antimycin A, indicating an active Q-cycle in these mutants, even though they are unable to transport electrons through cytochrome c and are not responsive to myxothiazol. EPR spectroscopic analysis also suggests that wild-type and coq10 mitochondria accumulate similar amounts of Q(6) semiquinone, despite a lower steady-state level of coenzyme QH(2)-cytochrome c reductase complex in the coq10 cells. Confirming the reduced respiratory chain state in coq10 cells, we found that the expression of the Aspergillus fumigatus alternative oxidase in these cells leads to a decrease in antimycin-dependent H(2)O(2) release and improves their respiratory growth.

Utp25p, a nucleolar Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein, interacts with U3 snoRNP subunits and affects processing of the 35S pre-rRNA

In eukaryotes, pre-rRNA processing depends on a large number of nonribosomal trans-acting factors that form intriguingly organized complexes. Two intermediate complexes, pre-40S and pre-60S, are formed at the early stages of 35S pre-rRNA processing and give rise to the mature ribosome subunits. Each of these complexes contains specific pre-rRNAs, some ribosomal proteins and processing factors. The novel yeast protein Utp25p has previously been identified in the nucleolus, an indication that this protein could be involved in ribosome biogenesis. Here we show that Utp25p interacts with the SSU processome proteins Sas10p and Mpp10p, and affects 18S rRNA maturation. Depletion of Utp25p leads to accumulation of the pre-rRNA 35S and the aberrant rRNA 23S, and to a severe reduction in 40S ribosomal subunit levels. Our results indicate that Utp25p is a novel SSU processome subunit involved in pre-40S maturation.

O mutante pso9-1 de Saccharomyces cerevisiae, sensível a psoralenos fotoativados, contém um alelo mutante do gene MEC3 envolvido em checkpoint

Análises de complementação do mutante pso9-1, sensível a psoralenos mono- e bifuncionais fotoativados, UV254nm e nitrosoguanidina, com os mutantes pso1 a pso8, confirmou que este contém uma nova mutação pso. A clonagem molecular a partir de um banco genômico de levedura sugeriu pso9-1 como alelo mutante do gene de checkpoint que responde a danos no DNA MEC3. A não-complementação de vários fenótipos de sensibilidade em diplóides pso9-1/mec3∆ confirmou o alelismo dos dois mutantes. A sensibilidade à calcofluor white e à cafeína não foi aumentada nas linhagens pso9-1 e mec3∆, em relação as suas respectivas selvagens, sugerindo que o mutante pso9-1 não porta uma mutação na região promotora. O fenótipo mutante de mec3∆ foi levemente mais pronunciado para sensibilidade à 8-MOP + UVA e UVC, e para a supressão de mutação para frente induzida por UVC, sugerindo uma função residual para a proteína produzida por este alelo mutante.

Caracterização molecular da mutação pso8-1/rad6 de Saccharomyces cerevisiae, sensível à fotoadição de psoralenos, à radiação UVC e a mutágenos químicos

Um novo mutante isolado da levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae, sensível à fotoativação de psoralenos mono- e bi-funcionais, à UVC e ao MNNG, complementou o fenótipo de sensibilidade à fotoadição de psoralenos conferido pelas mutações pso1 a pso7 e assim foi chamado pso8-1. O duplo mutante pso8-1 rad4-4 foi altamente sensível à UVC, indicando assim uma interação sinergística dos dois mutantes alelos. A clonagem molecular pela complementação do fenótipo de sensibilidade à radiação UVC do mutante pso8-1 e estudos genéticos revelaram que pso8-1 é alelo ao gene RAD6. O produto do gene RAD6/UBC2 é uma enzima conjugada à ubiquitina envolvida em reparação de DNA, esporulação, recombinação, indução de mutagênese, degradação de proteínas, genes silenciosos, transposição Ty1. Enquanto o mutante pso8-1 apresenta um fenótipo mutador espontâneo e possui baixa mutabilidade induzida a mutágenos, a esporulação de diplóides homoalélicas mostrou eficiência próxima à da linhagem selvagem. A análise da seqüência do mutante alelo mostrou que pso8-1 contém uma nova, e até agora desconhecida, transição T→C no nucleotídeo 191, levando à substituição de uma prolina altamente conservada por uma leucina na posição 64 (Rad6-[P64L]) que pode ter severas conseqüências na estrutura terciária da proteína mutada, e conseqüente ligação a pRad18.

Caracterização molecular dos genes PSO2 e PSO4 de Saccharomyces cerevisiae envolvidos na reparação do DNA : análise funcional e identificação de interações proteína-proteína

O alelo mutante termo-condicionalmente letal pso4-1 do gene PRP19, que codifica uma proteína associada ao spliceossoma, permitiu investigar a influência deste gene no processamento de pré-mRNA, reparação do DNA e esporulação. Fenótipos relacionados a genes portadores de introns foram correlacionados à temperatura. Sistemas repórteres para processamento de pré-mRNA e RT-PCR mostraram que eficiência de processamento de mRNA no mutante pso4-1 é inversamente correlacionada com a temperatura de crescimento. Uma mutação pontual, substituindo uma leucina por uma serina foi identificada dentro da região codificadora N-terminal do alelo Pso4-1 e afeta as propriedades bioquímicas de Pso4-1p. Entre 24 clones isolados utilizando o sistema doishíbridos, 7 foram identificados como partes dos genes RAD2, RLF2 e DBR1. RAD2 codifica uma endonuclease indispensável para a via reparação por excisão de nucleotídeos (NER), RLF2 codifica a subunidade maior do fator de montagem da cromatina I, cuja deleção resulta em sinsibilidade à radiação UVC, enquanto que DBR1 codifica uma enzima que atua sobre substratos de RNA na forma lariat, degradando estruturas lariat em introns durante o processamento de mRNA. A caracterização dos fenótipos após tratamentos com mutágenos em linhagens mutantes simples e duplos de rad2∆, rlf2∆ e pso4-1 mostraram sensibilidade aumentada para para mutantes rad2∆/pso4-1 e rlf2∆/pso4-1, sugerindo uma interferência funcional destas proteínas no processo dereparação do DNA em Saccharomyces cerevisiae. O mecanismo exato de reparação de pontes inter-cadeia (ICL) em S. cerevisiae não é ainda totalmente conhecido. Identificando novos fenótipos e isolando proteínas potencialmente capazes de interagir com Pso2p através da técnica do sistema dois-híbridos, foi possível extender a caracterização deste gene específica para reparação de pontes intercadeia. Tratamentos com acetaldeído (ACA), um metabólito natural da via glicolítica, foi mais tóxico a linhagem mutante pso2 em comparação com a linhagem selvagem e também capaz de induzir a expressão da fusão contendo o promotor de PSO2 à lacZ (PSO2-lacZ) por um fator comparável à tratamentos com outros agentes indutores de ICLs, indicando que o metabólito natural ACA pode causar danos do tipo ICL em S. cerevisiae. A utilização do sistema dois-híbridos permitiu isolar partes de proteínas codificadas por nove diferentes genes, entre eles a proteína quinase Pak1p, um supressor de mutações termosensíveis da DNA Polimerase alfa. Pak1p interage com a extremidade C-terminal conservada de Pso2p, uma região da proteína recentemente nomeada β-CASP entre v ortólogos conhecidos do gene PSO2. A integridade do domínio β-CASP é essencial para a reparaçãode DNA proficiente como demonstrado em ensaios de complementação com mutantes pso2 ∆. Comparação da sobrevivência após tratamento com agentes mutagênicos de simples mutantes pso2 ∆ e pak1 ∆ assim com o dulpo mutante pso2 ∆/pak1 ∆ revelaram que o gene PAK1 é necessário para reparação do DNA proficiente como na linhagem selvagem. A interação epistática dos dois alelos mutantes na linhagem duplo mutante sugere que Pak1p atua na mesma via de reparação a qual PSO2 pertence e que PAK1 constitui um novo locus envolvido na reparação do DNA em S. cerevisiae.